Free CSE-PPT Subprofessional Exam Flashcards

Use nearby definitions, examples, contrasts, and cause-effect language to infer an unfamiliar word. In “The memo was concise, unlike the lengthy report,” “unlike” signals that concise means brief.

A synonym must preserve the core meaning in context, not merely belong to the same topic. For “cautious,” “careful” fits; “afraid” may be related but is not always equivalent.

First state the tested word's meaning, then choose the option with the clearest opposite meaning. Avoid a choice that is simply less intense or only unrelated.

Match the verb to the sentence's true subject, not to a nearby noun. In “The list of documents is complete,” the singular subject is “list,” so “is” is correct.

A pronoun must clearly refer to its antecedent and agree in number. If the antecedent is plural, use a plural reference: “The applicants submitted their forms.”

Items in a series should use the same grammatical form. “The clerk checks, files, and records the documents” is parallel because all three verbs have the same form.

Place a modifying phrase next to the word it describes. “After reviewing the file, the supervisor signed it” makes the supervisor, not the file, the reviewer.

A complete sentence needs a subject and a finite verb and must express a complete thought. “Because the office opened late” is a fragment; add an independent clause to complete it.

A run-on incorrectly joins independent clauses. Fix it with a period, semicolon, or a comma plus a coordinating conjunction: “The queue moved; the office stayed open.”

A topic sentence states the paragraph's main point; the other sentences should explain, support, or illustrate it. Choose the sentence broad enough to cover the details but not so broad that it changes the subject.

Transitions reveal relationships: “however” signals contrast, “therefore” result, “for example” illustration, and “first” sequence. Use the relationship between sentences, not just a familiar word.

The main idea is the passage's central claim or purpose, not one supporting fact. After reading, summarize the passage in one neutral sentence before looking at the choices.

An inference is a conclusion supported by the passage, even if not stated word-for-word. It must be more than a guess and must not contradict any stated detail.

A fact can be checked against evidence; an opinion expresses a judgment, preference, or belief. Signal words such as “best,” “should,” or “excellent” often indicate opinion.

Ang kasingkahulugan ay salitang magkapareho o magkalapit ang diwa. Basahin ang buong pangungusap upang piliin ang salitang pinakatumpak sa gamit, hindi lamang ang salitang pamilyar.

Karaniwang ginagamit ang “ng” bilang pantukoy sa layon o pagmamay-ari. Ginagamit ang “nang” sa ilang gamit na pang-abay, gaya ng “nang mabilis,” at bilang kapalit ng “na” + “ng” sa ilang parirala. Suriin ang tungkulin ng salita sa pangungusap.

Hanapin muna ang pangungusap na nagpapakilala ng paksa. Pagkatapos, ayusin ang mga detalye ayon sa lohikal na daloy—halimbawa, sanhi bago bunga, o pangkalahatan bago tiyak.

Separate the action, condition, and exception. For “Submit the form before noon unless the office directs otherwise,” the action is submit, the deadline is before noon, and the exception is a different office direction.

Evaluate grouping symbols first, then multiplication and division from left to right, then addition and subtraction from left to right. For 18 − 3 × 4, multiply first: 18 − 12 = 6.

Convert the percentage to a decimal and multiply. For 15% of 240, calculate 0.15 × 240 = 36. A quick check: 10% is 24 and 5% is 12, totaling 36.

Percent increase = (new value − original value) ÷ original value × 100. If a count rises from 80 to 100, the increase is 20 ÷ 80 = 25%, not 20%.

To find a fraction of a number, divide by the denominator and multiply by the numerator. Three-fourths of 48 is 48 ÷ 4 × 3 = 36.

These can represent the same value: 0.25 = 25/100 = 1/4 = 25%. Converting among forms makes comparisons and percentage problems quicker.

A ratio compares quantities. If forms are distributed in a 2:3 ratio and there are 25 forms total, there are 5 equal parts; each part is 5, so the groups are 10 and 15.

A unit rate expresses a quantity for one unit. If 6 folders cost PHP 90, the cost per folder is 90 ÷ 6 = PHP 15. Unit rates make unlike quantities comparable.

Add all values and divide by the number of values. The average of 8, 10, and 15 is (8 + 10 + 15) ÷ 3 = 11. The mean need not be one of the listed values.

An arithmetic sequence changes by a constant difference. In 7, 12, 17, 22, the difference is +5, so the next term is 27. Check more than one gap before deciding.

Some sequences use two interwoven patterns. In 2, 10, 4, 20, 6, 30, the odd-position terms rise by 2 and the even-position terms rise by 10; the next term is 8.

Define the unknown, translate only the needed facts, then solve. “A total of 54 forms is shared equally among 6 desks” becomes 54 ÷ 6 = 9 forms per desk.

Estimate before trusting an exact calculation. If 49 items at about PHP 20 each should cost about PHP 1,000, an answer near PHP 100 is likely a decimal-place or operation error.

When a task says to file alphabetically, compare names letter by letter from the left. The first different letter controls the order: “Bautista” comes before “Benitez” because a comes before e.

Do not stop at the first letter. For “Cruz” and “Cuenca,” compare the second letters: r comes before u, so Cruz precedes Cuenca in alphabetical order.

If records have the same surname, use the next sorting field stated in the task, often the given name. Keep applying one stated rule consistently rather than switching methods mid-list.

When records are filed by number, compare digits from left to right unless the instructions specify another system. The first differing digit determines order: 40618 comes before 40816.

A transposition reverses two characters, such as 80614 versus 86014. Compare one position at a time; the records are not a match even though they contain the same digits.

An omission means a character is missing. Compare both length and each position: 15208 and 1528 are different because the second entry omits a zero.

For name-and-number comparison, a record matches only when every required field matches exactly. Confirm spelling, initials, digits, and sequence rather than relying on an overall visual impression.

Check a doubtful word in chunks: prefix, root, and suffix. This slows an error-prone guess into a systematic comparison of the exact letters required by the task.

Proofread one feature at a time—for example, names first, then identification numbers, then dates. A single-pass scan for everything at once makes near-match errors easier to miss.

Use a consistent comparison direction and mark the first mismatch mentally before moving on. Speed comes from a repeatable routine, not from skipping verification of similar-looking entries.

The Constitution divides governmental powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. This separation helps prevent one branch from exercising all governmental power.

Due process requires fairness before government deprives a person of life, liberty, or property. It includes lawful procedures and a meaningful opportunity to be heard under applicable rules.

The Constitution treats public office as a public trust. Public officers and employees must be accountable to the people and serve them with responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency.

Under the Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees, public interest takes priority over personal interest. Government resources and powers must be used efficiently, honestly, and economically.

Professionalism requires public officials and employees to perform duties with excellence, competence, intelligence, and skill, with devotion and dedication to duty—not as dispensers of undue patronage.

The law requires covered public officials and employees to file the Statement of Assets, Liabilities and Net Worth under oath within 30 days after assuming office, annually on or before April 30, and within 30 days after separation from service.

Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms inherent to every person. In public service, respect for rights includes equal treatment, dignity, and fair procedures rather than discrimination or arbitrary action.

Peacebuilding addresses conditions that can lead to conflict through lawful, nonviolent approaches such as dialogue, inclusion, respect for human rights, and fair access to institutions.

Environmental protection starts with preventing waste where possible. Reducing consumption and reusing materials generally come before recycling because they avoid or lessen waste at the source.

Environmental management applies planning, prevention, monitoring, and lawful controls to protect air, water, land, and ecosystems. Its goal is to prevent or reduce harm rather than respond only after damage occurs.