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Sample BAC Logic, Argumentation and Communication Practice Questions

Try these sample questions to review concepts for the BAC Logic, Argumentation and Communication exam. Each question includes a detailed explanation. Start the interactive quiz above for the full 100+ question experience with AI tutoring.

1What constitutes the intension (conținut / intensiune) of a logical term?
A.The set of essential properties or characteristics possessed by all objects to which the term applies
B.The set of all real or ideal objects designated by the term in reality
C.The linguistic word or phrase used to express the concept in a natural language
D.The truth value assigned to the proposition in which the term appears as a grammatical subject
Explanation: In formal logic, the intension (or content/connotation) of a term consists of the set of essential attributes, traits, or properties shared by all objects denoted by that term. The set of objects themselves constitutes the extension (sferă / extensiune). The verbal form represents the linguistic component of the term.
2What constitutes the extension (sferă / extensiune) of a logical term?
A.The linguistic definition formulated in a general dictionary
B.The total set of objects that possess the properties making up the intension of the term
C.The degree of abstractness or generality of the term's conceptual definition
D.The logical relation of subordination connecting the term to its superordinate genus
Explanation: The extension (sferă) of a term represents the totality of entities, objects, or elements to which the term can be truthfully applied based on its intension. By contrast, the intension designates the properties characterizing those objects. The linguistic formulation is merely the verbal sign.
3According to the law of inverse variation between extension and intension, what happens when we move from the term 'vertebrate' to 'mammal'?
A.Intension increases while extension decreases
B.Both extension and intension increase simultaneously
C.Extension increases while intension decreases
D.Both extension and intension decrease simultaneously
Explanation: Moving from the broader genus 'vertebrate' to the narrower species 'mammal' introduces additional differentiating properties (such as mammary glands and hair), thereby increasing the intension. Concurrently, because only a subset of vertebrates are mammals, the class of designated objects shrinks, meaning the extension decreases.
4If the intension of the term 'parallelogram' is enriched by adding the property 'all angles are right angles', how do its intension and extension change?
A.Intension decreases and extension increases
B.Intension increases and extension decreases
C.Both intension and extension remain strictly unchanged
D.Extension increases while intension remains constant
Explanation: Adding an essential property ('all angles are right angles') enriches the content of the term, so its intension increases. The resulting term designates 'rectangle', whose set of members is a strict subset of all parallelograms, which means its extension decreases.
5Here, 'carnivore' means a member of the mammalian order Carnivora. Which list orders the terms from greatest to smallest extension?
A.Living organism, vertebrate, mammal, carnivore, tiger
B.Tiger, carnivore, mammal, vertebrate, living organism
C.Carnivore, tiger, living organism, vertebrate, mammal
D.Vertebrate, living organism, mammal, tiger, carnivore
Explanation: 'Living organism' includes all vertebrates and invertebrates; 'vertebrate' includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, fish; 'mammal' includes all carnivores, herbivores, etc.; 'carnivore' includes felids, canids, etc.; and 'tiger' is a single species. Therefore, this sequence correctly proceeds from the widest sphere (extension) to the narrowest.
6Use the inclusive definition of an isosceles triangle as having at least two equal sides. Which sequence orders terms from poorest to richest intension?
A.Equilateral triangle, isosceles triangle, triangle, polygon, geometric figure
B.Geometric figure, polygon, triangle, isosceles triangle, equilateral triangle
C.Polygon, geometric figure, equilateral triangle, isosceles triangle, triangle
D.Triangle, polygon, geometric figure, equilateral triangle, isosceles triangle
Explanation: Poorest intension corresponds to the most general genus ('geometric figure'), which has the fewest defining properties. As we add specific differences (closed planar shape with straight line segments -> 3 sides -> 2 equal sides -> 3 equal sides), the intension grows progressively richer until reaching 'equilateral triangle'.
7Which term is classified as logically empty (termen vid) in the actual universe of discourse?
A.Round square
B.Prime number
C.European capital
D.Dinosaur
Explanation: A logically empty term (termen vid) has an extension containing zero elements. 'Round square' is an empty term because its intension contains logically contradictory properties (being round and having four straight sides and corners), making it impossible for any object to exist in its extension.
8Which of the following terms is classified as a singular term (termen singular)?
A.Continent
B.Planet
C.The capital of Romania
D.Chemical element
Explanation: A singular term designates an individual object or a class consisting of exactly one unique element. 'The capital of Romania' refers uniquely to Bucharest, making it a singular term. The other options are general terms denoting classes with multiple elements.
9In formal logic, what distinguishes a collective term (termen colectiv) from a distributive term (termen distributiv)?
A.A collective term denotes a whole whose properties do not necessarily transfer to its individual component parts
B.A collective term refers exclusively to abstract concepts, whereas a distributive term refers to concrete objects
C.A collective term can never serve as the logical subject of a universal categorical proposition
D.A distributive term designates an empty class of objects, whereas a collective term is always non-empty
Explanation: A collective term (such as 'forest', 'orchestra', or 'library') applies to an organized collection of objects considered as a single whole; properties of the whole do not automatically belong to each individual part (e.g., a forest is dense, but an individual tree is not dense). A distributive term applies to each member individually (e.g., 'tree').
10Which of the following is an example of a relative term (termen relativ)?
A.Mountain
B.Legal guardian
C.Table
D.Gold
Explanation: A relative term expresses a relation between two or more objects and cannot be understood independently of another term (e.g., someone is a 'legal guardian' only in relation to a minor or ward). 'Mountain', 'table', and 'gold' are absolute terms because their intension can be conceived without referencing a paired relational counterpart.

About the BAC Logic, Argumentation and Communication Exam

Independent practice for Examenul Național de Bacalaureat, Logică, argumentare și comunicare (Proba E.d). Independent English-language MCQ study adaptation. It is not an official translation, an official-format simulation, or a substitute for Romanian-language reading and writing, full worked solutions, or oral and practical preparation. Romanian is confirmed. Candidates who studied a subject in a minority language may request that language under the methodology; availability depends on the subject and route. Practise formalisation, Venn diagrams and written justifications, not only recognising named rules.

Exam sponsor: Ministerul Educației și Cercetării / Centrul Național pentru Curriculum și Evaluare (CNCE). The requirements and fees below concern the certification or admission exam, separate from our free practice resources.

Assessment

Question count not published by the exam provider

Time Limit

180 minutes (3 hours)

Passing Score

At least 5/10 in every written paper and an overall written mean of at least 6/10, with required competence assessments completed or recognised. The methodology rounds an overall 5.99 to 6.00.

Exam / Certification Fees

First two Bacalaureat presentations are free; later presentations carry an annually set fee. A current later-attempt amount is not confirmed here.

Exam sponsor website

Fees, eligibility, and exam policies can change. Confirm them with the exam sponsor before applying or paying.

Official sources

Our practice resources: topics covered

We aim to reflect publicly available exam outlines and topic information in our study resources. Coverage, format, and difficulty may differ from the actual exam, and we cannot guarantee that every detail is accurate or current. Confirm exam requirements, fees, and policies with the official exam sponsor.

Not officially weighted here

Terms and definitions

Intension, extension, classification and rules of definition.

Not officially weighted here

Deductive reasoning

Categorical propositions, immediate inference, opposition, syllogisms and Venn diagrams.

Not officially weighted here

Argumentation

Proof, induction, validity and fallacies.

Preparing for the BAC Logic, Argumentation and Communication Exam

What You Need to Know

  • Passing score: At least 5/10 in every written paper and an overall written mean of at least 6/10, with required competence assessments completed or recognised. The methodology rounds an overall 5.99 to 6.00.
  • Assessment: Question count not published by the exam provider
  • Time limit: 180 minutes (3 hours)
  • Exam / certification fees: First two Bacalaureat presentations are free; later presentations carry an annually set fee. A current later-attempt amount is not confirmed here. Official sources

Using Our Practice Resources

  • Work through all 100 available questions
  • Review every answer and explanation
  • Track weak areas and revisit them
  • Use our AI tutor for tough concepts

BAC Logic, Argumentation and Communication: Suggested Study Strategy

1Practise formalisation, Venn diagrams and written justifications, not only recognising named rules.
2Use official papers and marking schemes for the applicable profile. Practise writing complete answers under the three-hour limit.
3Use the questions to identify gaps, then explain why each alternative fails without looking at the feedback.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is this the official examination format or an official translation?

Independent English-language MCQ study adaptation. It is not an official translation, an official-format simulation, or a substitute for Romanian-language reading and writing, full worked solutions, or oral and practical preparation.

What else does the full Bacalaureat require?

Other written papers and required competence assessments: Romanian oral communication, mother-tongue oral communication where applicable, a studied foreign language and digital competence. These must be completed or formally recognised. The subject bank does not replace them.

Which paper and language should I prepare for?

Romanian is confirmed. Candidates who studied a subject in a minority language may request that language under the methodology; availability depends on the subject and route. Practise formalisation, Venn diagrams and written justifications, not only recognising named rules.