Human Anatomy and Physiology
12%of exam
Biology
6%of exam
Chemistry
5%of exam
Scientific Reasoning
6%of exam
Quick Facts
- Exam
- TEAS 7 Science
- Questions
- 50 total / 44 scored
- Time
- 60 minutes
- Pace
- 72 seconds per question
- Section weight
- 29% of full TEAS
- Order
- Third, right after Math
- Calculator
- Math section only
- Navigation
- Back within section only
- Item types
- MC, multi-select, hot spot
- Pass mark
- Set by each program
- Ribbon %
- Share of full TEAS
- A&P
- 18 of 44 scored
- Biology
- 9 of 44 scored
- Chemistry
- 8 of 44 scored
- Scientific Reasoning
- 9 of 44 scored
Heart Valve Order
Tricuspid, Pulmonary, Mitral, Aortic
Tricuspid: right atrioventricularPulmonary: right semilunarMitral: left atrioventricularAortic: left semilunar
Artery vs Vein
Artery
- Carries blood away
- Thick muscular wall
- High pressure
Vein
- Returns blood back
- Thin wall with valves
- Low pressure
Direction, not oxygen
Body System Picker
- Gas exchange→Respiratory(Alveoli)
- Pumping blood→Cardiovascular(Heart and vessels)
- Nutrient absorption→Digestive(Small intestine)
- Filtering blood waste→Urinary(Nephron)
- Electrical signaling→Nervous(Neurons)
- Hormone released→Endocrine(Ductless glands)
- Movement and posture→Muscular(Contraction)
- Support, blood cells→Skeletal(Red marrow)
- Barrier and temperature→Integumentary(Skin)
- Fighting pathogens→Immune(B and T cells)
- Producing gametes→Reproductive(Gonads)
- Calcium storage→Skeletal(Bone matrix)
Orientation + Planes
- Superior
- Toward the head
- Inferior
- Toward the feet
- Anterior (ventral)
- Front of body
- Posterior (dorsal)
- Back of body
- Medial
- Toward the midline
- Lateral
- Away from midline
- Proximal
- Closer to trunk
- Distal
- Farther from trunk
- Superficial
- Nearer the surface
- Sagittal plane
- Splits left, right
- Frontal (coronal)
- Splits front, back
- Transverse plane
- Splits top, bottom
- Dorsal cavity
- Cranial plus spinal
- Ventral cavity
- Thoracic plus abdominopelvic
- Organization order
- Cell, tissue, organ, system
- Tissue types
- Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous4
- Homeostasis
- Stable internal conditions
Blood Path
Vena cava, right heart, lungs, left heart
Right side to lungsLeft side to bodyPulmonary artery carries deoxygenatedPulmonary vein carries oxygenated
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
- Fight or flight
- Heart rate up
- Digestion slows
Parasympathetic
- Rest and digest
- Heart rate down
- Digestion speeds up
Emergency versus recovery
Cardiovascular
- Chambers
- Two atria, two ventricles
- Right side
- Pumps to lungs
- Left side
- Pumps to body
- Left ventricle
- Thickest wall, highest pressure
- Tricuspid valve
- Right atrium to ventricle
- Mitral valve
- Left atrium to ventricle
- Semilunar valves
- Pulmonary and aortic
- Aorta
- Largest artery in body
- Capillaries
- Exchange site, one cell
- Erythrocytes
- Carry oxygen on hemoglobin
- Leukocytes
- Fight infection
- Platelets
- Form clots
- Plasma
- Liquid part, mostly water
- SA node
- Natural pacemaker
- Systole / diastole
- Contract, then relax
Levels of Organization
Cells, tissues, organs, systems, organism
Four tissue typesOrgans combine tissuesSystems share one job
Endocrine vs Exocrine
Endocrine
- Ductless glands
- Hormones into blood
- Slow, long-lasting
Exocrine
- Delivers through ducts
- Sweat, saliva, enzymes
- Onto a surface
Bloodstream versus duct
Respiratory
- Air path
- Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
- Alveoli
- Only gas exchange site
- Diaphragm
- Main inhalation muscle
- Inhalation
- Diaphragm contracts, pressure drops
- Exhalation
- Passive elastic recoil
- Epiglottis
- Covers trachea while swallowing
- Surfactant
- Keeps alveoli from collapsing
- External respiration
- Lungs to blood
- Internal respiration
- Blood to tissues
- Breathing trigger
- Rising carbon dioxide
Tendon vs Ligament
Tendon
- Muscle to bone
- Transmits the pull
Ligament
- Bone to bone
- Stabilizes the joint
Move versus stabilize
Digestive
- Mouth
- Salivary amylase starts starch
- Stomach
- Acid and pepsin, protein
- Small intestine
- Most nutrient absorption
- Villi
- Increase absorptive surface
- Large intestine
- Water and electrolytes
- Liver
- Makes bile, detoxifies blood
- Gallbladder
- Stores and releases bile
- Pancreas
- Enzymes plus insulin
- Bile
- Emulsifies fat
- Peristalsis
- Smooth muscle waves
- Chyme
- Partly digested stomach output
Nervous
- CNS
- Brain and spinal cord
- PNS
- All nerves outside CNS
- Somatic
- Voluntary skeletal muscle
- Autonomic
- Involuntary organs and glands
- Neuron parts
- Dendrite, cell body, axon
- Myelin
- Speeds impulse conduction
- Synapse
- Gap crossed by neurotransmitter
- Cerebrum
- Thought, senses, voluntary movement
- Cerebellum
- Balance and coordination
- Medulla
- Heart rate, breathing
- Hypothalamus
- Links nerves and hormones
- Reflex arc
- Spinal cord, bypasses brain
- Cranial nerves
- Twelve pairs12
- Spinal nerves
- Thirty-one pairs31
Muscular + Skeletal
- Skeletal muscle
- Striated, voluntary, multinucleated
- Cardiac muscle
- Striated, involuntary, intercalated discs
- Smooth muscle
- Nonstriated, involuntary, hollow organs
- Origin
- Attaches to stationary bone
- Insertion
- Attaches to moving bone
- Antagonistic pair
- Biceps flexes, triceps extends
- Tendon
- Muscle to bone
- Ligament
- Bone to bone
- Adult bones
- Two hundred six206
- Axial skeleton
- Skull, spine, ribs80
- Appendicular skeleton
- Limbs and girdles126
- Red marrow
- Makes blood cells
- Osteoblast / osteoclast
- Builds bone, breaks bone
- Joint types
- Hinge, ball-and-socket, pivot
Endocrine Hormones
- Pituitary
- Master gland, controls others
- Thyroid
- Thyroxine sets metabolic rate
- Parathyroid
- Raises blood calcium
- Adrenal medulla
- Epinephrine, fight or flight
- Adrenal cortex
- Cortisol and aldosterone
- Beta cells
- Insulin lowers blood glucose
- Alpha cells
- Glucagon raises blood glucose
- ADH
- Kidneys retain more water
- Ovaries
- Estrogen and progesterone
- Testes
- Testosterone
- Negative feedback
- Output shuts off stimulus
Urinary + Reproductive
- Nephron
- Functional unit of kidney
- Glomerulus
- Filters blood plasma
- Reabsorption
- Returns water, glucose, sodium
- Urine path
- Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
- Kidney jobs
- Fluid, pH, blood pressure
- Seminiferous tubules
- Produce sperm
- Epididymis
- Sperm mature and wait
- Prostate
- Adds fluid to semen
- Ovulation trigger
- LH surge near day 14
- Fertilization site
- Fallopian tube
- Corpus luteum
- Secretes progesterone
Immune + Integumentary
- Innate immunity
- Nonspecific, immediate, no memory
- Adaptive immunity
- Specific, slower, builds memory
- B cells
- Make antibodies
- T cells
- Attack infected cells
- Antigen
- Triggers an immune response
- Vaccine
- Builds memory without disease
- Lymph nodes
- Filter lymph, hold lymphocytes
- Epidermis
- Outer layer, no vessels
- Dermis
- Vessels, nerves, glands, follicles
- Hypodermis
- Fat, insulation, cushioning
- Skin jobs
- Barrier, temperature, sensation, vitamin D
- Sweat glands
- Cool through evaporation
Cell Cycle Order
IPMAT: interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase
Interphase: grow and copyProphase: chromosomes condenseMetaphase: line up middleAnaphase: pulled apartTelophase: two nuclei
Mitosis vs Meiosis
Mitosis
- One division
- Two identical cells
- Diploid body cells
- Growth and repair
Meiosis
- Two divisions
- Four unique cells
- Haploid gametes
- Crossing over
Copy versus halve
Organelle Picker
- Cell needs ATP→Mitochondria(Cellular respiration)
- Building a protein→Ribosome(Reads mRNA)
- Storing DNA→Nucleus(Control center)
- Packaging and shipping→Golgi apparatus(Final modifications)
- Digesting waste→Lysosome(Hydrolytic enzymes)
- Making lipids→Smooth ER(Also detoxifies)
- Controlling what enters→Cell membrane(Selectively permeable)
- Rigid plant support→Cell wall(Plants only)
- Capturing sunlight→Chloroplast(Plants only)
Cell Structures
- Nucleus
- Holds DNA, directs cell
- Mitochondria
- Makes ATP by respiration
- Ribosome
- Builds protein from mRNA
- Rough ER
- Studded ribosomes, protein transport
- Smooth ER
- Makes lipids, detoxifies
- Golgi apparatus
- Modifies, packages, ships proteins
- Lysosome
- Digests waste with enzymes
- Cytoplasm
- Fluid holding the organelles
- Cell membrane
- Phospholipid bilayer, selectively permeable
- Plant only
- Cell wall, chloroplast, vacuole
- Prokaryote
- No nucleus, no organelles
- Eukaryote
- True nucleus with organelles
- Shared by both
- Ribosomes, membrane, cytoplasm, DNA
- Diffusion
- Down gradient, no ATP
- Osmosis
- Water crossing a membrane
- Active transport
- Against gradient, spends ATP
Carrier Cross Odds
Bb x Bb gives three to one
25% homozygous dominant50% carrier25% shows recessive3:1 phenotype ratio
DNA vs RNA
DNA
- Double stranded
- Deoxyribose sugar
- Thymine pairs adenine
- Stays in nucleus
RNA
- Single stranded
- Ribose sugar
- Uracil pairs adenine
- Travels to ribosome
Storage versus messenger
Macromolecules
- Carbohydrate
- Monosaccharides, quick energy
- Lipid
- Glycerol plus fatty acids
- Protein
- Amino acids, peptide bonds
- Nucleic acid
- Nucleotides store information
- Amino acids
- Twenty build every protein
- Enzyme
- Protein catalyst, specific substrate
- Denature
- Heat or pH wrecks shape
- Not a polymer
- Lipids lack repeating monomers
Genotype vs Phenotype
Genotype
- The allele pair
- BB, Bb, or bb
- Not always visible
Phenotype
- Observable trait
- BB and Bb match
- What you actually see
Code versus appearance
DNA + Genetics
- DNA pairing
- A-T and C-G
- RNA pairing
- Uracil replaces thymine
- Sugar difference
- Deoxyribose versus ribose
- Transcription
- DNA to mRNA, nucleus
- Translation
- mRNA to protein, ribosome
- Codon
- Three bases, one amino acid
- Mitosis
- Two identical diploid cells
- Meiosis
- Four unique haploid gametes
- Phase order
- Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
- Homozygous
- Two identical alleles
- Heterozygous
- Two different alleles
- Bb x Bb
- 3:1 dominant to recessive
- Bb x bb
- 1:1 dominant to recessive
- BB x bb
- All heterozygous offspring
- Incomplete dominance
- Blended intermediate phenotype
- Codominance
- Both alleles fully expressed
- Sex-linked
- Gene on X chromosome
Passive vs Active Transport
Passive
- Down the gradient
- No ATP needed
- Diffusion and osmosis
Active
- Against the gradient
- Requires ATP
- Sodium-potassium pump
Downhill versus uphill
Microbes + Disease
- Bacteria
- Prokaryotes, treated by antibiotics
- Virus
- Not a cell, needs host
- Fungi
- Yeasts and molds
- Protozoa
- Single-celled parasites
- Helminths
- Parasitic worms
- Pathogen
- Organism that causes disease
- Normal flora
- Helpful resident microbes
- Antibiotic target
- Cell wall, bacterial ribosome
Acids and Bases
Acids Add protons, Bases Bring hydroxide
Acid below pH 7Base above pH 7Acid turns litmus redBase turns litmus blue
Ionic vs Covalent
Ionic
- Electrons transferred
- Metal plus nonmetal
- Conducts when dissolved
- High melting point
Covalent
- Electrons shared
- Nonmetal plus nonmetal
- Poor conductor
- Lower melting point
Give versus share
Bond + Reaction Picker
- Metal plus nonmetal→Ionic bond(Electrons transferred)
- Nonmetal plus nonmetal→Covalent bond(Electrons shared)
- Water molecules sticking→Hydrogen bond(Weak attraction)
- Two reactants, one product→Synthesis
- One reactant, two products→Decomposition
- Element swaps into compound→Single replacement
- Compounds trade partners→Double replacement
- Hydrocarbon burns in oxygen→Combustion(Yields CO2 and water)
- Need a faster reaction→Add catalyst(Lowers activation energy)
- Solution turns litmus red→Acid(pH below seven)
Atomic Structure
- Proton
- Positive, nucleus, sets element
- Neutron
- Neutral, nucleus, adds mass
- Electron
- Negative, shells, negligible mass
- Atomic number
- Number of protons
- Mass number
- Protons plus neutrons
- Isotope
- Different neutron count
- Cation
- Lost electrons, positive charge
- Anion
- Gained electrons, negative charge
- Valence electrons
- Outer shell, drive bonding
- Octet rule
- Atoms seek eight valence
- Shell capacity
- 2, then 8, then 8
Electron Transfer
OIL RIG: oxidation loses, reduction gains
Oxidation is losing electronsReduction is gaining electrons
Isotope vs Ion
Isotope
- Neutron count differs
- Mass changes
- Charge stays neutral
Ion
- Electron count differs
- Mass barely changes
- Carries a charge
Neutrons versus electrons
Periodic Table
- Group (column)
- Same valence electron count
- Period (row)
- Same number of shells
- Group 1
- Alkali metals, highly reactive
- Group 2
- Alkaline earth metals
- Group 17
- Halogens, gain one electron
- Group 18
- Noble gases, unreactive
- Metals
- Left side, lose electrons
- Nonmetals
- Right side, gain electrons
- Metalloids
- Staircase, mixed properties
- Electronegativity
- Rises right, falls down
- Atomic radius
- Falls right, rises down
Physical vs Chemical Change
Physical
- Same substance remains
- Melting, boiling, dissolving
- Usually reversible
Chemical
- New substance forms
- Gas, precipitate, color change
- Hard to reverse
Form versus identity
Bonds + Reactions
- Ionic bond
- Metal transfers to nonmetal
- Covalent bond
- Two nonmetals share electrons
- Polar covalent
- Unequal sharing, partial charges
- Hydrogen bond
- Weak, between molecules
- Synthesis
- Two reactants form one
- Decomposition
- One reactant splits apart
- Single replacement
- One element swaps in
- Double replacement
- Two compounds trade partners
- Combustion
- Hydrocarbon plus oxygen, CO2 water
- Balancing rule
- Change coefficients, never subscripts
- Conservation of mass
- Atoms equal both sides
- Rate boosters
- Heat, concentration, surface, catalyst
- Catalyst
- Lowers activation energy, unchanged
- Exothermic
- Releases heat
- Endothermic
- Absorbs heat
Solutions + pH
- Solute
- Substance being dissolved
- Solvent
- Dissolver, present in excess
- Like dissolves like
- Polar dissolves polar, ionic
- Saturated
- Holds the maximum solute
- Supersaturated
- Unstable, above the maximum
- Solid solubility
- Rises with temperature
- Gas solubility
- Falls with temperature
- pH range
- Zero to fourteen
- Acid
- Donates protons, pH under 7
- Base
- Accepts protons, pH over 7
- Neutral
- pH exactly seven
- Logarithmic scale
- One unit means tenfold
- Neutralization
- Acid plus base yields salt
- Buffer
- Resists changes in pH
- Blood pH
- 7.35 to 7.45, slightly basic
- Litmus
- Acid red, base blue
Metric Ladder
King Henry Died Unusually Drinking Chocolate Milk
Kilo hecto dekaUnit is the baseDeci centi milliEach step is tenfold
Theory vs Law
Theory
- Explains why
- Backed by wide evidence
- Never becomes law
Law
- Describes what happens
- Often an equation
- Does not explain why
Why versus what
Study Design Picker
- Testing a prediction→Controlled experiment(Change one variable)
- Need comparison baseline→Control group(No treatment)
- Results vary each trial→Repeat trials(Improves reliability)
- Measuring liquid volume→Graduated cylinder(Read the meniscus)
- Measuring amount of matter→Balance(Mass, not weight)
- Two variables move together→Correlation only(Not causation)
- Plotting your data→Independent on x(Dependent on y)
- Converting metric units→Move the decimal(Powers of ten)
- Explaining why something happens→Theory(Laws only describe)
Method + Design
- Method order
- Question, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion
- Hypothesis
- Testable, falsifiable prediction
- Theory
- Well-supported broad explanation
- Law
- Describes what always happens
- Independent variable
- What the researcher changes
- Dependent variable
- The outcome being measured
- Controlled variables
- Held constant for everyone
- Control group
- Baseline, gets no treatment
- Placebo
- Inactive fake treatment
- Graph axes
- Independent x, dependent y
- Direct relationship
- Both variables rise together
- Inverse relationship
- One rises, other falls
- Qualitative data
- Described, not counted
- Quantitative data
- Measured with numbers
Reliability vs Validity
Reliability
- Consistent results
- Repeated trials agree
- Can be reliably wrong
Validity
- Measures the right thing
- Sound study design
- Supports the conclusion
Consistent versus correct
Units + Conversions
- Length
- Meter
- Mass
- Gram or kilogram
- Volume
- Liter
- SI temperature
- Kelvin
- Prefix step
- Each step is tenfold
- Kilo-
- One thousand base units
- Centi-
- One hundredth
- Milli-
- One thousandth
- 1 L
- 1,000 mL
- 1 kg
- 1,000 g
- 1 m
- 100 cm
- 1 mL
- One cubic centimeter
- Kilogram to pounds
- Multiply by 2.2
- Inch to centimeters
- Multiply by 2.54
- Celsius to Fahrenheit
- Multiply 9/5, add 32
- Celsius to Kelvin
- Add 273.15
- Density
- Mass divided by volume
Mass vs Weight
Mass
- Amount of matter
- Grams or kilograms
- Same on the moon
Weight
- Force of gravity
- Newtons or pounds
- Changes with gravity
Matter versus gravity
Lab Tools + Safety
- Graduated cylinder
- Most precise liquid volume
- Meniscus
- Read bottom at eye level
- Balance
- Measures mass
- Thermometer
- Measures temperature
- Beaker, flask
- Hold and mix only
- Pipette
- Small precise liquid volumes
- Microscope
- Magnification multiplies both lenses
- Accuracy
- Close to true value
- Precision
- Repeatable, closely grouped results
- Goggles
- Required with chemicals, heat
- Sample size
- More trials, better reliability
- Peer review
- Experts check before publication
Common Traps
Artery direction
Arteries carry blood away ≠ Pulmonary artery is deoxygenated
No Science calculator
Provided for Math only ≠ Science needs mental math
Antibiotics
Work against bacteria ≠ Useless against viruses
Balancing equations
Change coefficients only ≠ Never change subscripts
pH is logarithmic
Each unit means tenfold ≠ Not a linear scale
Correlation
Shows association only ≠ Never proves causation
Theory status
Theories never become laws ≠ They answer different questions
Absorption site
Small intestine takes nutrients ≠ Large intestine takes water
Mass versus weight
Mass never changes ≠ Weight follows gravity
Tonicity
Hypertonic shrinks the cell ≠ Hypotonic swells the cell
Enzymes
Lower activation energy ≠ Are not used up
Catalyst limits
Speeds the reaction ≠ Does not shift equilibrium
No national pass score
Each program sets minimum ≠ ATI publishes no cutoff
Closed sections
Back within a section ≠ Never after moving on
Last Minute
- 1.Science: 50 questions, 60 minutes
- 2.44 scored, 6 unscored pretest
- 3.Science is 29% of TEAS
- 4.Anatomy is 18 of 44
- 5.No calculator in Science
- 6.Arteries away, veins back
- 7.Alveoli do all gas exchange
- 8.Nephron filters, villi absorb
- 9.Insulin lowers, glucagon raises glucose
- 10.Mitosis copies, meiosis halves
- 11.Bb x Bb gives 3:1
- 12.Transcription nucleus, translation ribosome
- 13.Ionic transfers, covalent shares
- 14.pH under 7 is acid
- 15.Balance with coefficients, not subscripts
- 16.Catalyst lowers activation energy
- 17.Independent x, dependent y
- 18.Correlation is never causation
- 19.1 liter equals 1,000 milliliters
- 20.Your program sets the cutoff
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