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2026 Statistics

Key Facts: ENADE Filosofia Exam

Governing Federal Law

Examination Administrator

Assessment Target

Bacharelado Exam Structure

Licenciatura PND Structure

Institutional Score Scale

Examination Fee

ENADE Filosofia is Brazil's national capstone assessment for graduating Philosophy undergraduates administered by INEP/MEC. In 2026, Bacharelado candidates sit a 4-hour test (45 MCQs + 1 discursive item) and Licenciatura candidates sit the 5h30 PND (80 MCQs + 1 discursive + practical evaluation), covering epistemology (20%), ethics and political philosophy (25%), metaphysics (15%), logic and language (15%), aesthetics (15%), and philosophy pedagogy (10%).

Sample ENADE Filosofia Practice Questions

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1In the classical epistemological tradition derived from Plato's Theaetetus, propositional knowledge was widely analyzed as Justified True Belief (JTB). In 1963, Edmund Gettier published a seminal counterexample challenging this definition. Which core conclusion did Gettier establish regarding the relationship between justification and knowledge?

A.An agent can possess a justified true belief through epistemic luck or false lemmas without that belief constituting genuine knowledge.

B.True belief alone is both necessary and sufficient for knowledge, rendering any additional epistemic justification entirely redundant across scientific and everyday contexts.

C.Justification is entirely unnecessary for knowledge provided the belief is produced by an uncorrupted innate cognitive faculty operating in an ideal epistemic environment.

D.Knowledge requires subjective psychological certainty that is completely immune to any empirical doubt, Cartesian skepticism, or external theoretical revision.

Explanation: Edmund Gettier demonstrated that the three classical conditions of Justified True Belief (truth, belief, and justification) are not jointly sufficient for knowledge. In his counterexamples (such as the cases of Smith and Jones), an agent forms a justified belief based on a false premise or fortunate epistemic coincidence that happens to be true by sheer chance, proving that epistemic luck separates JTB from genuine knowledge.

2In the First Meditation of his Meditations on First Philosophy, René Descartes applies systematic doubt to build an unshakable foundation for the sciences. What is the fundamental epistemological role of the 'Evil Demon' (genius malignus) hypothesis in this method?

A.To extend hyperbolic doubt to mathematical and rational truths that survive the dream argument, testing the limits of cognitive reliability.

B.To provide an empirical physiological explanation for perceptual errors caused by optical illusions, atmospheric distortions, and sensory fatigue.

C.To prove the theological necessity of original sin as the sole metaphysical cause of human intellectual fallibility throughout historical epochs.

D.To establish ontological dualism between res cogitans and res extensa prior to examining any epistemic certainty or foundational principle.

Explanation: Descartes introduces the radical hypothesis of an all-powerful, deceiving demon (genius malignus) to push methodological doubt to its hyperbolic extreme. While sensory perceptions are undermined by the illusion and dream arguments, simple mathematical and logical propositions (like 2 + 3 = 5) could still seem certain; the evil demon hypothesis allows Descartes to doubt even these rational truths until the indubitable Cogito is discovered.

3In An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, David Hume divides all objects of human reason into 'Relations of Ideas' and 'Matters of Fact' (Hume's Fork). According to Hume's analysis, what grounds our causal inferences regarding matters of fact?

A.An a priori deductive intuition that apprehends the necessary metaphysical connection linking any antecedent cause with its consequent effect in physical reality.

B.Direct empirical perception of the occult causal power operating between distinct material objects in nature during physical mechanical collisions.

C.The innate transcendental categories of the understanding that organize sensory manifolds prior to any empirical sensory experience or temporal sequence.

D.Custom or habit arising from the repeated constant conjunction of observed events, rather than rational demonstration or intuitive necessity.

Explanation: Hume argues that causal relations cannot be discovered a priori through relations of ideas, nor can we observe any necessary connection (power or force) in single instances of causation. Instead, our belief that the future will resemble the past is grounded in psychological custom (habit) formed after experiencing the constant conjunction of two phenomena across repeated observations.

4In the Critique of Pure Reason, Immanuel Kant addresses the central question: 'How are synthetic a priori judgments possible?' Which statement correctly characterizes a synthetic a priori judgment in Kant's critical philosophy?

A.It is an analytic statement whose predicate is conceptually contained in the subject and verified purely through the logical principle of non-contradiction.

B.It is a non-tautological judgment that extends our knowledge beyond the concept of the subject while possessing strict universality and necessity.

C.It is an empirical judgment derived strictly from sensory induction whose truth value remains contingent on future experimental laboratory observations.

D.It is a metaphysical assertion regarding things-in-themselves (noumena) that completely transcends the conditions of sensible intuition and categories.

Explanation: For Kant, synthetic judgments are informative and amplificatory because the predicate adds something new not contained within the subject concept (unlike analytic judgments). Being a priori, such judgments carry absolute necessity and strict universality independent of empirical induction (e.g., 7 + 5 = 12, or 'every event has a cause').

5Karl Popper proposed falsificationism in The Logic of Scientific Discovery as a solution to the problem of induction and the criterion of demarcation. How does Popper distinguish genuine scientific theories from pseudo-scientific systems?

A.By the cumulative degree to which a universal theoretical hypothesis can be inductively confirmed and verified through positive observational evidence.

B.By the consensus and institutional agreement established among the dominant community of recognized professional practitioners within a field.

C.By the complete mathematical formalization and semantic reduction of all theoretical terms into phenomenal sensory protocol observation statements.

D.By the logical capacity of a theory to forbid certain observable states of affairs, exposing itself to potential empirical refutation.

Explanation: Popper identified falsifiability as the criterion of demarcation separating science from non-science or pseudo-science. A theory is scientific if and only if it makes risky predictions that rule out specific observable occurrences; if observation contradicts these predictions, the theory is refuted via modus tollens.

6In The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas Kuhn argued that scientific development is punctuated by paradigm shifts rather than continuous linear accumulation. What did Kuhn mean by the 'incommensurability' of competing paradigms?

A.There is no neutral, algorithmically shared observational language or meta-standard to evaluate competing paradigms objectively.

B.Different scientific disciplines cannot communicate because their practitioners speak mutually unintelligible national natural languages.

C.Older theories are always logically contained as deductive sub-cases within newer, more comprehensive mathematical and theoretical frameworks.

D.Scientific progress is impossible because physical nature alters its underlying mechanical laws whenever humans develop new scientific instruments.

Explanation: Kuhn's thesis of incommensurability asserts that proponents of competing paradigms operate with different conceptual frameworks, problem sets, criteria of evaluation, and theory-laden observational vocabularies. Because there is no external, paradigm-independent standard of proof, paradigm debates cannot be resolved solely through logical or algorithmic comparison.

7The Agrippan Trilemma (or Münchhausen Trilemma) challenges theories of epistemic justification by asserting that any attempt to justify a belief leads to infinite regress, circularity, or dogmatic assumption. How does epistemic Foundationalism respond to this challenge?

A.By positing properly basic beliefs that possess non-inferential justification and serve as the terminal foundation for all other beliefs.

B.By asserting that justification is circular, provided the web of interconnected beliefs is sufficiently broad and internally coherent throughout.

C.By admitting that all knowledge claims are arbitrary and embracing radical Pyrrhonian skepticism across all theoretical and empirical inquiries.

D.By claiming that belief justification is purely an external sociological convention enforced by political institutions and economic hegemony.

Explanation: Foundationalism stops the infinite regress of justification by dividing beliefs into two categories: non-basic beliefs (which inherit justification inferentially from other beliefs) and basic beliefs (which are justified non-inferentially, such as direct perceptual experiences, self-evident logical truths, or Cartesian indubitable intuitions).

8Epistemic Reliabilism, as developed by Alvin Goldman and externalist epistemologists, departs from traditional internalism by redefining the nature of justification. Under process reliabilism, when is an agent's true belief justified?

A.When the belief is produced by a cognitive process or mechanism that generally yields a high ratio of true to false beliefs.

B.When the agent possesses direct, conscious, introspective access to all the internal logical reasons and evidential links supporting their proposition.

C.When the proposition aligns perfectly with the unquestioned consensus of ancient philosophical authorities recognized by ecclesiastical tradition.

D.When the proposition cannot be doubted even under the most extreme hyperbolic hypothetical scenarios conceived by philosophical skepticism.

Explanation: Process reliabilism is an externalist theory of epistemic justification holding that a belief is justified if and only if it is generated by a reliable cognitive process (such as normal vision, standard memory recall, or valid deductive reasoning) that produces mostly true beliefs, regardless of whether the agent has internal access to how the process works.

9In post-Gettier epistemology, Alvin Goldman proposed a 'Causal Theory of Knowing' to repair the tripartite definition of knowledge. What additional fourth condition does this causal theory introduce?

A.The agent must be able to prove that their belief was derived without utilizing any deductive or inductive inference rules in deliberation.

B.The belief must be validated through unanimous consensus across the international scientific community by means of formal peer review.

C.The agent must possess infallible psychological certainty and complete introspective clarity regarding every logical step in their cognitive process.

D.An appropriate causal connection must exist between the fact that makes the proposition true and the agent's belief in that proposition.

Explanation: Alvin Goldman's 1967 causal theory posits that S knows that p if and only if the fact that p is causally connected in an appropriate way with S's believing that p. This requirement excludes cases where a belief is true merely by epistemic luck without being causally generated by the underlying truthmaker.

10In the Second Meditation, Descartes arrives at the famous proposition 'Cogito, ergo sum' (I think, therefore I am). Why is this realization immune to the hypothesis of the deceiving demon?

A.Because thinking requires physical vocalization in natural language, which produces undeniable auditory evidence in the surrounding room.

B.Because even if the demon deceives me about all contents of thought, the very act of being deceived requires an existing entity to be deceived.

C.Because God has already been proven to be an omnibenevolent, non-deceptive creator in the First Meditation, ruling out any deception in advance.

D.Because formal syllogistic deductions in Aristotle's Organon are logically immune to any possible psychological manipulation or doubt.

Explanation: Descartes recognizes that doubting, being deceived, or experiencing any cognitive state necessarily entails an existing thinking subject. Even if the evil demon exerts maximal deception, there must still exist a subject ('I') who is undergoing that deception, rendering 'I am, I exist' necessarily true whenever it is conceived.

About the ENADE Filosofia Exam

The Exame Nacional de Desempenho dos Estudantes (ENADE) for Philosophy (Bacharelado e Licenciatura em Filosofia) is Brazil's mandatory national undergraduate capstone evaluation administered by INEP under the Ministry of Education (MEC), established by Federal Law nº 10.861/2004 (SINAES). The exam evaluates graduating seniors based on the National Curriculum Guidelines (DCNs) for Philosophy. In the 2026 cycle, Bacharelado candidates take a 4-hour examination comprising 15 General Training MCQs, 30 Specific Component MCQs, and 1 specific discursive item. Licenciatura candidates take the Prova Nacional Docente (PND) spanning 5h30 (30 General Teacher Education MCQs, 50 Specific MCQs, and 1 discursive question), alongside the supervised practical teaching assessment (Avaliação da Prática). The syllabus covers Epistemology and Theory of Knowledge, Ethics and Political Philosophy, Metaphysics and Ontology, Formal Logic and Philosophy of Language, Aesthetics and Philosophy of Art, and Philosophy Education and Brazilian Educational Legislation (LDB 9.394/1996, Lei 11.684/2008, BNCC). ENADE and the PND are administered in Portuguese only. This 100-question practice bank is an English-language MCQ study adaptation designed for rigorous academic preparation, not an official translation and not a simulation of the discursive or practical components.

Assessment

Bacharelado: 45 MCQs (15 Formação Geral + 30 Componente Específico) and 1 discursive item in 4 hours. Licenciatura (PND): 80 MCQs (30 Formação Geral + 50 Componente Específico) and 1 discursive item in 5h30, plus an autonomous practical teaching evaluation.

Time Limit

Bacharelado: 4 hours; Licenciatura (PND): 5 hours 30 minutes

Passing Score

Conceito Enade (1 to 5)

Exam Fee

Free (Gratuito) (INEP — Ministério da Educação (MEC))

ENADE Filosofia Exam Content Outline

20%

Epistemologia e Teoria do Conhecimento

Analyses classical and contemporary theories of knowledge: the tripartite definition of knowledge as justified true belief and the Gettier problem; Descartes' methodological skepticism and foundationalism; Hume's critique of causality, induction, and impressions vs. ideas; Kant's transcendental idealism and synthetic a priori judgments; Russell's knowledge by acquaintance and description; Popper's falsificationism and the problem of demarcation; and Kuhn's paradigm shifts and incommensurability.

25%

Ética e Filosofia Política

Explores ethical systems and political theory: Aristotle's eudaimonia, virtue ethics, and the doctrine of the mean; Kant's deontological ethics, autonomy, and the Categorical Imperative (Formula of Universal Law and Formula of Humanity); Bentham and Mill's utilitarianism (principle of utility, qualitative vs. quantitative hedonism); Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau's social contract theories; Marx's historical materialism and critique of ideology; Rawls' theory of justice (original position, veil of ignorance, difference principle); Habermas' communicative action and discourse ethics; and Foucault's biopolitics and disciplinary power.

15%

Metafísica e Ontologia

Examines metaphysical inquiries across philosophical history: Plato's Theory of Forms and allegory of the cave; Aristotle's hylomorphism, substance, act/potency, and the four causes; the medieval problem of universals (realism, nominalism, conceptualism); Spinoza's substance monism and pantheism (Deus sive Natura); Leibniz's monadology and pre-established harmony; Hegel's dialectical idealism and absolute spirit; and Heidegger's fundamental ontology (Dasein, being-in-the-world, and temporality).

15%

Lógica e Filosofia da Linguagem

Covers formal logic and philosophy of language: Aristotelian syllogistics (square of opposition, valid syllogistic moods, fallacies); propositional logic (truth tables, tautologies, logical equivalences, modus ponens, modus tollens); first-order predicate logic (quantifiers, scope, countermodels); informal fallacies (ad hominem, petitio principii, post hoc); Frege's distinction between sense (Sinn) and reference (Bedeutung); Wittgenstein's picture theory of language in the Tractatus vs. language-games in Philosophical Investigations; and Austin and Searle's speech act theory (locutionary, illocutionary, perlocutionary acts).

15%

Estética e Filosofia da Arte

Investigates aesthetic theory and philosophy of art: Plato's critique of poetry and mimesis as third remove from reality; Aristotle's Poetics, tragedy, and catharsis; Kant's Critique of Judgment (disinterested pleasure, purposiveness without purpose, the beautiful vs. the sublime); Hegel's aesthetics and the historical manifestation of art; Nietzsche's The Birth of Tragedy (Apollonian vs. Dionysian); Walter Benjamin's work of art in the age of its mechanical reproducibility and aura; and Adorno and Horkheimer's critique of the culture industry.

10%

Ensino de Filosofia e Legislação Educacional

Addresses philosophy pedagogy and Brazilian educational policy: historical trajectory of philosophy in Brazilian secondary education (LDB 9.394/1996 art. 36, Lei 11.684/2008); competencies and skills for philosophy within the Human and Social Sciences area of the Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC); pedagogical transposition of philosophical texts in secondary classrooms; philosophical dialogue, critical thinking, and argumentative skills development; and ethics, human rights, and citizenship education in teacher training.

How to Pass the ENADE Filosofia Exam

What You Need to Know

Passing score: Conceito Enade (1 to 5)
Assessment: Bacharelado: 45 MCQs (15 Formação Geral + 30 Componente Específico) and 1 discursive item in 4 hours. Licenciatura (PND): 80 MCQs (30 Formação Geral + 50 Componente Específico) and 1 discursive item in 5h30, plus an autonomous practical teaching evaluation.
Time limit: Bacharelado: 4 hours; Licenciatura (PND): 5 hours 30 minutes
Exam fee: Free (Gratuito)

Keys to Passing

Work through all 100 available questions
Review every answer and explanation
Track weak areas and revisit them
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ENADE Filosofia Study Tips from Top Performers

1Analyze Primary Philosophical Arguments: Focus on reconstructed arguments from seminal works by Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Hume, Kant, Rawls, Habermas, and Foucault.

2Master Formal Logic Fundamentals: Review validity, soundness, truth table evaluations, modus ponens, modus tollens, quantifier scope, and informal fallacy diagnosis.

3Contrast Competing Ethical and Political Theories: Distinguish deontological duties, rule vs. act utilitarianism, virtue ethics, social contract foundations, and discourse ethics.

4Understand Brazilian Curriculum Regulations: Review LDB 9.394/1996, Lei 11.684/2008, and the BNCC Human and Social Sciences competence framework for high school philosophy teaching.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the official structure of ENADE Filosofia for the 2026 cycle?

Under the 2026 INEP guidelines, Bacharelado candidates sit a 4-hour assessment comprising 46 questions (15 General Training MCQs, 30 Specific Component MCQs, and 1 specific discursive item). Licenciatura candidates take the 5h30 Prova Nacional Docente (PND) with 81 questions (30 General Teacher Education MCQs, 50 Specific MCQs, and 1 discursive question), along with an autonomous practical teaching evaluation.

Is ENADE Filosofia mandatory for completing a Philosophy degree in Brazil?

Yes. Pursuant to Brazilian Federal Law nº 10.861/2004 (SINAES), ENADE participation is a mandatory curricular component for all registered graduating seniors (concluintes). Maintaining regular standing with INEP is legally required to graduate and receive an accredited university diploma.

How is student performance evaluated in ENADE Filosofia?

Individual performance is converted into standardized institutional Conceito Enade scores on a 1 to 5 scale. These results feed into higher education quality metrics, including the Conceito Preliminar de Curso (CPC) and the Índice Geral de Cursos (IGC).

How does this practice bank adapt the official ENADE Filosofia exam?

This practice bank adapts the official INEP assessment syllabus into 100 rigorous English-language multiple-choice questions, covering major epistemological, ethical, political, metaphysical, logical, aesthetic, and pedagogical traditions while preserving key philosophical terminology and Brazilian educational frameworks.

100+ Free ENADE Filosofia Practice Questions

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