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Sample MCAA ATPL Theory Exam Practice Questions

Try these sample questions to review concepts for the MCAA ATPL Theory Exam exam. Each question includes a detailed explanation. Start the interactive quiz above for the full 100+ question experience with AI tutoring.

1Under CAR 61.253(a), which set of prerequisites applies to an ATPL(A) applicant?

A.Age 18, a current PPL and a Class 2 medical certificate

B.Age 23, a current CPL and a multi-crew cooperation certificate

C.Age 21, a current CPL and a Class 2 medical certificate only

D.Age 21, a current CPL and a current instrument rating

Explanation: CAR 61.253(a) requires an ATPL applicant to be at least 21 and to hold a current CPL for the appropriate category and a current instrument rating. AC61-7 §1.1.1 notes that holding a current CPL includes holding a current Class 1 medical certificate.

2Which flight experience does AC61-7 Appendix I accept for an ATPL(A) under CAR 61.253(a)(4)?

A.1,500 h total, including 500 h multi-pilot and 250 h PIC

B.1,500 h total, including 250 h PIC, 100 h night and 75 h instrument

C.1,000 h total, including 250 h PIC and 50 h instrument

D.1,500 h total, including 500 h PIC and 200 h night

Explanation: AC61-7 Appendix I requires at least 1,500 hours in aeroplanes, including 250 hours as PIC. That PIC time includes 100 hours of cross-country, 25 of them at night; an alternative allows 70 hours PIC plus credited command practice. It also requires 100 hours of night flight and 75 hours of instrument time, at least 50 of them in aeroplanes, together with an instrument rating (aeroplane).

3Under AC61-7 Appendix I, how much co-pilot time in an aeroplane required by its flight manual to have a co-pilot may count towards the 1,500-hour ATPL total?

A.50% of the co-pilot time

B.100% of the co-pilot time

C.25% of the co-pilot time

D.None of the co-pilot time

Explanation: AC61-7 Appendix I §2.1.1(a)(4) allows 50% of co-pilot (first officer) time in aeroplanes required to be flown with a co-pilot to count towards the 1,500 hours. Time logged as PIC under supervision for CAR 135 consolidation cannot be credited, and Mongolia does not recognise second-officer or cruise-relief time.

4Under CAR 61.17(d)(2) and AC61-1 Rev 4 §3.4, how long is an ATPL written examination credit valid, and what special rule applies to air law?

A.Valid 3 years, the same as a CPL credit, with air law treated like all others

B.Valid 5 years, and air law expires 2 years earlier than the other subjects

C.Valid 10 years; the air law pass may be no more than 5 years old at application

D.Valid indefinitely once the ATPL flight test has been passed within 3 months

Explanation: An ATPL credit gained within the 3-year qualifying period is valid for 10 years from the date the last subject was passed (CAR 61.17(d)(2); AC61-1 §3.4.1). When the ATPL application is made, however, the air law pass must be no more than 5 years old (AC61-1 §3.4.2).

5A pilot completed their ATPL written credit in 2020; the air law pass dates from 2019. Applying for the ATPL in 2026, what must they do about the written credit?

A.Re-sit all seven subjects, because the whole ATPL credit has now expired

B.Pass ATPL air law again; the credit's original expiry date is not extended

C.Nothing further, because the written credit remains valid for 10 years

D.Pass air law again, which restarts the full 10-year validity of the credit

Explanation: The credit completed in 2020 is valid until 2030, but at application in 2026 the 2019 air law pass is more than 5 years old. AC61-1 Rev 4 §3.4.3 requires a new air law pass to keep the credit valid, and states that the original expiry date is not extended.

6Under AC61-7 §1.6, when may a current foreign ATPL be accepted in place of the Mongolian ATPL written examinations?

A.For every subject, if issued by any ICAO State, with no experience requirement

B.Never; every ATPL subject must always be re-sat in Mongolia

C.All but air law, given 500 h PIC or 1,000 h co-pilot in multi-crew ops since issue

D.Only for air law, given 1,500 h total time on the foreign licence

Explanation: AC61-7 §1.6(b) accepts a current foreign ATPL as meeting all written passes except air law. The applicant must show at least 500 hours as PIC or 1,000 hours as co-pilot in multi-engine, multi-crew aircraft on commercial IFR multi-crew operations. That time must be gained after the foreign ATPL was issued, in the issuing State's jurisdiction. Under §1.6(c), all foreign ATPL holders must pass Mongolian ATPL Law and an ATPL issue flight test.

7Under CAR 61.253(b), in what kind of flight must the ATPL(A) flight test be conducted?

A.A local VFR circuit flight in any single-engine aeroplane of 5,700 kg or less

B.A day VFR navigation flight in any aeroplane, with an instructor as safety pilot

C.An oral examination and simulator session, with no flight in an aircraft

D.A cross-country IFR flight in a qualifying multi-engine aircraft or approved simulator

Explanation: CAR 61.253(b) requires the ATPL flight test to be a cross-country flight under IFR. It may be flown in a multi-engine aircraft with an MCTOW of 5,700 kg or more, another multi-engine aircraft acceptable to the Director, or an approved flight simulation training device. AC61-1 Rev 4 §11 notes that the approved simulators are owned by foreign operators and must be arranged by the applicant.

8Which privilege does CAR 61.255 give an ATPL holder beyond those of a CPL?

A.PIC of an aircraft that requires a co-pilot, on air transport operations

B.PIC on air transport without a type rating for the aircraft flown

C.Examining other pilots for licence issue without a separate authorisation

D.Carrying out maintenance and certifying the aircraft's release to service

Explanation: CAR 61.255(a) gives the ATPL holder all PPL and CPL privileges plus the right to act as PIC of an aircraft that requires a co-pilot on air transport or hire-or-reward operations. This is within the category and type ratings held. A CPL holder may command multi-pilot aircraft only outside air transport (61.205(a)(3)).

9Under CAR 61.15A, what restriction applies to a 62-year-old ATPL holder on air transport operations?

A.They may not command a single-pilot air transport aircraft, but may fly multi-pilot

B.They may not act as any pilot on any air transport operation from age 60 onwards

C.They may act as PIC on air transport only if a second Class 1 medical is held

D.No age restriction applies to air transport pilots until they reach age 70

Explanation: CAR 61.15A(a) bars a licence holder aged 60 or over from acting as PIC of an aircraft used in single-pilot air transport operations. Under 61.15A(b), from age 65 they may not act as a pilot in multi-pilot air transport operations. At 62, multi-pilot air transport flying is still permitted. CAR 67.61 also limits Class 1 certificates to 6 months from age 60.

10Which aeroplanes are covered by CAR 121 (ИНД-121), large aeroplane commercial operations?

A.10 or more passenger seats, or an MCTOW above 5,700 kg

B.Any multi-engine turbine aeroplane in commercial air transport, whatever its size

C.An MCTOW above 20,000 kg, whatever the passenger seating or payload

D.More than 30 passenger seats, or a payload capacity above 3,410 kg

Explanation: CAR 121.1 applies to air transport operations by AOC holders using aeroplanes with a passenger seating configuration of more than 30 seats, excluding required crew seats, or a payload capacity of more than 3,410 kg. Medium aeroplanes, for example 10 to 30 seats, fall under CAR 125, and small aeroplanes with 9 seats or fewer and helicopters under CAR 135.

About the MCAA ATPL Theory Exam Exam

The Civil Aviation Authority of Mongolia (ИНЕГ / MCAA) Airline Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) written examinations test the knowledge required for the highest Mongolian pilot licence. They are required by CAR 61.253(a)(5) (ИНД-61: Нисгэгчийн үнэмлэх, зэрэглэл), reissued by Minister of Road and Transport Order А/255 of 3 October 2025, and detailed in Advisory Circular AC61-7 Rev 2 Appendix III. The aeroplane subjects are air law, flight navigation general, flight planning, meteorology, instruments and navigation aids, human factors, and advanced aerodynamics, performance and systems. Applicants must be at least 21, hold a current CPL and instrument rating, log at least 1,500 hours, score at least 70% in each subject and pass an IFR flight test under CAR 61.253(b). This practice bank offers independent English-language multiple-choice questions on those syllabus areas, with Mongolian air law drawn from the current CAR texts and AIP Mongolia; it is a study adaptation, not an official paper or format simulation.

Exam sponsor: Civil Aviation Authority of Mongolia (ИНЕГ / MCAA). The requirements and fees below concern the certification or admission exam, separate from our free practice resources.

Assessment

The ATPL written examination credit is required by CAR 61.253(a)(5) (ИНД-61) and detailed in AC61-7 Rev 2 Appendix III. Aeroplane candidates pass seven subjects: ATPL Air Law (Subject 36), Flight Navigation General (Subject 38), Flight Planning (Subject 40), ATPL Meteorology (Subject 42), Instruments and Navigation Aids (Subject 44), Human Factors (Subject 46) and Advanced Aerodynamics, Performance and Systems Knowledge (Subject 48). The pass mark is 70% per paper (CAR 61.17(b)). All subjects must be passed within 3 years of the first examination, and the credit is then valid for 10 years from the last pass, but the air law pass may be no more than 5 years old at ATPL application (CAR 61.17(c)-(d); AC61-1 Rev 4 §3.4). A candidate who fails a subject 3 times within 90 days must wait 90 days before re-sitting it (CAR 61.17(e)). Licence prerequisites include minimum age 21, a current CPL and instrument rating (CAR 61.253(a)(1)-(3)), and at least 1,500 hours in aeroplanes, with the specific experience set out in AC61-7 Appendix I. The flight test must be a cross-country IFR flight in a multi-engine aircraft of 5,700 kg MCTOW or more, another multi-engine aircraft acceptable to the Director, or an approved flight simulation training device (CAR 61.253(b)). A passed flight test is valid for 3 months (CAR 61.21(b)). MCAA's 2025 performance report states that the Aspeq-run online examinations stopped in June 2024; AC61-7 Appendix II (2023) still lists Aspeq for each ATPL subject, but AC61-1 Rev 4 (April 2026) refers only to an authorised examination organisation, and MCAA has not published its current booking arrangements, fee, item counts or time limits. This bank is an independent English-language MCQ study adaptation, not an official examination paper or format simulation.

Time Limit

Administered directly by MCAA or its authorised examination centre; not published as fixed public times on the portal

Passing Score

70% per subject paper (CAR 61.17(b)); credits must be obtained within 3 years and are valid for 10 years (Air Law valid for at most 5 years) towards licence issue

Exam / Certification Fees

Not published on the MCAA website. CAR 61.11 requires applications with the applicable fee receipt; contact MCAA for current charges

Exam sponsor website

Fees, eligibility, and exam policies can change. Confirm them with the exam sponsor before applying or paying.

Official sources

Our practice resources: topics covered

We aim to reflect publicly available exam outlines and topic information in our study resources. Coverage, format, and difficulty may differ from the actual exam, and we cannot guarantee that every detail is accurate or current. Confirm exam requirements, fees, and policies with the official exam sponsor.

Not published

Air Law & Heavy Air Transport Operations

Mongolian CAR 61, 67, 91, 119 and 121, ATPL eligibility, credits and privileges, age limits, CAR 121 applicability and fuel policy, fuel-emergency declarations, metric flight levels, low-visibility operations and international air law.

Not published

Flight Navigation General & PBN

Polar and grid navigation, inertial reference systems (IRS), ring laser gyros, Performance-Based Navigation (PBN: RNAV 1, RNAV 5, RNP 4, RNP 1), and GNSS augmentation (SBAS, GBAS).

Not published

Airline Flight Planning & Fuel Policy

CAR 121.75 fuel components, the CAR 91.403 turbine final reserve, isolated-aerodrome fuel, critical point and PSR, cost index, cruise speeds, mass and traffic-load limits, and redispatch.

Not published

High-Altitude Meteorology

Tropopause variations, jet streams, clear air turbulence (CAT), space weather, solar radiation, volcanic ash advisories (VAAC), and high-altitude convective icing hazards.

Not published

Instruments & Advanced Navigation Aids

EFIS, PFD/ND architecture, EICAS, FMS/FMC, TCAS II version 7.1 resolution advisories, TAWS/EGPWS, airborne weather radar management, and ADS-B.

Not published

Multi-Crew Human Factors & Threat Management

Threat and Error Management (TEM), command and assertiveness, automation surprise, startle effect, monitor lag, situational awareness traps, and Fatigue Risk Management Systems (FRMS).

Not published

Advanced Aerodynamics, Performance & Systems

Transonic aerodynamics, Mach number, Mcrit, shock wave formation, Mach tuck, coffin corner, Transport Category performance (balanced field, V1, Vr, V2, take-off segments 1-4), and heavy aircraft systems.

Preparing for the MCAA ATPL Theory Exam Exam

What You Need to Know

Passing score: 70% per subject paper (CAR 61.17(b)); credits must be obtained within 3 years and are valid for 10 years (Air Law valid for at most 5 years) towards licence issue
Assessment: The ATPL written examination credit is required by CAR 61.253(a)(5) (ИНД-61) and detailed in AC61-7 Rev 2 Appendix III. Aeroplane candidates pass seven subjects: ATPL Air Law (Subject 36), Flight Navigation General (Subject 38), Flight Planning (Subject 40), ATPL Meteorology (Subject 42), Instruments and Navigation Aids (Subject 44), Human Factors (Subject 46) and Advanced Aerodynamics, Performance and Systems Knowledge (Subject 48). The pass mark is 70% per paper (CAR 61.17(b)). All subjects must be passed within 3 years of the first examination, and the credit is then valid for 10 years from the last pass, but the air law pass may be no more than 5 years old at ATPL application (CAR 61.17(c)-(d); AC61-1 Rev 4 §3.4). A candidate who fails a subject 3 times within 90 days must wait 90 days before re-sitting it (CAR 61.17(e)). Licence prerequisites include minimum age 21, a current CPL and instrument rating (CAR 61.253(a)(1)-(3)), and at least 1,500 hours in aeroplanes, with the specific experience set out in AC61-7 Appendix I. The flight test must be a cross-country IFR flight in a multi-engine aircraft of 5,700 kg MCTOW or more, another multi-engine aircraft acceptable to the Director, or an approved flight simulation training device (CAR 61.253(b)). A passed flight test is valid for 3 months (CAR 61.21(b)). MCAA's 2025 performance report states that the Aspeq-run online examinations stopped in June 2024; AC61-7 Appendix II (2023) still lists Aspeq for each ATPL subject, but AC61-1 Rev 4 (April 2026) refers only to an authorised examination organisation, and MCAA has not published its current booking arrangements, fee, item counts or time limits. This bank is an independent English-language MCQ study adaptation, not an official examination paper or format simulation.
Time limit: Administered directly by MCAA or its authorised examination centre; not published as fixed public times on the portal
Exam / certification fees: Not published on the MCAA website. CAR 61.11 requires applications with the applicable fee receipt; contact MCAA for current charges Official sources

Using Our Practice Resources

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MCAA ATPL Theory Exam: Suggested Study Strategy

1Master transonic aerodynamics and Mach effects: Understand critical Mach number (Mcrit), shock wave formation, boundary layer separation behind shock waves, Mach tuck caused by aft movement of the center of pressure, and the narrowing of the flight envelope at high altitudes (coffin corner).

2Work through Transport Category take-off performance calculations: Drill the definitions and relationships of V1 (take-off decision speed), Vr (rotation speed), V2 (take-off safety speed), balanced field length, and minimum climb gradients across Take-off Segments 1 through 4.

3Understand airline fuel planning: learn the CAR 121.75 fuel components (taxi, trip, contingency, alternate, final reserve and additional fuel), the 30-minute turbine final reserve in CAR 91.403, the ICAO basis for contingency fuel (normally at least 5% of trip fuel with a 5-minute holding floor) and the 'MINIMUM FUEL' and 'MAYDAY FUEL' declarations.

4Thoroughly review TCAS II version 7.1 operations: Learn how Resolution Advisories (RAs) take precedence over ATC instructions, pilot response time requirements (5 seconds initial, 2.5 seconds reversal), and standard phraseology for TCAS compliance.

Frequently Asked Questions

Who administers Airline Transport Pilot Licence examinations in Mongolia?

The Civil Aviation Authority of Mongolia (ИНЕГ / MCAA) administers airline transport pilot licensing and theoretical knowledge examinations under CAR Part 61.

What is the passing score and credit validity for MCAA ATPL theoretical exams?

Under CAR 61.17(b), the passing score is 70% in each subject paper. All required subjects must be passed within a 3-year period. Once completed, ATPL theory credits remain valid for 10 years towards ATPL issue, with the specific statutory exception that the ATPL Air Law examination pass must be no more than 5 years old at the date of licence issue (CAR 61.17(c)-(d); AC61-1 Rev 4 §3.4).

What are the flight experience prerequisites for a Mongolian ATPL(A)?

CAR 61.253(a) requires an ATPL(A) applicant to be at least 21, hold a current CPL and instrument rating, and have at least 1,500 hours in aeroplanes. AC61-7 Appendix I sets the specific experience: 250 hours as PIC (including 100 hours cross-country, 25 at night, or the command-practice alternative), 100 hours of night flight and 75 hours of instrument time (at least 50 in aeroplanes). Only 50% of co-pilot time in aeroplanes that require a co-pilot counts towards the 1,500 hours.

Can air law examination credits be transferred from a foreign ATPL?

No. Under AC61-7 §1.6, a current foreign ATPL may be accepted for all written subjects except air law. The holder needs at least 500 hours as PIC or 1,000 hours as co-pilot in multi-crew commercial IFR operations after the licence was issued. Every foreign ATPL holder must pass the Mongolian ATPL air law examination and an ATPL issue flight test. AC61-7 §1.4 likewise excludes air law from the military equivalents.

What final reserve fuel applies to turbine-powered aeroplanes in Mongolia?

CAR 91.403(a) requires turbine-engine aeroplanes on IFR flights to carry fuel to reach the destination (or alternate, where required) and then hold for 30 minutes at holding speed at 1,500 ft above the aerodrome; piston aeroplanes need 45 minutes. For air transport, CAR 121.75 also requires the operator to set a single final reserve fuel figure for each aeroplane type and variant.

What is the consequence of failing an ATPL examination three times in 90 days?

Under CAR 61.17(e), if an applicant fails a subject examination three times within 90 days, the applicant must wait 90 days from the date of the last failure before they may re-sit that subject examination.