Free NY Regents Global History II Exam Flashcards

28 stimulus-based multiple-choice questions. Each item is tied to a document such as a map, chart, cartoon, photo, or excerpt, so you must read the source before choosing an answer rather than answering from memory alone.

Two constructed-response question sets containing 7 one-credit items total. CRQs test discrete skills: identifying a cause or effect, stating a similarity or difference, identifying a turning point, or analyzing a document's source and purpose.

One essay based on five documents. You identify an enduring issue, define it, use at least three documents plus outside information to show it is significant, and explain how it endured or changed over time and place.

Passing is a scale score of 65, NOT 65 percent of questions correct. NYSED converts your raw points to a 0-100 scale using a conversion chart, so the raw points needed for a 65 vary by administration.

A challenge or problem that has been debated or has affected people across long stretches of time and many places. Examples: conflict, power, inequality, scarcity, human rights violations, and the impact of trade or technology.

Before using a document, identify its author, the author's point of view or purpose, the type of source, and the historical context. A source's bias affects how much weight its claims deserve as evidence.

State BOTH a similarity and a difference when asked to compare. A common trap is writing one true fact that does not actually answer the comparison being asked.

Separate long-term causes, short-term triggers, and effects. Distractors often list a real background condition as if it were the immediate cause, so match the event to the specific cause or effect the question requests.

Around 1750 the globe held powerful Eurasian land empires (Qing, Mughal, Ottoman, Tokugawa), coastal African kingdoms, and expanding European maritime empires linked by growing oceanic trade networks.

A Muslim-ruled empire dominating much of South Asia, known for centralized administration and Indo-Islamic art and architecture (the Taj Mahal). It declined in the 1700s, opening the way for British expansion in India.

Japan's Tokugawa shogunate enforced a policy of national seclusion (sakoku), tightly restricting foreign contact and trade. This isolation lasted until U.S. Commodore Perry forced Japan open in the 1850s.

An 18th-century movement applying reason to government and society. Thinkers argued people have natural rights and that legitimate government rests on the consent of the governed, ideas that fueled the Atlantic revolutions.

Enlightenment philosopher who argued people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and that government exists by a social contract. If a government violates rights, the people may replace it.

Enlightenment thinker who advocated separation of powers among branches of government to prevent tyranny. His ideas influenced constitutional checks and balances, including the U.S. Constitution.

A revolution driven by Enlightenment ideas, social inequality among the three estates, financial crisis, and Old Regime abuses. It abolished feudal privilege and produced the Declaration of the Rights of Man.

Led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, enslaved people in Saint-Domingue revolted against France and established Haiti in 1804, the first successful large-scale slave revolt and the first independent Black republic.

The 'Liberator' who led independence movements that freed several South American colonies from Spanish rule in the early 1800s, inspired by Enlightenment ideals of liberty and self-government.

Loyalty and devotion to one's nation, often based on shared language, culture, or history. In the 1800s it both unified peoples (Italy, Germany) and fragmented multiethnic empires.

The shift from hand production to machine and factory manufacturing, beginning in Britain in the late 1700s. It transformed energy, transportation, and labor and triggered rapid urbanization.

The rapid growth of cities as people moved from farms to factory jobs. It created crowded slums, public health problems, and a new urban working class, fueling demands for reform.

An economic system of private ownership and profit-seeking. Laissez-faire held that government should not interfere in the market, a view challenged by reformers as industrial abuses grew.

Marx argued history is a struggle between classes and predicted that workers (the proletariat) would overthrow factory owners (the bourgeoisie). His ideas inspired later communist and socialist movements.

After 1868, Japan rapidly modernized and industrialized by borrowing Western technology, education, and military models while keeping its own identity, becoming a major imperial power by 1900.

As factory conditions worsened, workers organized unions and pressed for reforms such as shorter hours, child-labor limits, and safer workplaces, gradually expanding government regulation of industry.

The domination of one country over the political, economic, and cultural life of another. Industrial nations sought raw materials, markets, and prestige, expanding control over Africa and Asia in the 1800s.

A meeting where European powers set rules for dividing Africa among themselves with no African representation. It accelerated the 'Scramble for Africa' and drew borders ignoring ethnic boundaries.

Direct rule replaced local leaders with officials from the imperial power. Indirect rule governed through existing local rulers under imperial supervision, a method especially used by Britain.

Britain defeated Qing China in the Opium Wars (mid-1800s), forcing unequal treaties. Foreign powers then carved China into spheres of influence with special trading and legal privileges.

Colonized peoples resisted through revolts and movements such as the Sepoy Mutiny in India, the Boxer Rebellion in China, and Ethiopian resistance at Adwa, where Ethiopia defeated Italy in 1896.

Often summarized as M-A-I-N: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 was the spark that set the alliance system into war.

A war in which nations mobilize all resources, industry, and civilians for the war effort. World War I introduced this scale through conscription, rationing, propaganda, and new weapons.

The settlement ending WWI that blamed Germany (war-guilt clause), imposed heavy reparations, and reduced German territory. Its harsh terms fueled resentment that contributed to WWII.

Lenin and the Bolsheviks overthrew Russia's provisional government, withdrew from WWI, and established a communist state, the Soviet Union, the first nation ruled on Marxist principles.

A system where the state seeks total control over political, economic, and social life, often under one party or leader. Examples between the wars include Stalin's USSR, Hitler's Germany, and Mussolini's Italy.

The systematic, state-sponsored murder of about six million Jews and millions of others by Nazi Germany during WWII. It is a central example of genocide and a human rights violation on the Regents.

After WWII, the United States and the Soviet Union became rival superpowers divided by capitalism vs. communism. Disputes over postwar Europe at Yalta and Potsdam hardened into decades of tension.

The U.S. policy of stopping the spread of communism. The Truman Doctrine pledged aid to nations resisting communism, and the Marshall Plan rebuilt Western Europe to make it less vulnerable.

Conflicts where the superpowers backed opposing sides without fighting each other directly, such as Korea, Vietnam, and Afghanistan, keeping the Cold War from becoming open U.S.-Soviet war.

A Cold War movement of nations, many newly independent, that refused to formally side with either the U.S. or the USSR, seeking independence and aid from both blocs.

Gorbachev's reforms in the 1980s USSR: glasnost (openness in speech and politics) and perestroika (economic restructuring). They loosened control and contributed to the Soviet collapse in 1991.

The process after WWII by which colonies in Asia and Africa won independence from European powers, sometimes peacefully and sometimes through armed struggle, reshaping the global map.

Leader of India's independence movement who used nonviolent civil disobedience (satyagraha), such as the Salt March, to pressure Britain. India gained independence in 1947.

British India was divided into Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan. The split triggered mass migration and deadly violence, and left lasting India-Pakistan tensions.

Mao Zedong's Communists defeated the Nationalists and founded the People's Republic of China. Mao later launched the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution before Deng Xiaoping's reforms.

Zionism and the 1948 founding of Israel, following the end of the British mandate, led to ongoing conflict with neighboring Arab states and Palestinians over territory, refugees, and statehood.

Founder of modern Turkey who modernized and secularized the new republic in the 1920s-30s, replacing many traditional Islamic institutions with Western-style law, dress, and the Latin alphabet.

A revolution that overthrew the Western-backed Shah and established an Islamic republic under Ayatollah Khomeini, a key example of tension between modernization and traditional culture.

The growing interconnection of economies, cultures, and communications worldwide. Driven by technology, trade, and institutions like the WTO, IMF, and multinational corporations, it brings both benefits and inequality.

Apartheid was South Africa's system of legal racial segregation. Nelson Mandela led resistance, was imprisoned 27 years, and after release became the country's first Black president as apartheid ended in the early 1990s.

A UN document adopted after WWII setting out fundamental rights for all people. It became a global standard for judging human rights violations such as genocide in Cambodia, Rwanda, and Darfur.