Hazard ID and Risk Assessment
Not publishedof exam
HSE Management Systems
Not publishedof exam
Permit to Work and Isolation
Not publishedof exam
Operational and Mechanical Safety
Not publishedof exam
Fire and Emergency Response
Not publishedof exam
Occupational Health and Environment
Not publishedof exam
Security and Community Relations
Not publishedof exam
Quick Facts
- Course
- ISPON HSE Level 2
- Body
- Institute of Safety Professionals Nigeria
- Format
- Not published
- Items
- Not published
- Time
- Not published
- Pass mark
- Not published
- Fee
- ₦120,000 training fee
- Delivery
- Four-day provider-stated course
- Law base
- Factories Act Cap F1
Hierarchy of Controls
Eliminate, Substitute, Engineer, Administer, Protect
Remove the hazardSwap for saferGuard or ventilateProcedure and trainingPPE stays last
Hazard vs Risk
Hazard
- Source of harm
- Eliminate or control
- Exists without exposure
Risk
- Likelihood and severity
- Rated then accepted
- Needs exposure
Thing versus chance
Choosing a Control
- Task not needed→Eliminate(Strongest control)
- Safer material exists→Substitute(Recheck new hazards)
- Hazard must remain→Engineering control(Guard or ventilate)
- Cannot engineer out→Administrative control(Procedure and training)
- Exposure still remains→PPE(Last layer)
- Red matrix band→Stop and redesign(Above tolerable)
- Amber matrix band→Extra controls, approval
- Green matrix band→Routine procedure
Risk Vocabulary
- Hazard
- Source of potential harm
- Risk
- Likelihood times severity
- Inherent risk
- Before controls applied
- Residual risk
- After controls actually working
- ALARP
- Grossly disproportionate cost testStop rule
- Intolerable
- Work must not proceed
- Risk matrix
- Band sets required action
- Risk register
- Logged risks with owners
HEMP Stages
Identify, Assess, Control, Recover
Identify the hazardsAssess the riskControl the riskRecover when control fails
Inherent vs Residual Risk
Inherent
- Before any controls
- Raw exposure
- Drives control choice
Residual
- After controls work
- Basis for sign-off
- Paper controls falsify
Before versus after
Assessment Tools
- JSA
- Steps, hazards, controls, owners
- HEMP
- Identify, assess, control, recover
- HAZOP
- Guideword deviation study
- Bow-tie
- Threats, top event, consequences
- What-if
- Structured brainstorm review
- Swiss cheese
- Aligned holes cause loss
- Bird triangle
- 1 serious, 600 near-misses
- 5x5 matrix
- Five likelihood, five severity
Hierarchy of Controls
- 1 Elimination
- Remove the hazardStrongest
- 2 Substitution
- Swap for safer option
- 3 Engineering
- Guard, isolate, ventilate
- 4 Administrative
- Procedure, training, signage
- 5 PPE
- Wearer-dependent, fails silentlyWeakest
- Top three
- Change the workplace
- Bottom two
- Depend on behaviour
- Layering
- Combine, never PPE-only
Reporting Clocks
14 in, 7 out, death now
14 days: employee tells employer7 days: employer tells BoardDeath: report immediatelySpill: 24 hours
Inspection vs Audit
Inspection
- Physical conditions
- Point in time
- Guards, housekeeping, PPE
Audit
- System effectiveness
- Samples records, interviews
- Compares against standard
Conditions versus system
Who Do You Notify
- Death in factory→District inspector(Forthwith)
- Over three days lost→District inspector(Prescribed s.51 form)
- Occupational disease suspected→Nearest inspector(Section 53)
- Any work injury→NSITF Board(Within 7 days)
- You are injured→Tell your employer(Within 14 days)
- Claiming compensation→NSITF Board(Within one year)
- Oil spill occurs→NOSDRA(Within 24 hours)
- Non-oil pollution→NESREA(Environmental standards)
Nigerian HSE Law Map
- Factories Act
- Cap F1, LFN 2004Primary
- ISPON Act 2014
- Act No. 2, statutory register
- ECA 2010
- No-fault injury compensation
- ECA contribution
- 1% of monthly payroll
- NESREA Act 2007
- Non-oil environmental enforcement
- NOSDRA Act 2006
- Oil spill detection, response
- Factory inspectorate
- Federal Ministry of Labour
- NSITF
- Manages the Compensation Fund
- ISPON penalty
- ₦100,000 or six months
- Corporate penalty
- Not less than ₦500,000
Leading vs Lagging
Leading
- Measured before loss
- Inspections, permits audited
- Predictive
Lagging
- Counted after loss
- LTIFR, fatalities
- Invites under-reporting
Prevent versus count
Factories Act Key Sections
- s.8
- 400 cubic feet each
- s.14
- Prime movers securely fenced
- s.24
- Hoists and lifts
- s.25
- Chains, ropes, lifting tackle
- s.26
- Cranes, other lifting machines
- s.28(7)
- Two-metre fall triggerKey
- s.31
- Steam boilers and fittings
- s.35
- Fire detection and extinguishing
- s.36
- Adequate means of escape
- s.43
- First-aid boxes and person
- s.47
- Protective clothing provided, maintained
- s.48
- Goggles, arc flash screening
- s.51
- Notification of accidents
- s.53
- Notification of industrial disease
- s.58
- General register kept
- s.61
- Worker duties, no misuse
Statutory Reporting Clocks
- Death in factory
- Notice forthwith, district inspector
- Disabling injury
- More than three dayss.51
- Employee to employer
- Within 14 days
- Employer to Board
- Within 7 days
- Death under ECA
- Reported immediately
- Compensation claim
- Within one year
- Oil spill
- Writing within 24 hours
- Hoist report filing
- Within 14 days
- Occupational disease
- Forthwith to nearest inspector
ISO 45001 Structure
- Clause 4
- Context, scope, interested parties
- Clause 5
- Leadership, worker participation
- Clause 6
- Planning, risks, objectives
- Clause 7
- Support, competence, communication
- Clause 8
- Operation, change, contractors
- Clause 9
- Monitoring, audit, management review
- Clause 10
- Incident, nonconformity, improvement
- Cycle
- Plan-Do-Check-Act
- Replaced
- OHSAS 18001, 2021 deadline
HSE Performance Metrics
- Leading
- Measured before loss
- Lagging
- Counted after loss
- LTIFR
- Lost-time injuries per million
- TRIR
- Total recordable injury rate
- Near-miss rate
- Free warning data
- Inspection
- Physical conditions, point-in-time
- Audit
- System against written standard
- Immediate cause
- Unsafe act or condition
- Root cause
- Management-system failure behind it
Gas Test Order
Oxygen first, then flammable, then toxic
Oxygen 19.5-23.5%Flammable under 10% LELToxic below limit
Positive Isolation vs Valve
Positive isolation
- Spade, blind, spool
- Double block and bleed
- Leak becomes visible
Closed valve
- Can pass
- Can be reopened
- Not an isolation
Break versus close
Which Permit Applies
- Spark, flame, grinding→Hot work permit(Gas test first)
- No ignition source→Cold work permit(Still assessed)
- Enter tank or pit→Confined space entry(Plus gas test)
- Live or isolated circuits→Electrical permit(LOTO applies)
- Breaking ground→Excavation permit(Locate buried services)
- Above two metres→Work at height(Factories Act s.28)
- Isotope source used→Radiography permit(Exclusion zone)
- Two jobs interact→SIMOPS review(Combined risk)
Permit Types
- Hot work
- Spark, flame, heat
- Cold work
- No ignition source
- Confined space
- Entry into enclosure
- Electrical
- Live or isolated circuits
- Excavation
- Ground disturbance, buried services
- Work at height
- Above the fall trigger
- Radiography
- Ionising source, exclusion zone
- SIMOPS
- Simultaneous conflicting operations
Permit Roles
- Issuing authority
- Verifies site, signs permit
- Performing authority
- Does the work
- Area authority
- Accepts job into area
- Isolating authority
- Applies the energy isolation
- Gas tester
- Certified, calibrated instrument
- Hole watch
- Stays outside, summons rescue
- Handback
- Site clean, permit closed
- Self-issue
- Never allowedTrap
Gas Test Limits
- Oxygen range
- 19.5-23.5 per cent
- Oxygen deficient
- Below 19.5 per cent
- Oxygen enriched
- Above 23.5 per cent
- Flammable
- Below 10 per cent LEL
- Hot work gas test
- Zero per cent LEL
- Toxic
- Below its exposure limit
- Test order
- Oxygen, flammable, toxic
- Bump test
- Before each use
- Retest
- After every break
Isolation Methods
- LOTO
- Lock, tag, try
- Personal lock
- One per exposed worker
- Group lockbox
- Shared key under locks
- Spade or blind
- Physical path break
- Spool removal
- Section physically removed
- Double block and bleed
- Two valves, bleed open
- Closed valve
- Not positive isolationTrap
- Stored energy
- Bleed, drain, chock, discharge
- Zero energy check
- Attempt start, then verify
Examination Intervals
Tackle 6, cranes and boilers 14
6 months: hoists, lifts, tackle14 months: cranes, boilers18 months: boiler extension26 months: receivers
Fall Restraint vs Arrest
Restraint
- Cannot reach edge
- No fall occurs
- No clearance needed
Arrest
- Fall happens first
- Shock pack deploys
- Needs fall clearance
Prevent versus catch
Statutory Examination Intervals
- Hoists and lifts
- Every 6 months
- Chains, ropes, tackle
- Every 6 months
- Cranes, lifting machines
- Every 14 months
- Steam boiler
- Every 14 months
- Boiler extension
- Maximum 18 months
- Chain annealing
- Every 14 months
- Small chain annealing
- Every 6 months
- Steam receiver
- Every 26 months
- Air receiver
- Every 26 months
- After repair
- Re-examine before use
- Records
- Entered in general register
Fixed vs Interlocked Guard
Fixed guard
- No moving parts
- Tool to remove
- Rare access
Interlocked guard
- Cuts power when opened
- Locked until motion stops
- Frequent access
Access frequency decides
Guarding and Machinery
- Prime mover
- Securely fenced, s.14
- Transmission machinery
- Securely fenced, s.15
- Fixed guard
- Tool needed to remove
- Interlocked guard
- Opens only when stopped
- Trip device
- Stops motion before contact
- Two-hand control
- Hands away from danger
- Emergency stop
- Backup, never a guard
- Boiler attendant
- Properly instructed, s.31
Height and Scaffold
- Nigeria fall trigger
- More than two metres
- Fencing duty
- So far as practicable
- Exception
- Secure foothold and handhold
- Scaffold inspection
- Before use, every 7 daysNot Factories Act
- After alteration
- Re-inspect before next use
- After high wind
- Re-inspect and record
- Edge protection
- Guardrail plus toe board
- Anchor point
- Rated, above the harness
- Ladder angle
- One out, four up
NESREA Noise Limits
- 85 dB(A)
- 8 hours daily40 h week
- 88 dB(A)
- 4 hours daily
- 91 dB(A)
- 2 hours daily
- 94 dB(A)
- 1 hour daily
- 97 dB(A)
- 30 minutes daily
- 100 dB(A)
- 15 minutes daily
- Factory or workshop
- 85 dB(A) Leq
- Factory compound
- 75 dB(A) Leq
- Offices
- 50 dB(A) Leq
- Impulse 140 dB(A)
- 100 impacts daily
- Impulse 130 dB(A)
- 1,000 impacts daily
PPE and Manual Handling
- s.47 trigger
- Wet, injurious, offensive substances
- s.47 items
- Gloves, footwear, goggles, headgear
- s.48 trigger
- Scheduled eye-risk processes
- Arc welding
- Screen bystanders from flash
- PPE rank
- Last control layer
- NIOSH load constant
- 23 kg ideal conditions
- RWL reducers
- Distance, twist, frequency, grip
- Mechanical aid
- Preferred over manual lifting
- Team lift
- Plan, brief, one caller
PASS
Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep
Aim at the baseAlarm raised firstEscape route behind youSmall fire only
Extinguisher Picker
- Wood, paper, cloth→Water(Class A)
- Petrol or solvent→Foam(Class B)
- Flammable gas→Dry powder(Isolate supply first)
- Live electrical equipment→CO2(No residue)
- Deep-fat fryer→Wet chemical(Class F)
- Burning metal→Special dry powder(Class D)
- Fire spreading fast→Evacuate(Do not fight)
Fire Classes BS EN 2
- Class A
- Wood, paper, textiles
- Class B
- Flammable liquids
- Class C
- Flammable gases
- Class D
- Metals
- Class F
- Cooking oils and fats
- Electrical
- Not a classTrap
- Fire triangle
- Fuel, oxygen, heat
- Tetrahedron
- Adds chain reaction
Extinguisher Colours BS EN 3
- Body
- Red with colour band
- Water
- Red band, Class A
- Foam
- Cream band, Classes AB
- Dry powder
- Blue band, Classes ABC
- CO2
- Black band, live equipment
- Wet chemical
- Yellow band, Class F
- CO2 caution
- Asphyxiation, horn cold burn
- Water caution
- Never on live electrics
Hot Work and Emergency
- Clearance radius
- 35 feet, 11 metres
- Combustibles
- Removed or fire-blanketed
- Fire watch
- 60 minutes after workNFPA 51B
- Extra monitoring
- Up to 3 hours
- Fire watch duty
- No other tasks
- First-aid box
- One per 150 persons
- Box contents
- First-aid items only
- Named person
- Posted in every workroom
- Muster
- Roll call by name
- Lifts
- Never used in evacuation
NESREA vs NOSDRA
NESREA
- Every non-oil sector
- Noise, air, water standards
- Act of 2007
NOSDRA
- Oil spills only
- 24-hour written report
- Act of 2006
Sector decides regulator
SDS and GHS
- SDS sections
- 16, fixed order
- Section 4
- First-aid measures
- Section 5
- Fire-fighting measures
- Section 6
- Accidental release measures
- Section 7
- Handling and storage
- Section 8
- Exposure controls and PPE
- Flame over circle
- Oxidiser, not flammableTrap
- Oxidiser storage
- Segregate from all fuels
TWA vs STEL
TWA
- 8-hour average
- Peaks hide inside
- Long-term protection
STEL
- 15-minute average
- Never exceeded
- Peak protection
Shift versus fifteen minutes
Exposure Limits
- TWA
- 8-hour shift average
- STEL
- 15-minute average cap
- Ceiling
- Never exceeded, any instant
- IDLH
- Escape-impairing concentration
- H2S TWA
- 1 ppm, ACGIH
- H2S STEL
- 5 ppm, ACGIH
- H2S IDLH
- 100 ppm, NIOSH
- Olfactory fatigue
- Smell lost near 100 ppm
- Detection rule
- Trust detector, never nose
Nigerian Environment Rules
- NESREA
- All sectors except oil
- NOSDRA
- Oil spill regulator
- Spill notice
- Writing within 24 hours
- Late report penalty
- ₦500,000 each day
- Clean-up failure
- Further ₦1,000,000 fine
- Waste hierarchy
- Prevent, reduce, reuse, recycle
- Last options
- Recover energy, then dispose
- Segregate at source
- Mixing contaminates whole stream
Layered Security
Deter, Detect, Delay, Respond
Each layer buys timeDelay exceeds response timeOtherwise CCTV records loss
Security Survey vs Audit
Survey
- Baseline assessment
- Assets, threats, vulnerabilities
- Recommends protection
Audit
- Tests compliance
- Against existing plan
- Always comes second
Design versus check
Security and Community
- Threat
- Capability plus intent
- Vulnerability
- Weakness you can fix
- Consequence
- Loss if attack succeeds
- Deter
- Discourage the attempt
- Detect
- Notice the attempt
- Delay
- Buy response time
- Respond
- Intervene before loss
- Design rule
- Delay exceeds response time
- Journey management
- Route, driver, call-in times
- Overdue trigger
- Raises the alarm
- CLO
- Community liaison channel
- Grievance mechanism
- Logged with response deadline
Common Traps
Nigerian fall trigger
Nigeria: more than 2 m ≠ Not the American six feet
Fire watch duration
NFPA 51B 2019: 60 minutes ≠ Older 30-minute figure superseded
Electrical is not a class
No Class E exists ≠ Pick agent safe live
Which noise limit
NESREA Nigeria: 85 dB(A) ≠ OSHA PEL is 90 dBA
Examination intervals
Tackle and hoists: 6 months ≠ Cranes and boilers: 14 months
Which environmental regulator
Oil spill goes NOSDRA ≠ Everything else goes NESREA
Permit is not assessment
Permit authorises the job ≠ Assessment justifies the controls
Head count versus roll call
Roll call names missing ≠ Head count cannot
Falling near-miss counts
Rarely a safety win ≠ Usually a reporting failure
Level 2 is training
ISPON publishes no blueprint ≠ Ignore 100-question, 60% claims
Last Minute
- 1.Fall trigger = more than 2 m
- 2.Hoists and tackle = 6 months
- 3.Cranes and boilers = 14 months
- 4.Notify inspector: death, 3 days
- 5.Employee 14 days; employer 7 days
- 6.ECA contribution = 1% payroll
- 7.Oil spill = NOSDRA, 24 hours
- 8.Noise 85 dB(A) / 8 hours
- 9.Oxygen 19.5-23.5%; LEL under 10%
- 10.Hot work = zero LEL, 60-minute watch
- 11.First-aid box per 150 persons
- 12.CO2 black; foam cream; powder blue
- 13.Class F = cooking oil, wet chemical
- 14.Eliminate before PPE, always
- 15.ISPON publishes no Level 2 blueprint
Same family resources
Explore More Institute of Safety Professionals of Nigeria (ISPON)
Continue into nearby exams from the same family. Each card keeps practice questions, study guides, flashcards, videos, and articles in one place.