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Key Facts: Senegal Baccalauréat Série L2 Exam
10/20
Minimum weighted average required for immediate admission (Premier Groupe)
Office du Baccalauréat du Sénégal
Coeff 6
Coefficient for both Philosophy and History-Geography in Série L2
Décret portant organisation du Baccalauréat
5,000 FCFA
Registration fee; optional papers cost an additional 1,000 FCFA each
Office du Baccalauréat — 2026 registration conditions
Sample Senegal Baccalauréat Série L2 Practice Questions
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1In Cartesian epistemology, what fundamental conclusion does René Descartes establish through the methodological device of radical doubt in the Meditations on First Philosophy?
A.The physical senses provide infallible empirical proof of the external world.
B.The very act of doubting proves with certainty the existence of the thinking subject (Cogito, ergo sum).
C.Human intellect is entirely incapable of escaping subjective illusions or achieving certainty.
D.Mathematical axioms are inherently false because God continuously deceives human perception.
Explanation: Descartes subjects all former beliefs to radical doubt, supposing even an evil demon (malin génie) might deceive his senses and intellect. However, he discovers that even if he is deceived, he must exist in order to doubt or be deceived. Hence, 'Je pense, donc je suis' (Cogito, ergo sum) emerges as the indubitable foundational truth of rationalist philosophy.
2In his seminal work Sur la « philosophie africaine » (1976), what constitutes Paulin Hountondji's primary theoretical critique of 'ethnophilosophy'?
A.He argues that African oral civilizations had no conception of metaphysics or theological speculation.
B.He insists that African languages are structurally unable to articulate abstract philosophical terminology.
C.He contends that ethnophilosophy misrepresents collective, uncritical cultural worldviews as genuine individual philosophy.
D.He claims that European academic institutions must retain exclusive authority over philosophical pedagogy in Africa.
Explanation: Paulin Hountondji vigorously critiques works such as Placide Tempels's 'Bantu Philosophy' and Alexis Kagame's linguistic treatises for defining philosophy as an anonymous, unanimous, unconscious cultural consensus. Hountondji asserts that philosophy is essentially an individual, critical, and dialectical literature produced through written, argumentative debate.
3According to the French philosopher of science Gaston Bachelard in La Formation de l'esprit scientifique (1938), what is an 'epistemological obstacle' (obstacle épistémologique)?
A.An internal psychological habit, premature generalization, or immediate sensory impression that impedes scientific progress.
B.A lack of financial patronage and modern laboratory instruments in scientific academies.
C.A metaphysical dogma imposed strictly by religious authorities to censor scientific discoveries.
D.A linguistic defect in formal mathematical notation that makes calculations ambiguous.
Explanation: Bachelard explains that knowledge progresses through 'epistemological ruptures' (ruptures épistémologiques) by overcoming 'epistemological obstacles.' These obstacles do not stem from external physical impediments or funding shortages, but from the very structure of human cognition—such as first sensory impressions, anthropomorphic metaphors, and unexamined common-sense intuition.
4In Du contrat social (1762), how does Jean-Jacques Rousseau theoretically distinguish the 'general will' (volonté générale) from the 'will of all' (volonté de tous)?
A.The general will is the arbitrary decree of an elected monarch, whereas the will of all is the opinion of the clergy.
B.The general will is formed by international consensus, whereas the will of all is confined to city-states.
C.The general will represents the majority vote on economic taxation, whereas the will of all concerns civil criminal trials.
D.The general will aims exclusively at the common interest of the political body, whereas the will of all is merely the sum of private particular interests.
Explanation: Rousseau explicitly states in Book II, Chapter 3 that 'there is often a great difference between the will of all and the general will.' The general will (volonté générale) looks only to the common interest (intérêt commun), whereas the will of all (volonté de tous) looks to private interest and is simply an aggregate of individual, particular wills.
5In Immanuel Kant's moral philosophy (Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals), what defines a 'categorical imperative' as opposed to a 'hypothetical imperative'?
A.It commands an action unconditionally for its intrinsic moral duty, regardless of personal desires or utilitarian ends.
B.It commands actions based conditionally on achieving personal happiness, wealth, or social praise.
C.It represents a provisional recommendation that can be suspended whenever social customs change.
D.It refers to legal statutes passed by a constitutional legislature rather than personal conscience.
Explanation: For Kant, a hypothetical imperative commands an action as a means to an external end (e.g., 'If you want to be trusted, tell the truth'). In contrast, a categorical imperative commands unconditionally and universally from pure practical reason and duty itself (e.g., 'Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law').
6In Essai sur la problématique philosophique dans l'Afrique actuelle (1971), what core philosophical stance does Cameroonian philosopher Marcien Towa articulate?
A.He defends traditional African animism as a self-sufficient alternative to Western technological civilization.
B.He argues that African societies must withdraw completely from global trade and literary discourse.
C.He urges a critical rupture with backward traditionalist complacency and the aggressive mastery of Western science and philosophy as a prerequisite for genuine liberation.
D.He asserts that ancient Egyptian civilization shared no conceptual or historical links with sub-Saharan Africa.
Explanation: Marcien Towa strongly criticized ethnophilosophy and romanticized Négritude for locking Africans into an uncritical, nostalgic celebration of the past. Towa argued that in order to defeat European imperialism and preserve African dignity, Africans must undergo an intellectual revolution: adopting the critical spirit of philosophy, mastering Western science and technology, and transforming their own societies.
7In Sigmund Freud's second topographical model of the human psyche (1923), what role does the 'Super-Ego' (Surmoi) perform?
A.It represents innate biological drives, sexual libido, and aggressive impulses that demand instant gratification.
B.It functions as the internalized moral conscience, incorporating parental prohibitions and societal ideals.
C.It mediates objectively between external physical reality and immediate bodily survival needs.
D.It acts as the motor apparatus coordinating conscious voluntary physical movements.
Explanation: In Freud's structural model, the Id (Ça) houses primitive instinctual drives governed by the pleasure principle. The Ego (Moi) mediates between the Id and the external world under the reality principle. The Super-Ego (Surmoi) represents the internalized moral standards, cultural rules, and parental authority, acting as a conscience that judges and punishes the Ego through guilt.
8In Leviathan (1651), how does Thomas Hobbes characterize the hypothetical 'state of nature' prior to the establishment of civil government?
A.A condition of perpetual fear and violent competition where life is 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short'.
B.A tranquil paradise of natural goodness where human beings coexist in harmonious pastoral egalitarianism.
C.A legally codified constitutional republic governed by customary councils of elders.
D.A rational commercial market where contracts are spontaneously honored through divine providence.
Explanation: Hobbes argues that in the state of nature, the absence of a common sovereign power produces a 'war of every man against every man' (bellum omnium contra omnes) driven by competition, diffidence, and glory. Consequently, there is no industry or security, and human life is 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short,' compelling men to establish a Leviathan through social covenant.
9In Introduction à l'étude de la médecine expérimentale (1865), what core scientific sequence does Claude Bernard establish for experimental reasoning?
A.Deductive syllogism from theological premises followed by philosophical consensus.
B.Pure sensory contemplation without any active manipulation or theoretical intervention.
C.Statistical survey administration followed by democratic public referendum.
D.Observation of a spontaneous fact, formation of an explanatory hypothesis, experimental verification, and counter-proof.
Explanation: Claude Bernard articulates the classic experimental method (méthode expérimentale): (1) observing a natural phenomenon, (2) formulating an intellectual hypothesis (l'idée à priori), (3) designing and conducting an experiment to test the hypothesis, and (4) performing a counter-proof (contre-épreuve) to confirm that the observed effect is produced solely by the manipulated cause.
10What is the primary objective of 'conceptual decolonization' as formulated by the Ghanaian philosopher Kwasi Wiredu?
A.To abolish all written literature in Africa and restrict philosophical thought to oral poetry.
B.To critically examine philosophical concepts inherited from European colonial languages and purge unexamined Western conceptual assumptions from African thought.
C.To prove that traditional African philosophical systems are identical in logic and terminology to British logical positivism.
D.To translate European medieval scholastic theology into African vernaculars without alteration.
Explanation: Kwasi Wiredu defines conceptual decolonization as an intellectual program with two complementary tasks: avoiding the uncritical assimilation of Western conceptual frameworks in analyzing African realities, and exploiting the conceptual resources of indigenous African languages (such as Akan) to clarify or solve universal philosophical problems.
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