Matter
Not publishedof exam
Mechanics
Not publishedof exam
Thermodynamics
Not publishedof exam
Optics
Not publishedof exam
ReflectionRefractionLensesTotal Internal Reflection
Wave Motion and Sound
Not publishedof exam
Quick Facts
- Module
- Part-66 Module 2 Physics
- B categories
- B1/B2/B2L: 52 MCQs
- B time
- 65 minutes
- A/B3 route
- 32 MCQs; 40 minutes
- Answer format
- Three choices; one correct
- Essay questions
- None
- Pass mark
- 75% per module
- Penalty marking
- Not permitted
- Nominal pace
- 75 seconds per question
- B knowledge
- Level 2 throughout
- A/B3 knowledge
- Levels 1-2; narrower scope
- Category C level
- Meet B1 or B2 knowledge
- Maximum attempts
- Three per rolling 12 months
- Normal retake
- 90 days
- Retrained retake
- 30 days after eligible retraining
- AMC B guide: Matter
- 5 of 52
- AMC B guide: Mechanics
- 28 of 52
- AMC B guide: Thermal
- 10 of 52
- AMC B guide: Optics
- 5 of 52
- AMC B guide: Waves
- 4 of 52
- AMC A/B3 guide: Matter
- 4 of 32
- AMC A/B3 guide: Mechanics
- 24 of 32
- AMC A/B3 guide: Thermal
- 4 of 32
Matter Basics
- Atom
- Smallest unit retaining elemental identity
- Proton
- Positive nuclear particle
- Neutron
- Neutral nuclear particle
- Electron
- Negative extranuclear particle
- Atomic number
- Number of protons
- Mass number
- Protons plus neutrons
- Isotope
- Same protons; different neutrons
- Element
- Atoms sharing atomic number
- Molecule
- Bonded atoms acting together
- Compound
- Different elements chemically bonded
- Solid
- Fixed shape and volume
- Liquid
- Fixed volume; container shape
- Gas
- Variable shape and volume
Pressure Trio
Static plus dynamic gives total
StaticDynamicTotal
Mass vs Weight
Mass
- Measures inertia
- Unit kilogram
- Scalar quantity
Weight
- Gravitational force
- Unit newton
- Vector quantity
Kilograms are not newtons
Mechanics Formula Picker
- Need force balance→ΣF = 0(Static equilibrium)
- Need turning balance→ΣM = 0(Choose pivot)
- Need force from acceleration→F = ma(Use net force)
- Need work transferred→W = Fs(Parallel displacement)
- Need transfer rate→P = W/t(Power)
- Need collision relation→Conserve momentum(Closed system)
- Need circular inward force→F = mv²/r(Toward centre)
- Need machine performance→Efficiency = output/input(Same energy basis)
Statics
- Scalar
- Magnitude only
- Vector
- Magnitude and direction
- Resultant
- Vector sum of forces
- Equilibrium
- Net force and moment zero
- Moment
- Force times perpendicular distance
- Couple
- Equal opposite separated forces
- Centre of gravity
- Point of resultant weight
- Stress
- Force divided by area
- Strain
- Extension divided by original length
- Young's modulus
- Stress divided by strain
- Hooke's law
- Proportional within elastic limit
- Mechanical advantage
- Output force divided input force
Force and Energy Units
Force newtons; energy joules; power watts
Force: NEnergy: JPower: W
Distance vs Displacement
Distance
- Total path length
- Scalar
- Always nonnegative
Displacement
- Net position change
- Vector
- Can return zero
Path versus directed change
Motion
- Distance
- Scalar path length
- Displacement
- Directed position change
- Speed
- Distance divided by time
- Velocity
- Displacement divided by time
- Acceleration
- Velocity change divided by time
- Uniform motion
- Constant velocity
- Angular velocity
- Angle change divided by time
- Centripetal acceleration
- Speed squared divided by radius
- Frequency
- Cycles per second
- Period
- Time per cycle
- Simple harmonic motion
- Restoring acceleration opposes displacement proportionally
Stress vs Strain
Stress
- Force per area
- Pressure dimensions
- Unit pascal
Strain
- Extension per original length
- Dimensionless ratio
- Measures deformation
Cause intensity versus deformation
Force and Energy
- Mass
- Measure of inertia
- Weight
- Gravitational force on mass
- Newton's first law
- Zero net force preserves velocity
- Newton's second law
- Force equals mass times acceleration
- Newton's third law
- Interactions produce equal opposite force pairs
- Work
- Force times parallel displacement
- Power
- Work divided by time
- Kinetic energy
- Half mass times speed squared
- Potential energy
- Mass times gravity times height
- Efficiency
- Useful output divided by input
- Friction
- Opposes relative surface motion
- Energy conservation
- Closed-system energy changes form; total remains
Moment vs Work
Moment
- Turning effect
- Perpendicular lever arm
- Written N·m
Work
- Energy transferred
- Parallel displacement
- Written joules
Same dimensions; different quantity
Momentum and Rotation
- Momentum
- Mass times velocity
- Impulse
- Force times elapsed time
- Impulse-momentum
- Impulse equals momentum change
- Momentum conservation
- Closed-system total remains constant
- Torque
- Turning effect of force
- Angular momentum
- Rotational momentum
- Gyroscopic rigidity
- Spinning axis resists direction change
- Gyroscopic precession
- Torque response shifts around rotation
- Centripetal force
- Points toward rotation centre
- Centrifugal force
- Apparent rotating-frame outward force
Static vs Dynamic Pressure
Static pressure
- Local fluid pressure
- Exists without bulk motion
- Acts in all directions
Dynamic pressure
- Motion-associated term
- Depends on speed squared
- Part of total pressure
Total equals static plus dynamic
Fluid Dynamics
- Density
- Mass divided by volume
- Relative density
- Density compared with reference
- Pressure
- Force divided by area
- Hydrostatic pressure
- Increases with fluid depth
- Pascal's principle
- Confined-fluid pressure transmits undiminished
- Buoyancy
- Upthrust equals displaced fluid weight
- Continuity
- Mass flow remains conserved
- Bernoulli principle
- Ideal streamline energy remains constant
- Static pressure
- Fluid's local thermodynamic pressure
- Dynamic pressure
- Pressure associated with fluid motion
- Total pressure
- Static plus dynamic pressure
- Viscosity
- Resistance to shear flow
- Compressibility
- Volume changes under pressure
- Venturi
- Reduced area increases flow speed
Core Formulas
- Force
- F = maN
- Weight
- W = mgN
- Moment
- M = Fd perpendicularN·m
- Work
- W = Fs parallelJ
- Power
- P = W/tW
- Momentum
- p = mvkg·m/s
- Kinetic energy
- KE = ½mv²J
- Potential energy
- PE = mghJ
- Density
- ρ = m/Vkg/m³
- Pressure
- P = F/APa
- Sensible heat
- Q = mcΔTJ
- Latent heat
- Q = mLJ
- Wave speed
- v = fλm/s
Gas-Law Constants
Boyle T; Charles P; pressure law V
Boyle: temperature fixedCharles: pressure fixedPressure law: volume fixed
Heat vs Temperature
Heat
- Energy in transfer
- Driven by temperature difference
- Measured in joules
Temperature
- Thermal-state measure
- Measured using temperature scales
- Not transferred energy
Energy transfer versus thermal state
Fluid and Thermal Picker
- Need pressure from force→P = F/A(Use normal force)
- Need pressure with depth→P = ρgh(Gauge contribution)
- Need area-speed relation→Use continuity(Steady mass flow)
- Need pressure-speed relation→Use Bernoulli(Ideal streamline)
- Gas temperature stays constant→Use Boyle(P inversely follows V)
- Gas pressure stays constant→Use Charles(V follows absolute T)
- Gas volume stays constant→Use pressure law(P follows absolute T)
- Temperature changes without phase→Q = mcΔT(Sensible heat)
- Phase changes at constant temperature→Q = mL(Latent heat)
Temperature and Heat
- Temperature
- Thermal-state indicator
- Heat
- Energy transferred by temperature difference
- Kelvin
- Absolute temperature scale
- Absolute zero
- Zero kelvin
- Celsius to kelvin
- Add 273.15
- Thermal equilibrium
- Equal temperatures; no net heat
- Heat capacity
- Energy per temperature rise
- Specific heat
- Energy per mass-temperature rise
- Latent heat
- Phase-change energy without temperature change
- Conduction
- Transfer through particle interaction
- Convection
- Transfer by bulk fluid motion
- Radiation
- Electromagnetic energy transfer
- Linear expansion
- Length change follows temperature change
- Volumetric expansion
- Volume change follows temperature change
Heat Transfer
Conduction contacts; convection carries; radiation radiates
Contact interactionFluid movementElectromagnetic transfer
Conduction vs Convection
Conduction
- Particle interaction
- No bulk material transport
- Strong in many solids
Convection
- Bulk fluid transport
- Needs liquid or gas
- Can be forced
Interaction versus fluid movement
Gas Laws
- Boyle's law
- Constant T; pressure inversely follows volume
- Charles's law
- Constant P; volume follows absolute temperature
- Pressure law
- Constant V; pressure follows absolute temperature
- Combined gas law
- Fixed gas: PV/T remains constant
- Ideal gas equation
- PV equals nRT
- Isothermal
- Constant temperature
- Isobaric
- Constant pressure
- Isochoric
- Constant volume
- Adiabatic
- No heat transfer
- Gas-law temperature
- Use absolute temperature
Reflection vs Refraction
Reflection
- Returns from boundary
- Remains in original medium
- Equal boundary angles
Refraction
- Crosses boundary
- Speed changes
- Direction may change
Return versus cross
Optics Reference
- Light
- Transverse electromagnetic wave
- Reflection
- Wave returns within original medium
- Reflection law
- Incidence angle equals reflection angle
- Refraction
- Direction changes across media
- Refractive index
- Vacuum speed divided medium speed
- Snell's law
- n1 sinθ1 equals n2 sinθ2
- Critical angle
- Incidence yields 90-degree refraction
- Total internal reflection
- Higher-index to lower-index above critical angle
- Convex lens
- Converges parallel rays
- Concave lens
- Diverges parallel rays
- Real image
- Rays physically converge
- Virtual image
- Rays only appear to converge
- Fibre optic
- Guides light by total internal reflection
Real vs Virtual Image
Real image
- Actual ray convergence
- Projectable on screen
- Usually inverted
Virtual image
- Apparent ray origin
- Not directly projectable
- Often upright
Converging rays versus apparent rays
Wave Link
Velocity equals frequency times wavelength
v speedf frequencyλ wavelength
Transverse vs Longitudinal Waves
Transverse
- Oscillation perpendicular to travel
- Has crests and troughs
- Light is transverse
Longitudinal
- Oscillation parallel to travel
- Has compressions and rarefactions
- Sound is longitudinal
Across versus along travel
Optics and Wave Picker
- Ray returns from boundary→Use reflection law(Angles from normal)
- Ray crosses media→Use Snell's law(Compare refractive indices)
- Denser-to-rarer steep incidence→Check critical angle(Possible internal reflection)
- Need lens image→Draw principal rays(Locate convergence)
- Need wave speed→v = fλ(Match units)
- Need cycle time→T = 1/f(Period)
- Source and observer move→Check Doppler shift(Observed frequency changes)
- Drive nears natural frequency→Expect resonance(Amplitude increases)
Wave Properties
- Amplitude
- Maximum displacement from equilibrium
- Wavelength
- Same-phase point separation
- Frequency
- Cycles per second
- Period
- Reciprocal of frequency
- Wave speed
- Frequency times wavelength
- Phase
- Relative cycle position
- Transverse wave
- Oscillation perpendicular to travel
- Longitudinal wave
- Oscillation parallel to travel
- Sound
- Longitudinal mechanical wave
- Pitch
- Perception linked mainly to frequency
- Intensity
- Power divided by area
- Resonance
- Large response near natural frequency
- Doppler effect
- Relative motion shifts observed frequency
- Node
- Zero-displacement standing-wave point
- Antinode
- Maximum-displacement standing-wave point
Common Traps
Mass Is Not Weight
Mass uses kilograms ≠ Weight uses newtons
Speed Is Not Velocity
Speed lacks direction ≠ Velocity includes direction
Moment Is Not Work
Moment uses perpendicular distance ≠ Work uses parallel displacement
Heat Is Not Temperature
Heat is transferred energy ≠ Temperature describes thermal state
Celsius Is Not Absolute
Temperature differences may use Celsius ≠ Gas ratios require kelvin
Static Is Not Total Pressure
Static excludes dynamic term ≠ Total includes dynamic term
Frequency Is Not Period
Frequency counts cycles per second ≠ Period is time per cycle
Reflection Is Not Refraction
Reflection returns ≠ Refraction crosses media
A/B3 Scope Is Narrower
A/B3 omit optics and waves ≠ B routes include both
AMC Allocation Is Not Fixed
AMC numbers guide submodule allocation ≠ Justified deviations remain acceptable
Pass Mark Is Not Pace
75% is required score ≠ 75 seconds is nominal pace
Last Minute
- 1.A/B3: 32 MCQs, 40 minutes
- 2.B routes: 52 MCQs, 65 minutes
- 3.Three options; one correct answer
- 4.Module 2 has no essays
- 5.Pass mark is 75%
- 6.Penalty marking is prohibited
- 7.Convert units before substitution
- 8.Use kelvin for gas ratios
- 9.Separate mass from weight
- 10.Draw forces before taking moments
- 11.Choose scalar or vector first
- 12.Check every squared term
- 13.Identify each fixed gas variable
- 14.Separate static, dynamic, total pressure
- 15.Measure optical angles from normal
- 16.Use consistent signs and directions
- 17.A/B3 omit optics and waves
- 18.AMC allocation permits justified deviations
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