Free CSE-PPT Professional Exam Flashcards

Means frank, honest, and straightforward — saying exactly what one thinks. Choose it over 'optimistic' (positive tone) or 'lengthy' (size) when the context stresses openness rather than tone or length.

To make less severe or intense. Differs from 'eliminate' (remove entirely) and 'exacerbate' (worsen) — mitigation reduces harm without ending it.

Showing careful good judgment in practical matters. Differs from 'cautious' (wary of danger) by emphasizing wise planning, and from 'frugal' by focusing on judgment rather than money alone.

Using more words than necessary; wordy. It signals over-long writing that obscures meaning — the opposite of 'concise' (efficient wording) and distinct from 'articulate' (clear expression).

'Lucid' means easily understood and clear in thought or explanation. 'Vivid' means intensely bright or graphic. Confusing them swaps a clarity claim for a sensory-intensity claim.

'Each' is grammatically singular and takes a singular verb even when followed by a plural noun ('Each of the employees has submitted'). The exam uses this as a common error-recognition trap.

'The number of' takes a singular verb (it refers to one count); 'a number of' takes a plural verb (it means 'several'). Mixing them up is a frequent source of wrong answers.

With 'neither...nor,' the verb agrees with the nearer subject. If the nearer subject is plural, the verb is plural; if singular, singular. Mis-applying proximity is a common exam error.

Phrases like 'along with,' 'as well as,' and 'together with' do not change the number of the subject. 'The report, along with its appendices, is ready' stays singular because 'report' controls the verb.

'Who' functions as a subject (replaceable by he/she); 'whom' functions as an object (replaceable by him/her). Test by substitution — if 'him' works in the rebuilt sentence, use 'whom.'

Asks for the passage's central, unifying point — the thesis that all details support. Avoid answers that are merely true details; choose the one that captures the whole argument.

Asks for a fact explicitly stated in the passage. Locate the keyword and read the surrounding sentence; avoid inferences or outside knowledge the passage does not state.

Asks what follows from the passage without being directly stated. The correct answer must be logically forced by the text — not merely possible or likely.

Identifies the writer's attitude (objective, critical, optimistic, sarcastic). Match word choices and qualifiers to the tone; avoid answers that overstate or understate the attitude.

Filipino adjective meaning careful, orderly, and frugal in using things or money. It describes an organized, responsible person — distinct from 'masipag' (hardworking), which concerns effort rather than prudence.

'Mayabang' means arrogant or boastful — exalting oneself above others. Its antonym is 'mapagpakumbaba,' meaning humble and lowly in disposition, the direct opposite in attitude.

Filipino verb meaning to stand up for or uphold a principle despite difficulty. It implies conviction and personal cost, distinct from merely agreeing ('sumang-ayon'), which requires no commitment.

A Filipino idiom meaning to have nothing to do — idly spending time as if counting posts. It signals unemployment or aimless waiting, not literal post-counting.

Filipino adjective meaning showing care, concern, or solicitude for others. It fits a teacher's concern for students or a leader's care for the community — distinct from 'mabait' (kind as a disposition), which is not necessarily active.

Pairs like DOCTOR:PATIENT or TEACHER:STUDENT match a service provider with the recipient of that service. Identify who gives and who receives to choose the matching pair.

Pairs like PAGE:BOOK or ROOM:HOUSE match a component with the larger thing it composes. Distinguish from 'type-to-category' (ROBIN:BIRD), where the first is a kind of the second, not a piece of it.

Pairs like RAIN:FLOOD or STUDY:LEARN match a triggering action with its typical outcome. The first produces the second — distinguish from mere correlation or sequence in time.

Some analogies test similar meaning (HAPPY:JOYFUL) and others test opposite meaning (HOT:COLD). First identify whether the stem pair is same-sense or opposite-sense, then find a pair with the same relationship.

A syllogism is valid when the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises (All birds have feathers; penguin is a bird; therefore penguin has feathers). Validity concerns logical form, not whether the premises are actually true.

'All managers are employees' plus 'some employees are union' does NOT force managers into or out of the union. 'Some' leaves overlap undetermined — avoid concluding more than the premises require.

A figure rotating 90 degrees clockwise each step follows the cycle UP, RIGHT, DOWN, LEFT, then back to UP. After DOWN, the next position is LEFT; the cycle repeats every four steps.

An unstated belief an argument depends on to be coherent. Test by negating it: if negating the assumption breaks the argument, it is a required assumption.

When a rule applies to every member of a category ('every new hire attends orientation') and a person fits that category ('Maria is a new hire'), the conclusion follows directly: Maria attends orientation.

A claim that one option saves money assumes the alternative costs more. Without that comparison, the appeal to savings has no logical force — the cheaper-than-what premise is unstated.

To find a category's percentage, divide that category's count by the total count and multiply by 100. Add all categories first to get the correct denominator before dividing.

Sum all values and divide by the number of values. For monthly sales of 120,000; 150,000; 180,000, the average is (120+150+180)/3 = 150,000 — not the middle value.

Identify direction (rising, falling, flat) and rate of change. A steeper slope means faster change; compare slopes across periods to determine which grew fastest.

Evaluate Parentheses first, then Exponents, then Multiplication and Division left to right, then Addition and Subtraction left to right. Mis-ordering produces wrong results in mixed-expression items.

To find X% of N, compute (X/100) times N. For 25% of 800: (25/100) times 800 = 200. To find the discounted price, subtract that result from the original.

A ratio a:b means for every a of one part there are b of the other. Set up a proportion a/b = c/d and cross-multiply to solve for the unknown.

If one worker completes a job in T hours, the rate is 1/T per hour. Combined rate is the sum of individual rates; total time equals 1 divided by the combined rate.

The mean is the sum divided by the count; the median is the middle value when sorted; the mode is the most frequent value. The exam tests confusing these three measures.

To add or subtract fractions, find a common denominator first. Multiply each fraction by the factor that makes denominators match, then combine the numerators.

Percent change = (new minus old) / old times 100. A rise from 80 to 100 is a 25% increase; a drop from 100 to 80 is a 20% decrease — the same gap gives different percentages from different bases.

If each term is multiplied by the same factor, multiply the last term by that factor. The sequence 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 doubles each time, so the next term is 96.

When differences grow by a pattern (e.g., +3, +5, +7, +9), find the next difference and add it. For 2, 5, 10, 17, 26, the next difference is +11, giving 37.

Article III of the 1987 Constitution enumerates fundamental civil and political rights — due process, free speech, free press, and protection against unreasonable searches. It limits government power against individuals.

Article VII sets the President's term at a single six-year term with no re-election. The Vice-President serves a six-year term and may serve one additional consecutive term.

Article VI creates a bicameral Congress: the Senate (24 senators elected at large, six-year terms) and the House of Representatives (district-based, three-year terms).

Republic Act No. 6713 (1989) is the Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees. It enforces the principle that 'public office is a public trust.'

Public officials and employees must respond to letters and requests from the public within 15 working days from receipt, stating the action taken. Late or no response is a violation.

Public officials and employees must file a Statement of Assets, Liabilities, and Net Worth annually, including those of their spouse and unmarried children under 18 living in their household.

Created under Article XIII of the 1987 Constitution, the CHR is the independent body mandated to investigate all forms of human rights violations involving civil and political rights.

RA 9003 (2000) mandates systematic waste segregation at source into biodegradable, non-biodegradable, and recyclable categories, and requires materials recovery facilities at the barangay level.

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) is the primary agency for conserving, managing, and protecting the country's environment and natural resources, and it administers environmental laws including RA 9003.