Free GED Social Studies Exam Flashcards

The Declaration (1776) is a philosophical statement justifying separation from Britain based on natural rights — it has no legal authority. The Constitution (1787) is the actual legal framework that creates and limits the government.

Rights considered inherent to all people simply by being human — life, liberty, and property — that government cannot legitimately take away. The Declaration recast these as "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."

The principle that government's authority comes only from the consent of the governed, expressed through voting and elections. It's why the Constitution's Preamble opens with "We the People," not "We the King."

The division of power between a national government and state governments, each holding authority the other cannot override. It explains why marriage or driver's licensing law differs state to state, while currency and foreign policy stay federal.

Separation of powers splits government into three branches with distinct jobs (make, enforce, interpret laws). Checks and balances gives each branch tools to limit the others — like a presidential veto or judicial review — so no single branch dominates.

A series of essays by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay written to persuade New York voters to ratify the Constitution. They explain the reasoning behind the government's structure, including why a strong union was seen as necessary.

Federalists wanted a strong national government to unify the states; Anti-Federalists feared it would recreate the tyranny they'd just escaped from Britain. Their compromise: ratify the Constitution, then add the Bill of Rights.

The Great Compromise (1787) created a two-chamber Congress to satisfy both large and small states: the House of Representatives is based on population, while the Senate gives every state two seats regardless of size.

The President can veto (reject) a bill Congress passes, but Congress can override that veto with a two-thirds vote in both chambers — a direct example of checks and balances stopping any one branch from having final say.

The Supreme Court's power to strike down laws or executive actions that violate the Constitution. Established by Marbury v. Madison (1803), it lets the judiciary check the other two branches even though it isn't spelled out in the Constitution's text.

The president is elected by state-appointed electors, not directly by the national popular vote. Consequence: a candidate can win the presidency while losing the nationwide popular vote, as happened in 2000 and 2016.

Drawing legislative district boundaries to favor one political party or group, often by packing opposing voters into few districts or spreading them thin across many. It can let a party win most seats without winning most votes.

Some powers are exclusive to one level (only the federal government coins money and declares war; only states run elections and issue driver's licenses), while others — like taxation — are concurrent, held by multiple levels at once.

Interest groups (like a trade association or advocacy organization) lobby to influence policy on specific issues but don't run candidates. Political parties recruit and run candidates for office to control government directly.

A Senate tactic of extended debate used to delay or block a vote on a bill. Because ending debate typically requires 60 votes (cloture), it lets a determined minority stall legislation even without a majority to defeat it outright.

Anti-Federalists refused to support the Constitution without explicit protections for individual liberties. The first 10 amendments, ratified in 1791, list freedoms the federal government cannot violate, such as speech and due process.

Protects five freedoms: speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition. All five are limits on what the *government* can restrict — the First Amendment does not protect speech from consequences imposed by a private employer.

13th (1865) abolished slavery. 14th (1868) granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons born in the U.S. 15th (1870) barred denying the vote based on race — though literacy tests and poll taxes later undermined it.

Due process (14th Amendment) requires fair legal procedures before government can deprive someone of life, liberty, or property. Equal protection requires that laws apply the same way to everyone in similar situations — two distinct guarantees, often tested together.

Granted women the right to vote nationwide after decades of suffrage organizing. It didn't guarantee all women could vote in practice — many women of color still faced the same discriminatory barriers Black men faced under Jim Crow.

The 1964 Act banned discrimination in public accommodations, employment, and schools based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The 1965 Act specifically targeted voting barriers like literacy tests, mainly in the South.

Deliberately, publicly, and nonviolently breaking an unjust law to draw attention to it and accept the legal consequences. Leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. used it to pressure lawmakers without resorting to violence.

The legal process by which a non-citizen becomes a U.S. citizen, requiring residency, an exam, and an oath. It's distinct from birthright citizenship, which the 14th Amendment grants automatically to almost anyone born on U.S. soil.

The 19th-century belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across the continent. It drove westward settlement but led directly to the displacement of Native American nations and war with Mexico (1846-1848).

Jefferson's purchase of French territory roughly doubled the size of the United States overnight. It opened the door to westward expansion decades before Manifest Destiny became a popular slogan.

The Missouri Compromise (1820) drew a line limiting where slavery could expand as new states joined. The Compromise of 1850 tried to patch the same problem after the Mexican-American War added new territory — both delayed, but didn't prevent, the Civil War.

Freed enslaved people only in Confederate states still in rebellion — not in border states loyal to the Union. Its real impact was political: it reframed the Civil War as a fight against slavery and discouraged European support for the Confederacy.

Federal troops protecting freed people's rights in the South withdrew after the disputed 1876 election. Consequence: Southern states quickly enacted Black Codes and Jim Crow laws that undid many of Reconstruction's gains for nearly a century.

Rapid factory growth in the late 1800s brought long hours, low pay, and dangerous conditions. Workers responded by organizing unions and strikes, pushing for reforms like the eight-hour workday and child labor limits.

A response to industrialization's abuses in the early 1900s: trust-busting broke up monopolies, muckraking journalists exposed corruption, and reforms like the direct election of senators (17th Amendment) expanded democratic control.

The Cold War strategy of stopping communism from spreading to new countries, without directly invading the Soviet Union. It justified the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and U.S. involvement in the Korean and Vietnam Wars.

FDR's response to the Great Depression, which expanded the federal government's role in the economy — creating Social Security, banking regulations, and public works jobs. It permanently shifted expectations of government's economic responsibility.

The movement of roughly six million Black Americans from the rural South to Northern and Western cities, mainly 1916-1970. It reshaped urban demographics and helped build the political base for the later civil rights movement.

The law of demand says as price rises, quantity demanded falls (and vice versa). The law of supply says the opposite — as price rises, producers supply more. Where the two curves meet sets the market's equilibrium price.

Fiscal policy is government taxing and spending decisions, set by Congress and the President. Monetary policy is control of the money supply and interest rates, set independently by the Federal Reserve — two separate levers for the same goal.

The Fed raises or lowers interest rates to fight inflation or unemployment. Raising rates cools an overheating economy by making borrowing more expensive; lowering rates encourages borrowing and spending during a slowdown.

The total value of all goods and services produced within a country in a given period. Economists commonly cite falling GDP for two straight quarters as one signal that the economy has entered a recession.

A recession is a significant, widespread economic decline typically lasting a few months to about a year. A depression is far more severe and prolonged, like the Great Depression of the 1930s, with much higher unemployment and deeper output loss.

Inflation is a general rise in prices over time, which erodes purchasing power. Deflation is a general fall in prices — it sounds good for buyers, but it can signal weak demand and discourage spending because people expect prices to drop further.

The value of the next-best alternative you give up when you make a choice. If you spend a Saturday working overtime instead of studying, the opportunity cost isn't the money you didn't spend — it's the study time you gave up.

Taxes a government places on imported goods. They raise prices for consumers and can protect domestic industries from foreign competition, but they often provoke other countries to impose retaliatory tariffs of their own.

Push factors are conditions that drive people to leave a place, like war, famine, or persecution. Pull factors are conditions that attract people to a new place, like jobs or political freedom. Most migration involves both at once.

Physical geography studies natural features — climate, landforms, rivers. Human geography studies how people interact with and shape the land — population patterns, culture, and political borders. GED questions often blend both in one map or chart.

The shift of population from rural to urban areas as economies industrialize. It concentrates jobs and infrastructure investment in cities, but also strains housing, transportation, and public services faster than they can expand.

The growing economic, cultural, and political interdependence among countries, driven by trade, technology, and travel. It can lower consumer prices and spread ideas quickly, but it also means a shock in one country's economy can spread worldwide.

Resources like oil, fresh water, or arable land are unevenly distributed across the globe. Where a resource is scarce but strategically valuable, its uneven distribution has historically driven both trade partnerships and armed conflict.

Climate strongly shapes where and how people settle — fertile temperate zones tend to support dense agricultural populations, while extreme desert or polar climates support only sparse settlement unless a resource like oil makes it worthwhile.

A primary source is a first-hand account or original document from the time being studied, like the Constitution or a diary entry. A secondary source analyzes or interprets primary sources after the fact, like a textbook chapter.

Look for symbols, exaggerated features, and the caption or label — the cartoonist's opinion is usually built into these details, not stated outright. GED questions ask what viewpoint the cartoon supports, not just what it literally shows.

Answer only from what the graphic actually shows. GED Social Studies questions are written so the correct answer can be found directly in the data — don't pick an answer using outside knowledge that isn't supported by the chart, map, or passage itself.