Free VLE Exam Flashcards

The reticulum has a honeycomb mucosa and lies close to the diaphragm. Dense swallowed metal may lodge there and penetrate its wall, causing traumatic reticuloperitonitis. Further penetration can involve the diaphragm and pericardium. Ingestion does not inevitably cause perforation; the clinical consequences depend on the object, its position and movement.

The peroneus tertius (cranial cord) and the superficial digital flexor tendon (caudal cord). Together, they mechanically synchronize stifle and hock movements so both joints flex and extend in unison. Complete rupture of the peroneus tertius allows the hock to be passively extended while the stifle remains in flexion.

The carnassial pair is the maxillary fourth premolar and mandibular first molar. Infection of the upper fourth premolar may produce swelling or a draining tract below the eye. This appearance is not specific to that tooth; oral examination and dental imaging establish the affected root and distinguish other dental or facial disease.

The syrinx, near the tracheal bifurcation, produces vocalisation in most birds. Relatively rigid lungs exchange gases while air sacs support ventilation; birds lack a mammalian muscular diaphragm. Airflow through most gas-exchange parabronchi is largely unidirectional. Air sacs are not the main gas-exchange surface, and respiratory anatomy varies among avian groups.

The stylohyoid bone separates medial and lateral guttural-pouch compartments. The medial compartment is closely related to the internal carotid artery, sympathetic structures and cranial nerves IX–XII. Fungal lesions can cause severe haemorrhage or neurological dysfunction, including dysphagia. These are adjacent structures at risk, not all structures contained within the pouch lumen.

Acetate, propionate and butyrate are the main ruminal volatile fatty acids; proportions depend on diet and fermentation. Propionate is the major glucogenic VFA. Acetate supports oxidation and lipogenesis, including milk fat, while much butyrate becomes beta-hydroxybutyrate in the rumen wall. Do not treat one fixed percentage distribution as universal.

Equine sweating responds importantly to circulating catecholamines acting at beta-adrenergic receptors. Anhidrosis is reduced or absent sweating with impaired heat dissipation. Receptor and secretory-cell dysfunction have been proposed, but its precise pathogenesis is not fully established. Heat intolerance, tachypnoea and poor exercise performance warrant evaluation; receptor down-regulation is not a proven universal cause.

The water-impermeable thick ascending limb reabsorbs NaCl, helping establish the medullary gradient, while water leaves water-permeable descending segments. Urea recycling also contributes substantially to inner-medullary concentration. Vasa recta exchange helps preserve the gradient. Thin-limb solute permeability and the relative urea contribution vary; the descending limb is not absolutely impermeable to every solute.

The hen oviduct comprises infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus or shell gland, and vagina. Albumen is added mainly in the magnum, shell membranes in the isthmus and the mineral shell mainly in the uterus. Shell formation takes roughly 18–20 hours. About 2 g of elemental calcium is incorporated into an ordinary shell, not merely 2 g of calcium carbonate.

At calving, calcium demand for colostrum and milk can exceed intestinal absorption and skeletal mobilisation. Impaired adaptation produces hypocalcaemia and reduced neuromuscular function, progressing from weakness to recumbency and potentially coma. PTH, vitaminD, magnesium and dietary cation-anion balance matter. A universal receptor-down-regulation explanation or a single diagnostic calcium cutoff oversimplifies the disorder.

Set 16.0 at the center of the square. Subtract diagonally ignoring negative signs: Corn parts = |44.0 - 16.0| = 28.0 parts; Soybean meal parts = |8.5 - 16.0| = 7.5 parts. Total parts = 28.0 + 7.5 = 35.5 parts. Proportion of corn = (28.0 / 35.5) * 100 = 78.87%; proportion of soybean meal = (7.5 / 35.5) * 100 = 21.13%. This balances crude protein alone; it does not establish a balanced complete diet for pigs.

The average estrous cycle is about 21 days (commonly 18–24 days). Standing estrus often lasts 48–72 hours in sows and 36–48 hours in gilts, but varies. Ovulation usually occurs in the later part of estrus, roughly two-thirds of the way through; its time after first observed estrus depends on estrus duration, detection frequency and the weaning-to-estrus interval. Do not infer a fixed 36–40-hour ovulation time for every female. The characteristic behavioral sign is the standing reflex: the female stands rigidly under back pressure, especially with boar exposure. Standing heat alone does not confirm the exact moment of ovulation.

FCR is feed consumed divided by the specified live-weight output or gain; state the denominator used. EPEF=(livability%×mean live weight in kg×100)/(age in days×FCR). Use livability as a percentage number in that formula. Breed, age, environment and production objectives affect benchmarks; a universal target does not prove optimal flock health.

Good silage excludes oxygen and acidifies sufficiently for its dry matter and crop. Lactic fermentation usually dominates. Wet forage, insufficient fermentable sugar or contamination can favour clostridial fermentation, but inadequate compaction also encourages aerobic spoilage. Butyric acid and excessive ammonia suggest undesirable fermentation. No single pH range diagnoses every tropical forage or dry-matter concentration.

Heterosis is the difference between crossbred performance and the average performance of the contributing pure breeds, often expressed as an advantage (% Heterosis = [(Crossbred Mean - Midparent Mean) / Midparent Mean] * 100). A two-breed terminal cross achieves 100% individual heterosis in F1 market calves but retains 0% maternal heterosis (dams are purebred). A three-breed rotational cross retains crossbred females and rotates three purebred sire breeds, approaching about 86% of maximum individual and maternal heterosis at equilibrium while generating replacement heifers.

Manage each defined room or production unit as a batch, without mixing incoming animals into the outgoing group. After removal, clean, disinfect and dry before repopulation. Downtime and disinfectant contact conditions depend on the pathogen, product and facility plan. A universal mandatory 7–14-day interval is not intrinsic to the all-in/all-out principle.

Hypostasis is postmortem blood settling in dependent vessels; haemorrhage is blood outside vessels. Distribution, incision, histology and evidence of a tissue reaction help interpretation. Blanching or rinsing alone is unreliable, especially after decomposition or haemolysis. Extravasation does not by itself establish timing, and a fresh antemortem injury may lack an obvious inflammatory response.

Acute ASF may produce marked dark friable splenomegaly, haemorrhagic lymph nodes and widespread haemorrhages, sometimes with gallbladder oedema. Findings vary with strain and disease course. Classical swine fever and other diseases overlap, so gross lesions are not definitive. Follow official notification, sampling and laboratory-confirmation procedures rather than diagnosing solely from a memorised triad.

Coagulative necrosis retains basic cellular architectural outlines ('ghost cells') with loss of nuclear detail (pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis) due to denaturation of structural and enzymatic proteins; classic in myocardial or renal infarcts and hepatic necrobacillosis (Fusobacterium necrophorum). Liquefactive necrosis exhibits complete enzymatic digestion and dissolution of necrotic cells into a liquid viscous mass; classic in central nervous system tissue (malacia, e.g., polioencephalomalacia) due to high lipid and hydrolytic enzyme content, and in pyogenic bacterial abscesses (neutrophilic lysosomal enzymes).

Viscerotropic Newcastle disease may cause haemorrhagic necrosis in intestinal lymphoid tissue, including caecal tonsils; highly pathogenic avian influenza may produce oedema and multisystem haemorrhages. These patterns overlap and vary by host and virus. Necropsy alone cannot reliably distinguish them. Both require biosecurity, official reporting and appropriate laboratory testing.

Traditional effusion categories use protein and cell count as descriptive guides, with overlapping laboratory ranges. A low-cell, low-protein fluid suggests a transudative mechanism, while inflammatory fluids contain more cells. High protein or TNCC alone does not prove sepsis. Degenerate neutrophils, intracellular bacteria, culture and the clinical context help establish a septic process.

Cats have limited capacity for some acetaminophen conjugation pathways and are highly susceptible to oxidative injury, methemoglobinaemia, Heinz-body haemolysis and hepatic damage. Reactive metabolites and glutathione depletion contribute. N-acetylcysteine is an important antidotal treatment under veterinary supervision. Suspected exposure requires urgent assessment; absence of early signs does not establish safety.

ABCB 1 encodes P-glycoprotein, which limits brain exposure to many drugs. A loss-of-function variant can increase macrocyclic-lactone neurotoxicity at susceptible exposures. Invertebrate glutamate-gated chloride channels are antiparasitic targets; mammalian CNS toxicity involves inhibitory pathways such as GABA. Do not imply mammals possess the same invertebrate glutamate-gated chloride-channel target or that every labelled preventive dose is toxic.

Alpha-2 agonists can cause peripheral vasoconstriction and transient hypertension with reflex bradycardia, followed by reduced sympathetic outflow and cardiovascular depression. Atipamezole reverses dexmedetomidine through alpha-2 antagonism. Dose depends on species, agonist and formulation. Equal injection volumes are not equal microgram doses: 5 mg/mL atipamezole is ten times 0.5 mg/mL dexmedetomidine, not five times.

Fluoroquinolones inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Susceptibility to cartilage injury makes growing animals an important precaution. Enrofloxacin can cause retinal toxicity in cats; risk depends on dose, exposure and patient factors. Follow the species-specific product label rather than assuming 5 mg/kg/day is a universal no-risk boundary or that all young dogs develop arthropathy.

RA 9268 section 27 requires professional registration/identification details with issue and expiry dates and the professional-tax-receipt number on professional documents. Prescriptions also need clear patient, drug and administration information under applicable prescribing rules. Separate those statutory identifiers from clinical completeness and controlled-drug requirements; RA 9268 itself does not enumerate the original seven-part checklist as a single prescription rule.

RA 9482 requires regular vaccination and registration of dogs, control of roaming, reporting biting incidents within 24 hours, veterinary observation and assistance with the victim’s medical expenses. Philippine response guidance uses a 14-day observation period for an eligible healthy biting dog. Illness or death requires immediate authority-directed action and testing; observation must not delay a person’s clinical exposure assessment.

Inspection may release wholesome meat, retain material for further examination, permit specified corrective processing under official control, or condemn unfit material. These are distinct dispositions, not permission to render condemned products back into human food. Disposal and any conditional treatment follow NMIS rules for the specific hazard; incineration is not the only universally mandated disposal method.

B. abortus principally affects cattle and buffalo; B. suis affects pigs, and both are zoonotic. Screening serology requires interpretation within the approved control programme and confirmatory testing where prescribed. Vaccination, isolation, movement restrictions and removal policies depend on the jurisdiction and disease-control status. A positive screening test alone is not a universal automatic slaughter instruction.

Pathogenic leptospires are shed in infected animals’ urine and can contaminate wet soil or water. Entry occurs through mucosa or damaged skin. Canine disease can involve acute kidney injury, hepatic dysfunction, thrombocytopenia or pulmonary haemorrhage, with variable combinations. Not every infection produces every listed syndrome; testing, zoonotic precautions and clinical assessment are required.

B. anthracis is typically a large encapsulated, spore-forming Gram-positive rod; C. tetani is an anaerobic spore-forming rod producing tetanospasmin. S. suis is a Gram-positive coccus and important porcine and zoonotic pathogen. Morphology is presumptive, not definitive identification. Suspected anthrax needs authority-directed sampling and biosafety precautions rather than routine opening of a carcass.

NDV is an avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV-1), genus Orthoavulavirus in the family Paramyxoviridae, containing an enveloped, negative-sense single-stranded RNA (-ssRNA) genome; it possesses hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) surface spikes that directly hemagglutinate avian erythrocytes, allowing diagnostic hemagglutination inhibition (HI) testing. IBV is a coronavirus (Coronaviridae), containing an enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) genome; it causes respiratory distress, nephritis, and misshapen, wrinkled eggshells in layers, and does not agglutinate RBCs without prior enzymatic treatment.

Temperature control limits microbial growth but does not sterilise meat. Chilled and frozen products require the applicable NMIS cold-chain standard, including validated transport and storage conditions. Cooking requirements depend on product and process: 74 °C is not a universal legal endpoint for every meat. Verify the specific HACCP critical limit and any required holding time.

Fasciola gigantica is an important tropical liver fluke of Philippine ruminants. Eggs hatch to miracidia that infect suitable lymnaeid snails; cercariae leave the snail and encyst as metacercariae on vegetation. Grazing animals ingest metacercariae. Snail nomenclature and host competence vary, so do not treat several historical Lymnaea/Radix names as automatically interchangeable synonyms.

Mosquitoes transmit infective third-stage D. immitis larvae; mature worms mainly inhabit pulmonary arteries. The usual prepatent interval in dogs is about 6–7 months. Occult infection means microfilariae are not detected despite infection; antigen detection can also fail with immature, male-only or low-burden infections. Combine antigen and microfilaria testing according to current heartworm guidance.

Ascaris suum (large roundworm): Larvae migrate through the liver parenchyma, creating fibrous interstitial hepatitis known as 'milk spots' (condemning liver at slaughter), and then migrate to lungs causing verminous pneumonia ('thumps'); thick-shelled, rough mammillated eggs are recovered in fecal flotation. Stephanurus dentatus (swine kidney worm): Larvae migrate through the liver causing extensive fibrosis before adults encyst in perirenal fat, kidney parenchyma, and ureteral cysts; thin-shelled, embryonated eggs are recovered by urinalysis (urine sediment examination), not in feces.

E. canis is transmitted by brown dog ticks and may form morulae in monocytes. B. gibsoni appears as small erythrocytic piroplasms; smear sensitivity and species identification are limited. Transmission can involve infected blood and bites, with tick-vector evidence varying by region. Do not infer one proven universal Philippine vector for both organisms from their co-occurrence.

Eimeria tenella: Localizes exclusively in the bilateral cecal pouches, causing acute hemorrhagic typhlitis with massive blood accumulation, necrotic cecal cores, and high flock mortality. Eimeria acervulina: Targets the duodenum and upper jejunum, producing characteristic white, ladder-like transverse streaks/plaques in the mucosa, causing severe malabsorption without gross bleeding. Eimeria necatrix: Undergoes second-generation schizogony in the mid-gut (jejunum and ileum), producing severe ballooning, extensive transmural petechiae, and white necrotic spots ('salt-and-pepper' appearance) with high mortality.

The ovarian suspensory ligament may need controlled stretching or release to expose the pedicle, depending on patient and surgical technique; forceful manual rupture is not universally required. The ovarian vessels arise near the kidney, and a slipped pedicle can retract and bleed severely. Secure haemostasis and direct visual identification are essential surgical principles.

Open equine castration incises the vaginal tunic; closed castration leaves it intact around the cord. Risks and closure choices depend on technique and patient. On an appropriate emasculator, the crushing surface must remain proximal to the cutting surface. The traditional nut-to-nut mnemonic is instrument-specific and does not replace checking actual jaw orientation.

GDV malpositions the stomach, commonly moving the pylorus leftward and dorsally; rotation and radiographic appearances vary. Stabilisation and decompression precede or accompany urgent surgical correction and assessment of tissue viability. Gastropexy greatly reduces recurrent volvulus risk but does not prevent every episode of gastric dilatation. Incisional gastropexy is one accepted technique, not the sole option.

Synthetic absorbable monofilament is commonly preferred for urinary-tract closure because exposed suture can act as a calculus nidus and braided material can harbour contamination. Choose material and pattern for tissue, infection and healing conditions. Absorbable braided suture is not literally permanent, and monofilament is not an absolute guarantee against infection or stone formation.

The right paralumbar region lies behind the last rib, below lumbar transverse processes and cranial to the tuber-coxae/abdominal-wall region. Right-flank correction of displaced abomasum repositions the organ and uses an omental fixation near the pylorus. Operative approaches and fixation methods vary; the anatomical concept is not a complete procedural recipe.

The penal provision is section 33 of RA 9268, not section 28. Conviction for listed offences, including unlawful practice without valid credentials or permit, carries PHP 50,000–100,000, imprisonment of 1–5 years, or both at the court’s discretion. Section 30 defines unlawful practice. Section 28 instead concerns automatic registration of veterinarians already on the roster.

RA 8485 as amended prohibits cruelty, neglect and unauthorised research, with specific statutory killing exceptions and humane-method requirements. RA 10631 section 9 provides graduated penalties according to outcome, plus aggravated circumstances. Animal death does not automatically mean the maximum 3-year/PHP 250,000 category applies. Read the applicable provision; the original five-item exception list was incomplete.

CPV preferentially injures rapidly dividing intestinal crypt and haematopoietic cells, causing enteritis, leukopenia and risk of sepsis. Management is individualised: restore perfusion, monitor glucose and electrolytes, control vomiting and pain, and provide appropriate nutrition and infection treatment. Potassium must not be added indiscriminately to resuscitation boluses; supplementation requires assessment and controlled administration.

Persistent severe pain, deteriorating perfusion, abnormal rectal or ultrasound findings and concerning peritoneal-fluid changes increase suspicion of a surgical lesion. Reflux also occurs in medical conditions such as proximal enteritis. No isolated heart rate, reflux volume, protein or cell-count threshold mandates laparotomy in every horse; urgent integrated assessment and referral guide decisions.

Rapidly fermentable carbohydrate overload can shift ruminal fermentation toward lactate, lower pH, increase osmotic water movement and cause dehydration and metabolic acidosis. S. bovis and acid-tolerant lactobacilli can contribute. SARA commonly involves volatile-fatty-acid accumulation and is not inevitably a stage that progresses into acute lactic acidosis. pH interpretation depends on sampling and timing.

Hyperkalaemia may depolarise the resting membrane potential, inactivate sodium channels and produce bradycardia, loss of P waves or widened QRS complexes. ECG changes do not reliably predict potassium concentration. Intravenous calcium stabilises myocardial excitability but does not remove potassium. Monitored emergency management also addresses potassium redistribution and the underlying obstruction.

PRRS causes reproductive failure and respiratory disease, with severity influenced by virus, age, immunity and coinfections. RT-qPCR detects viral RNA in an appropriate specimen; serum RNA supports viraemia, while oral-fluid RNA alone does not prove viraemia in an individual pig. Antibody ELISA indicates exposure or vaccination, not necessarily active disease or protective immunity.