Veterinary Anatomy
10%of exam
Ruminant ForestomachsEquine Reciprocal ApparatusCanine Carnassial TeethAvian Syrinx & Equine Pouch
Veterinary Physiology
10%of exam
Ruminal VFAs & GlucoseEquine Beta-Adrenergic SweatingRenal Medullary GradientHen Oviduct & Milk Fever
Zootechnics
12%of exam
Pearson Square FormulationSwine Estrus & Standing HeatBroiler FCR & EPEFHeterosis, Silage & AIAO
Veterinary Pathology
10%of exam
Hypostasis vs HemorrhageAcute ASF LesionsCoagulative vs LiquefactiveAvian Viruses & Effusions
Veterinary Pharmacology
10%of exam
Feline Paracetamol ToxicityABCB1 Macrocyclic LactonesAlpha-2 Agonists & ReversalFluoroquinolones & RA 9268 IDs
Veterinary Microbiology & Public Health
14%of exam
RA 9482 Rabies ProtocolNMIS Meat DispositionsBrucella, Leptospira & AnthraxNDV vs IBV & Cold Chain
Veterinary Parasitology
10%of exam
Fasciola gigantica LifecycleDirofilaria immitis & OccultAscaris vs StephanurusPoultry Eimeria & Tick Pathogens
Veterinary Surgery
10%of exam
Canine OHE HaemostasisEquine Castration & EmasculatorCanine GDV & GastropexyUrinary Sutures & Bovine LDA
Veterinary Medicine
14%of exam
Nov 2026 Exam ScheduleRA 9268 & RA 10631 RulesCPV-2, FLUTD & Equine ColicRuminal Acidosis & PRRS
Quick Facts
- Exam
- PRC Veterinarian Licensure
- Authority
- PRC Veterinary Medicine Board
- Subjects
- 9 computer-based subject blocks
- Duration
- 3 days; 6 examination hours daily
- Pass GWA
- At least 75% weighted average
- Subject Floor
- No subject rating below 60%
- Removal Rule
- GWA 75%+ with <60% subject
- Primary Law
- Republic Act No. 9268
- Enhanced TOS items
- 900 total; 100 per subject
Gross & Comparative Anatomy
- Reticulum
- Honeycomb mucosa; hardware disease site
- Reciprocal Apparatus
- Peroneus tertius and SDFT
- Peroneus Rupture
- Hock extends while stifle flexes
- Dog Carnassials
- Maxillary PM4 and mandibular M1
- Avian Syrinx
- Vocal organ at tracheal fork
- Guttural Pouch
- Stylohyoid divides medial and lateral
Five Segments of the Hen Oviduct
Infundibulum, Magnum albumen, Isthmus membranes, Uterus shell, Vagina
Magnum: albumenIsthmus: membranesUterus: approximately 18–20 hours
Systemic & Reproductive Physiology
- Propionate
- Major glucogenic ruminal VFA
- Acetate
- Supports oxidation and milk fat
- Equine Sweating
- Beta-adrenergic catecholamine pathway
- Thick Ascending Limb
- Water-impermeable NaCl reabsorption
- Hen shell-gland interval
- Approximately 18–20 hours; biological variation
- Parturient paresis
- Lactation-associated hypocalcemia; consider other causes
Two-Breed Terminal vs Three-Breed Rotational
2-Breed Terminal
- 100% individual F1 heterosis
- 0% maternal heterosis (purebred dam)
- All F1 offspring marketed
3-Breed Rotational
- About 86% equilibrium heterosis
- Retains maternal heterosis advantage
- Generates own replacement females
Max F1 vigor vs retained maternal
Zootechnics, Nutrition & Breeding
- Pearson Square
- Diagonal subtraction balances nutrient
- Swine Cycle
- Average 21 days; back-pressure reflex
- Broiler FCR
- Feed consumed over weight gain
- EPEF numerator
- Livability (%) × live weight (kg)Multiply by 100; denominator below
- Two-purebred-parent terminal cross
- F1 individual heterosis; no maternal heterosisPurebred dams; theoretical breed effects
- All-In All-Out
- Batch room clean-disinfect-dry before refill
- EPEF denominator
- Age in days × feed-conversion ratio
Coagulative vs Liquefactive Necrosis
Coagulative
- Cellular outlines stay preserved
- Protein denaturation dominates
- Classic in renal-myocardial infarcts
Liquefactive
- Enzymatic digestion into liquid
- Architecture completely dissolved
- Classic in CNS malacia, abscesses
Ghost outlines vs liquid dissolution
General & Systemic Pathology
- Hypostasis
- Postmortem dependent intravascular blood
- Coagulative Necrosis
- Preserved cell outlines; infarcts
- Liquefactive Necrosis
- Enzymatic dissolution; CNS malacia, abscess
- Acute ASF
- Dark friable splenomegaly; needs lab
- vNDV vs HPAI
- Overlapping lesions; lab test required
- Septic Exudate
- Degenerate neutrophils and intracellular bacteriaSupports sepsis; interpret with culture/assessment
Toxicology & Emergency Countermeasure Picker
- Cat ingests paracetamol with methemoglobinemia→Administer N-acetylcysteine and support
- Reversing dexmedetomidine sedation→Use species-specific authorized reversal regimen(Atipamezole; verify product and concentration)
- Blocked cat has hyperkalemic ECG instability→Urgent stabilization under monitored obstruction protocol(Calcium stabilizes; potassium reduction remains necessary)
- Dog presents with suspected GDV→Stabilize, decompress, derotate, pexy
- Closing urinary bladder incision→Choose synthetic absorbable monofilament
Pharmacology & Toxicology
- Cat Paracetamol
- Methemoglobinemia; treat with N-acetylcysteine
- ABCB1 Mutation
- P-glycoprotein defect; brain drug exposure
- Alpha-2 Agonists
- Transient hypertension then lowered output
- Atipamezole
- Alpha-2 antagonist reverses dexmedetomidine
- Enrofloxacin in cats
- Dose-related retinal toxicity riskFollow species-specific licensed product directions
- RA 9268 section 27
- Registration, issue/expiry dates, PTR number
- Atipamezole example concentration
- 5 mg/mL; check actual productExample canine IM-labelled atipamezole product
- Dexmedetomidine example concentration
- 0.5 mg/mL; check actual productOther strengths exist; not a regimen
- Equal-volume concentration comparison
- 5 divided by 0.5 equals tenTenfold drug mass; not tenfold volume
Newcastle Disease Virus vs Avian IBV
NDV (APMV-1)
- Paramyxoviridae negative-sense ssRNA
- Has HN surface glycoprotein spikes
- Directly hemagglutinates avian RBCs
IBV (Coronavirus)
- Coronaviridae positive-sense ssRNA
- Causes nephritis, wrinkled eggshells
- No direct RBC hemagglutination
-ssRNA HN spike vs +ssRNA coronavirus
Public Health & Legal Action Picker
- Owned dog bites a person→Owner reports within 24 hours(Veterinary observation; immediate victim medical referral)
- Sudden ruminant death suspects anthrax→Do not open carcass; report
- Swine show acute splenomegaly hemorrhages→Report and confirm ASF by lab
- GWA ≥75% but subject <60%→Retake deficient subject for 75%
Microbiology, Zoonoses & Meat Hygiene
- Dog-bite owner reporting duty
- Within 24 hours to concerned officialsRA 9482; veterinary observation also required
- NMIS Dispositions
- Release, retain, conditional, or condemn
- Brucella Hosts
- B. abortus cattle; B. suis swine
- Leptospira
- Urine in floodwater; renal-hepatic syndrome
- Suspected anthrax carcass
- Never open; isolate and reportB. anthracis: encapsulated spore-forming rod
- NDV vs IBV
- NDV -ssRNA agglutinates RBCs directly
- Philippine biting-dog observation
- 14 days under veterinary/local instructionsDo not delay victim medical assessment
Broiler Eimeria Intestinal Zones
Acervulina upper ladders, Necatrix midgut spots, Tenella cecal blood
Acervulina: duodenumNecatrix: midgutTenella: ceca
Ascaris suum vs Stephanurus dentatus
Ascaris suum
- Adult in small intestine
- Causes liver milk spots
- Mammillated eggs in feces
Stephanurus dentatus
- Adults in perirenal cysts
- Extensive liver fibrosis migration
- Eggs recovered in urine
Fecal flotation vs urine sediment
Parasite Site & Diagnostic Picker
- Swine perirenal cysts formed→Check urine for Stephanurus eggs
- Swine liver shows milk spots→Float feces for Ascaris suum(Prepatent infections can lack fecal eggs)
- Broilers pass bloody cecal cores→Suspect Eimeria tenella typhlitis
- Broiler duodenum shows white ladders→Suspect Eimeria acervulina
- Broiler midgut shows salt-and-pepper→Suspect Eimeria necatrix
Protozoology & Helminthology
- Fasciola gigantica
- Lymnaeid snail; encysted metacercariae
- Canine Dirofilaria immitis
- Mosquito L3; approximately 6–7 months prepatent
- Ascaris suum
- Liver milk spots; fecal flotation
- Stephanurus dentatus
- Perirenal cysts; eggs in urine
- Eimeria tenella
- Cecal pouches; hemorrhagic typhlitis
- Eimeria acervulina
- Duodenal white transverse ladder plaques
Equine Emasculator Jaw Rule
Crush proximal toward body, cut distal toward testicle
Proximal: crushing jawDistal: cutting bladeReduces hemorrhage risk; verify technique
Open vs Closed Equine Castration
Open Castration
- Incises parietal vaginal tunic
- Direct view of spermatic cord
- Higher vaginal cavity exposure
Closed Castration
- Keeps vaginal tunic intact
- Cord crushed through tunic
- Crushing jaw proximal; cutting jaw distal
Tunic incised vs tunic intact
Soft-Tissue & Large-Animal Surgery
- Canine OHE
- Controlled ligament release; secure pedicle
- Emasculator Rule
- Crushing surface proximal to blade
- Open vs Closed
- Open incises tunic; closed intact
- Canine GDV
- Stabilize, decompress, derotate, perform gastropexy
- Bladder closure suture
- Absorbable monofilament reduces suture-nidus risk
- Right Paralumbar
- Behind last rib; LDA omentopexy
Nov 2026 3-Day VLE Subject Order
Day 1 APM, Day 2 ZPP, Day 3 PMS
D1: Anat, Pharm, MedD2: Zootech, Phys, PathD3: Para, Micro-PH, Surg
PRRS RT-qPCR vs PRRS Antibody ELISA
RT-qPCR
- Detects viral RNA genome
- Serum RNA supports viremia
- Used for early acute infection
Antibody ELISA
- Detects host antibody response
- Shows exposure or vaccination
- Does not prove active viremia
Viral RNA vs host antibodies
Pathology & Virological Test Picker
- Confirming PRRS viremia in individual pig→Run serum RT-qPCR for RNA
- Testing avian respiratory virus by HI→NDV directly agglutinates avian RBCs
- Distinguishing septic vs non-septic exudate→Look for intracellular bacteria, culture
- Evaluating equine surgical vs medical colic→Integrate pain, perfusion, rectal, ultrasound
Internal Medicine & Critical Care
- Canine Parvovirus
- Injures intestinal crypts and marrow
- Equine Colic
- Integrate pain, perfusion, rectal, ultrasound
- Grain Overload
- Ruminal lactate surge and dehydration
- Hyperkalemic ECG instability
- Calcium stabilizes; does not remove potassium
- PRRS Viremia
- Serum RT-qPCR detects viral RNA
- PRRS ELISA
- Detects exposure or vaccine antibody
Nov 2026 Schedule & Vet Laws
- Day 1 Order
- Anatomy 10%, Pharm 10%, Med 14%
- Day 2 Order
- Zootech 12%, Physio 10%, Path 10%
- Day 3 Order
- Parasit 10%, Micro-PH 14%, Surg 10%
- RA 9268 Sec 17
- Repeated subjects require 75% pass
- RA 9268 section 33 fine
- PHP 50,000–100,000; court discretion
- Animal Welfare Act section 9
- Graduated animal cruelty penalty tiersRA 10631 section 4 amendment
- Section 33 imprisonment
- 1–5 years; fine also possible
- RA 9268 section 28
- Automatic registration under the Act
- RA 9268 section 32
- Roster of registered veterinarians
Common Traps
RA 9268 Removal Subject Count
Covers deficient subject or subjects ≠ Not restricted to one subject
RA 9268 Section Numbers
Section 33: penal provision ≠ Section 28: automatic registration
Different Drug Concentrations
Equal volumes can contain unequal masses ≠ Concentration determines administered drug mass
Calcium Gluconate in Hyperkalemia
Stabilizes myocardial membrane excitability ≠ Does not lower serum potassium
Gastropexy Function in Canine GDV
Gastropexy greatly reduces recurrent volvulus ≠ Dilatation can still occur afterward
Stephanurus vs Ascaris Sample
Stephanurus eggs pass in urine ≠ Fecal flotation misses kidney worm
Last Minute
- 1.Pass: average ≥75%, every subject ≥60%
- 2.Removal subjects each require ≥75%
- 3.Medicine and Microbiology-PH: 14% each
- 4.Zootechnics: 12%; six others: 10%
- 5.Propionate: major glucogenic ruminal VFA
- 6.Hen shell formation: approximately 18–20 hours
- 7.Feline paracetamol poisoning needs urgent care
- 8.Owners report bites within 24 hours
- 9.Suspected anthrax carcass: do not open
- 10.Emasculator crushing jaw remains proximal
- 11.Bladder sutures: absorbable monofilament preferred
- 12.Section 28: automatic registration; 32: roster
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