100+ Free Clinical Laboratory Technology (China) Practice Questions

Prepare for the China National Health Professional Qualification Examination — Clinical Laboratory Technology (全国卫生专业技术资格考试临床医学检验技术) exam with instant access — no signup required.

✓ No registration✓ No credit card✓ No hidden fees✓ Start practicing immediately

100+ Questions

100% Free

Loading practice questions...

Same family resources

Explore More China Health Professional Qualification Examination (HPQR / 全国卫生专业技术资格考试)

Continue into nearby exams from the same family. Each card keeps practice questions, study guides, flashcards, videos, and articles in one place.

2026 Statistics

Key Facts: Clinical Laboratory Technology (China) Exam

4 Subjects

Basic Knowledge, Related Knowledge, Professional Knowledge, Practical Competency

NHC Talent Exchange Center (21wecan)

90 Mins / Sub

Examination duration per subject (total 360 minutes)

NHC Examination Guidelines

60 / 100

Standard passing score threshold for each of the 4 subjects

China Health Professional Qualification Regulations

2 Years

Rolling validity cycle (两年滚动管理) to pass all 4 subjects

21wecan Examination Policy

RMB 50–70

Registration fee per subject depending on provincial health department

Provincial Health Commission Announcements

April / May

Annual nationwide computer-based test administration window

21wecan Examination Calendar

100 Items

High-yield practice questions across all 4 syllabus domains

OpenExamPrep

The Clinical Laboratory Technology Examination is China's official healthcare credentialing test for clinical laboratory practitioners (Codes 105/207/379). Administered nationwide each spring by the National Health Commission (21wecan), it consists of 4 computer-based papers (100 MCQs each, 90 minutes, 60% passing mark) managed on a 2-year rolling basis. This 100-question practice set offers high-yield questions with detailed rationales covering hematology, biochemistry, microbiology, immunology, and quality control.

Sample Clinical Laboratory Technology (China) Practice Questions

Try these sample questions to test your Clinical Laboratory Technology (China) exam readiness. Each question includes a detailed explanation. Start the interactive quiz above for the full 100+ question experience with AI tutoring.

1Which of the following anticoagulants is recommended by the International Council for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH) as the anticoagulant of choice for complete blood count (CBC / 全血细胞分析) and blood cell morphological examination?

A.Dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA-K2 / 乙二胺四乙酸二钾)

B.Sodium citrate 3.2% at a 1:9 blood ratio (枸橼酸钠 1:9)

C.Sodium heparin 15–20 IU/mL (肝素钠)

D.Sodium fluoride combined with potassium oxalate (氟化钠-草酸钾)

Explanation: EDTA-K2 (乙二胺四乙酸二钾) is the anticoagulant recommended by the ICSH and WHO for routine hematology tests (CBC / routine blood tests) because it exerts minimal effect on red and white blood cell morphology, preserves platelet count and volume (MPV) stably, and chelates calcium ions (Ca2+) efficiently. Sodium citrate 1:9 is used for coagulation assays (凝血功能检查); sodium citrate 1:4 is used for Westergren ESR (血沉); heparin causes platelet clumping and bluish background on Wright-Giemsa staining; and sodium fluoride-potassium oxalate is used for blood glucose testing by inhibiting enolase glycolysis.

2In manual white blood cell counting using an improved Neubauer hemocytometer (改良Neubauer计数板), 20 μL of capillary blood is diluted in 0.38 mL of WBC diluent (glacial acetic acid solution). A total of 160 white blood cells are counted across the 4 large corner squares (4个大方格). What is the patient's blood leukocyte concentration?

A.8.0 × 10^9 / L

B.4.0 × 10^9 / L

C.16.0 × 10^9 / L

D.8.0 × 10^12 / L

Explanation: Under manual hemocytometer calculation principles: 1. Total volume of 4 large squares = 4 × (1 mm × 1 mm × 0.1 mm) = 0.4 mm³ = 0.4 μL. 2. Dilution factor = (20 μL + 380 μL) / 20 μL = 400 / 20 = 20. 3. WBC count per μL = (Total cells in 4 squares / 0.4 μL) × 20 = (160 / 0.4) × 20 = 400 × 20 = 8,000 cells/μL = 8.0 × 10^9 / L. Standard formula: WBC (/L) = (N / 4) × 10 × 20 × 10^6 = N × 5 × 10^7 = 160 × 5 × 10^7 = 8.0 × 10^9 / L.

3Which supravital stain (活体染色剂) is classically used to precipitate and visualize residual ribosomal RNA (核糖核酸) as reticular networks in reticulocyte counting (网织红细胞计数)?

A.New Methylene Blue or Brilliant Cresyl Blue (新亚甲蓝或煌焦油蓝)

B.Wright-Giemsa stain (瑞氏-吉姆萨染色液)

C.Periodic acid-Schiff stain (糖原染色液)

D.Prussian blue stain (普鲁士蓝染色液)

Explanation: Reticulocytes are immature, non-nucleated erythrocytes containing residual ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and organelles. Because live RNA cannot be stained by standard dry-film polychromatic Wright-Giemsa stains, supravital stains such as New Methylene Blue (新亚甲蓝) or Brilliant Cresyl Blue (煌焦油蓝) are used. The basic dye penetrates the unfixed living cell membrane and precipitates the negatively charged polyanionic ribosomal RNA into visible blue granulo-reticular networks.

4A 28-year-old female presents with fatigue and pallor. Her CBC results show: RBC = 3.20 × 10^12/L, Hemoglobin (Hb) = 64 g/L, Hematocrit (HCT) = 0.24 (24%). What are her Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH), and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), and what morphological anemia class does this represent?

A.MCV = 75 fL, MCH = 20 pg, MCHC = 267 g/L; Microcytic hypochromic anemia (小细胞低色素性贫血)

B.MCV = 88 fL, MCH = 29 pg, MCHC = 330 g/L; Normocytic normochromic anemia (正细胞正色素性贫血)

C.MCV = 105 fL, MCH = 35 pg, MCHC = 333 g/L; Macrocytic normochromic anemia (大细胞性贫血)

D.MCV = 75 fL, MCH = 28 pg, MCHC = 340 g/L; Simple microcytic anemia (单纯小细胞性贫血)

Explanation: Calculations of erythrocyte indices: 1. MCV = (HCT / RBC) × 1000 = (0.24 / 3.20) × 1000 = 75.0 fL (Normal: 80–100 fL). 2. MCH = (Hb / RBC) = 64 / 3.20 = 20.0 pg (Normal: 27–34 pg). 3. MCHC = (Hb / HCT) = 64 / 0.24 = 266.7 ≈ 267 g/L (Normal: 320–360 g/L). Since MCV < 80 fL, MCH < 27 pg, and MCHC < 320 g/L, this is classified as Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia (小细胞低色素性贫血), classic for iron deficiency anemia or thalassemia.

5Which of the following plasma proteins exhibits the strongest effect in accelerating the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR / 红细胞沉降率) by neutralizing negative sialic acid surface charges (Zeta potential / Zeta电位) and promoting rouleaux formation (缗钱状形成)?

A.Fibrinogen (纤维蛋白原)

B.Albumin (清蛋白)

C.Transferrin (转铁蛋白)

D.Antithrombin III (抗凝血酶-III)

Explanation: Normal erythrocytes carry negative surface charges (Zeta potential) due to sialic acid residues on glycophorin, causing mutual electrostatic repulsion. Asymmetrical, positively charged, high-molecular-weight acute phase proteins neutralize this Zeta potential and bridge red cells into stacked 'rouleaux' columns, which sediment rapidly. The order of ESR-accelerating potency is: Fibrinogen (纤维蛋白原, strongest) > Immunoglobulins / γ-globulin > α2-macroglobulin > Haptoglobin. Albumin carries strong negative charge and acts as an inhibitor of ESR.

6The reagent strip test for urine protein (尿蛋白干化学试带法) is based on the principle of the 'protein error of pH indicators' (指示剂蛋白误差原理). Which type of urinary protein is this method most sensitive to?

A.Albumin (清蛋白)

B.Bence-Jones protein / Free light chains (本周蛋白 / 游离轻链)

C.Immunoglobulin G (IgG / 免疫球蛋白G)

D.Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein (TH糖蛋白)

Explanation: The dry-chemistry dipstick test for urine protein uses tetrabromphenol blue (四溴苯酚蓝) buffered at pH 3.0. In the presence of protein (specifically amino groups on albumin that accept hydrogen ions), the indicator ionizes and shifts from yellow to green/blue at constant pH. This method is highly sensitive to Albumin (detection limit 100–150 mg/L) but is 50–100 times less sensitive to globulins, Bence-Jones proteins (free light chains), and Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein, leading to potential false-negative results in multiple myeloma unless confirmed by sulfosalicylic acid (磺基水杨酸法).

7In microscopic examination of urine sediment, the presence of broad, homogeneous, yellowish, highly refractile casts with notched or cracked borders (蜡样管型) is most indicative of which clinical condition?

A.End-stage chronic renal failure / severe renal tubular stasis (终末期慢性肾衰竭 / 严重肾小管阻塞)

B.Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (急性肾小球肾炎)

C.Strenuous physical exercise in healthy individuals (剧烈运动后一过性)

D.Acute lower urinary tract cystitis (急性膀胱炎)

Explanation: Waxy casts (蜡样管型) are formed from long-standing degeneration of granular casts during prolonged urinary stasis in dilated renal tubules and collecting ducts. They appear broad, homogenous, dense, yellowish with blunt ends and notched/cracked fissures. Waxy casts are classic hallmarks of advanced chronic renal parenchymal disease, chronic renal failure (肾功能衰竭管型), and severe tubular atrophy/oliguria. Hyaline casts appear after strenuous exercise; RBC casts signify acute glomerulonephritis; and WBC casts signify pyelonephritis.

8Which of the following crystals observed in urine sediment appears characteristically as colourless, refractive octahedrons resembling 'envelope backs' (信封状) or dumb-bells in acidic or neutral urine?

A.Calcium oxalate crystals (草酸钙结晶)

B.Triple phosphate / Ammonium magnesium phosphate crystals (三嵌磷酸盐 / 棺盖状结晶)

C.Uric acid crystals (尿酸结晶)

D.Cystine crystals (胱氨酸结晶)

Explanation: Calcium oxalate crystals (草酸钙结晶) typically precipitate in acidic to neutral urine in two distinct forms: dihydrate octahedrons ('envelope' shape / 信封状, most common) and monohydrate hour-glass/dumb-bell/oval shapes. Triple phosphate (三联磷酸盐) crystals appear as coffin-lid prisms (棺盖状) in alkaline urine; uric acid crystals form yellowish-brown rhombic plates, rosettes, or barrels in acidic urine; and cystine crystals appear as distinct flat hexagonal plates (六边形板状).

9The Legal nitroprusside reaction (亚硝基铁氰化钠法) utilized in dry-chemistry urine ketone strips reacts strongly with which specific ketone body compound?

A.Acetoacetic acid (乙酰乙酸)

B.Beta-hydroxybutyric acid (β-羟丁酸)

C.Pyruvic acid (丙酮酸)

D.Lactic acid (乳酸)

Explanation: Urine ketone bodies comprise acetoacetic acid (乙酰乙酸, ~20%), β-hydroxybutyrate (β-羟丁酸, ~78%), and acetone (丙酮, ~2%). The Legal sodium nitroprusside method reacts strongly with acetoacetic acid (100% relative sensitivity) and weakly with acetone (approx. 5–10% sensitivity), but does NOT react at all with β-hydroxybutyrate. In severe early diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) with high NADH/NAD+ ratio where β-hydroxybutyrate predominates, urine ketone dipsticks may underestimate the true severity of ketosis.

10A pleural effusion specimen is received in the laboratory. Physical and biochemical testing shows: cloudy yellowish appearance, Specific Gravity = 1.025, Rivalta test positive, Total Protein = 38 g/L (Pleural/Serum Protein Ratio = 0.65), and LDH = 280 U/L (Pleural/Serum LDH Ratio = 0.72). How should this effusion be categorized?

A.Inflammatory Exudate (炎性渗出液)

B.Transudate secondary to congestive heart failure (漏出液)

C.Transudate secondary to nephrotic syndrome (漏出液)

D.Chylous pseudo-effusion (乳糜性假性积液)

Explanation: According to Light's Criteria and standard laboratory parameters, an Exudate (渗出液) meets at least one of the following criteria: (1) Pleural/serum protein ratio > 0.5; (2) Pleural/serum LDH ratio > 0.6; (3) Pleural fluid LDH > 2/3 the upper limit of normal serum LDH. Furthermore, the specimen has specific gravity > 1.018, total protein > 30 g/L, and a positive Rivalta seromucin precipitation test (李凡他试验阳性), confirming an inflammatory exudate (渗出液). Transudates have Rivalta negative, protein < 25–30 g/L, and protein ratio < 0.5.

About the Clinical Laboratory Technology (China) Exam

The China National Health Professional Qualification Examination in Clinical Laboratory Technology (全国卫生专业技术资格考试临床医学检验技术) is the mandatory statutory certification exam administered by the National Health Commission Talent Exchange Center (21wecan) for medical laboratory professionals in Chinese healthcare institutions. Covering Junior Technologist (技士 105), Primary Technologist (技师 207), and Supervisor Technologist (主管技师 379), the exam comprehensively evaluates competencies in clinical specimen collection, anticoagulants, complete blood count (CBC), bone marrow cytology and leukemia classification (FAB/WHO), coagulation testing (PT, APTT, D-dimer), clinical enzymology kinetics, diabetes monitoring (HbA1c/OGTT), lipid profiles, hepatic and renal panels, electrolyte ISE testing, blood gas analysis, medical bacteriology (Gram-positive cocci, Enterobacteriaceae, non-fermenters, mycobacteria), antimicrobial susceptibility testing (CLSI, MIC, ESBL, MRSA, CRE), medical parasitology, serological immunoassays (ELISA, CLIA), autoimmune serology (ANA, ENA), viral hepatitis and infectious disease markers, tumor markers, real-time qPCR molecular diagnostics, and statistical laboratory quality control (Levey-Jennings charts, Westgard multi-rules, EQA).

Assessment

Computer-based examination (人机对话考试) comprising 4 distinct subjects: 1. Basic Knowledge (基础知识), 2. Related Professional Knowledge (相关专业知识), 3. Professional Knowledge (专业知识), and 4. Professional Practical Competency (专业实践能力). Each subject consists of 100 MCQs (Type A1/A2, A3/A4, and B1) administered in 90 minutes.

Time Limit

90 minutes per subject (4 subjects, total 360 minutes)

Passing Score

60 out of 100 points per subject (60%)

Exam Fee

Set provincially; Hunan's 2026 notice charges RMB 70 per subject (National Health Commission Talent Exchange Center (国家卫生健康委人才交流服务中心 / 21wecan))

Clinical Laboratory Technology (China) Exam Content Outline

25%

Clinical Basic Examination & Hematology (临床检验基础与血液学检验)

Blood collection, anticoagulants, complete blood count (CBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), urinalysis, routine body fluid/CSF/feces examination, hematopoiesis, red and white blood cell disorders, bone marrow cytology, leukemia typing (FAB/WHO), and hemostasis & thrombosis diagnostics.

25%

Clinical Biochemistry & Diagnostic Testing (临床生物化学与生化检验)

Enzyme reaction kinetics, substrate assay methods, carbohydrate metabolism (glucose/HbA1c/diabetes), lipid & lipoprotein metabolism, plasma proteins, liver & renal function testing, electrolytes & acid-base balance, cardiac markers (cTnI/CK-MB/BNP), endocrine hormone profiling, and blood gas analysis.

25%

Clinical Microbiology & Parasitology (临床微生物学与寄生虫学检验)

Bacterial structure, culture media and staining, gram-positive cocci (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus), Enterobacteriaceae, non-fermenting bacilli (Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter), mycobacteria, fungal diagnostics, antimicrobial susceptibility testing (CLSI guidelines, Kirby-Bauer, MIC, ESBL, MRSA), virology, and medical parasitology (protozoa, helminths).

25%

Clinical Immunology, Molecular Diagnostics & Laboratory QC (临床免疫学、分子诊断与实验室质量控制)

Antigen-antibody reaction kinetics, ELISA, chemiluminescence (CLIA), immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, autoimmune antibodies (ANA, RF), viral serology (HBV/HCV/HIV/Syphilis markers), tumor markers (AFP, CEA, CA125), PCR and nucleic acid amplification, and laboratory quality control (internal QC, Westgard rules, Levey-Jennings, external quality assessment EQA).

How to Pass the Clinical Laboratory Technology (China) Exam

What You Need to Know

Passing score: 60 out of 100 points per subject (60%)
Assessment: Computer-based examination (人机对话考试) comprising 4 distinct subjects: 1. Basic Knowledge (基础知识), 2. Related Professional Knowledge (相关专业知识), 3. Professional Knowledge (专业知识), and 4. Professional Practical Competency (专业实践能力). Each subject consists of 100 MCQs (Type A1/A2, A3/A4, and B1) administered in 90 minutes.
Time limit: 90 minutes per subject (4 subjects, total 360 minutes)
Exam fee: Set provincially; Hunan's 2026 notice charges RMB 70 per subject

Keys to Passing

Work through all 100 available questions
Review every answer and explanation
Track weak areas and revisit them
Use our AI tutor for tough concepts

Clinical Laboratory Technology (China) Study Tips from Top Performers

1Master anticoagulants and specimen handling: EDTA-K2 for hematology CBC/blood cell morphology (preserves cell volume and platelet size); Sodium Citrate 1:9 (3.2% / 109 mmol/L) for coagulation testing (PT/APTT); Sodium Citrate 1:4 for Westergren ESR; Sodium Fluoride + Potassium Oxalate for blood glucose preservation (inhibits enolase glycolysis); Heparin for blood gas and emergency biochemistry.

2Thoroughly memorize bone marrow cytochemical staining differentials: Peroxidase (POX / MPO) is strongly positive in AML (granulocytic) and negative in ALL; Neutrophil Alkaline Phosphatase (NAP / LAP) score is markedly decreased in CML (<20) but elevated in leukemoid reactions (>200) and polycythemia vera; Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) shows coarse block/granular positivity in ALL (L1/L2) and erythroleukemia (M6); Iron staining differentiates ringed sideroblasts (MDS-RS) from IDA.

3Understand enzyme kinetics and kinetic assay parameters: In continuous monitoring kinetic methods, substrate must be in zero-order kinetic excess ([S] >> Km, typically [S] >= 10-20 Km) so velocity v = Vmax. Recognize substrate depletion when absorbance change rate (ΔA/min) flattens, requiring specimen dilution.

4Distinguish between Transudate (漏出液) and Exudate (渗出液) using Light's Criteria and routine tests: Exudates exhibit Rivalta test positive, specific gravity > 1.018, total protein > 30 g/L, pleural/serum protein ratio > 0.5, pleural/serum LDH ratio > 0.6, pleural LDH > 2/3 upper limit of normal serum LDH, and nucleated cell count > 500 × 10^6/L.

5Master bacterial AST resistance screening: MRSA resistance is mediated by the mecA/mecC gene encoding PBP2a, detected using cefoxitin (30 μg) disk diffusion; ESBLs hydrolyze penicillin, cephalosporins (cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime) and aztreonam, and are inhibited by clavulanate (synergy test >= 5mm increase in zone diameter with clavulanate).

6Apply Westgard Multi-Rules for Internal Quality Control (IQC): 1-2s (1 control measurement exceeds mean ± 2s) is a warning rule; 1-3s (exceeds ± 3s) detects random error; 2-2s (2 consecutive runs exceed +2s or -2s) detects systematic error; R-4s (range between 2 controls within same run exceeds 4s) detects random error; 4-1s (4 consecutive runs exceed +1s or -1s) and 10-x (10 consecutive runs on same side of mean) detect systematic error.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the China Clinical Laboratory Technology Qualification Examination?

It is the official national professional qualification examination in China administered by the National Health Commission Talent Exchange Center (21wecan) for medical laboratory professionals across three credential levels: Junior Technologist (检验技士 105), Technologist (检验技师 207), and Supervisor Technologist (主管检验师 379).

What is the passing score and exam format?

The examination is divided into 4 subjects: Basic Knowledge (基础知识), Related Professional Knowledge (相关专业知识), Professional Knowledge (专业知识), and Professional Practical Competency (专业实践能力). Each subject consists of 100 computer-based multiple-choice questions (90 minutes) with a passing threshold of 60 out of 100 points.

How does the 2-year rolling score validity work?

Scores are managed under a 2-year rolling cycle (两年滚动管理). If a candidate passes 2 of the 4 subjects in year 1, those passing scores remain valid in year 2, requiring the candidate to pass only the remaining 2 subjects in year 2.

What laboratory subspecialties are tested?

The exam encompasses 4 major clinical laboratory subdisciplines: Clinical Basic Examination & Hematology (体液与血液学检验), Clinical Biochemistry (临床生物化学), Clinical Microbiology & Parasitology (微生物与寄生虫学), and Clinical Immunology & Molecular Diagnostics (免疫学、分子诊断与质控).

100+ Free Clinical Laboratory Technology (China) Practice Questions

Explore More China Health Professional Qualification Examination (HPQR / 全国卫生专业技术资格考试)

Charge Nurse — Intermediate Code 368 (主管护师, China)

Clinical Nutrition Technology — Intermediate Code 382 (营养, China)

Junior Nurse Practitioner — Code 203 (初级护师, China)

Pathology Technology — Intermediate Code 380 (病理学技术, China)

Psychotherapy — Intermediate Code 386 (心理治疗, China)

Public Health — Intermediate Code 362 (公共卫生, China)