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Slovenia Bar Admission Test (OZS Preizkus iz poznavanja ZOdv, odvetniške tarife in Kodeksa)

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Key Facts: Pravniški državni izpit (PDI) Exam

2 tasks

Written drafting tasks, one civil and one criminal

Zakon o pravniškem državnem izpitu (ZPDI), Article 23

8 hours each

Duration of each written task

Zakon o pravniškem državnem izpitu (ZPDI), Article 24

6 of 10

Minimum score on each written task and each oral area

Zakon o pravniškem državnem izpitu (ZPDI), Article 28

48 points

Minimum overall total across the written and oral parts

Zakon o pravniškem državnem izpitu (ZPDI), Article 28

€702.92

Exam fee before a six-member commission

Center za izobraževanje v pravosodju (CIP) payment page

Slovenia's Pravniški državni izpit combines two 8-hour written tasks drafting first-instance civil and criminal judgments with an oral exam in six statutory areas; each part needs 6/10 and the total at least 48 points.

Sample Pravniški državni izpit (PDI) Practice Questions

Try these sample questions to review concepts for the Pravniški državni izpit (PDI) exam. Each question includes a detailed explanation. Start the interactive quiz above for the full 100+ question experience with AI tutoring.

1A contract between two private parties conflicts with a mandatory statutory provision (prisilni predpis). Under Article 86 of the Obligacijski zakonik (OZ), what is the default consequence?
A.The contract is voidable (izpodbojna) and must be challenged by the protected party within one year of its conclusion
B.The contract is null (nična), unless the breached rule's purpose or a statute points to another sanction
C.The contract stays valid, and only the party that breached the rule bears the statutory consequences
D.The contract remains fully valid until a court annuls it with effect for the future on a motion by the state attorney's office
Explanation: OZ Article 86(1) makes a contract that conflicts with the Constitution, mandatory regulations or moral principles null, unless the purpose of the breached rule points to another sanction or the law provides otherwise in the specific case. Nullity is the sanction for breaching public-order rules, while voidability (OZ Article 94) is reserved for limited business capacity, defects of will and cases a statute designates.
2A Ljubljana company e-mails an offer. The addressee posts a written acceptance on 3 March, and the offeror receives it on 5 March while the offer is still binding. Under OZ Article 28(1), when is the offer accepted?
A.On 3 March, when the addressee dispatched the acceptance
B.When the addressee signed the acceptance, whether or not it was sent
C.Only after the offeror confirms that the acceptance has arrived
D.On 5 March, when the offeror received the statement of acceptance
Explanation: OZ Article 28(1) provides that an offer is accepted when the offeror receives the addressee's statement that it accepts the offer, so Slovenian contract law follows the receipt theory (prejemna teorija). The contract is concluded on 5 March because the acceptance arrived while the offer was still binding.
3Party A abandons a nearly agreed deal without any justified reason after Party B has spent money preparing to perform it. Which statement reflects OZ Article 20?
A.A is liable for B's damage, because A abandoned its intention to contract without a justified reason
B.A is not liable, because negotiations may be broken off at any time and each party always bears its own costs
C.A must conclude the contract on the negotiated terms, because advanced negotiations bind like a preliminary contract
D.A is liable only if the parties signed a letter of intent that expressly provides for a break-up fee
Explanation: OZ Article 20(1) states that negotiations before concluding a contract do not bind and may be broken off at any time, but Article 20(3) makes a party liable for damage if it negotiated intending to contract and then abandoned that intention without a justified reason. Article 20(2) also makes liable a party that negotiated with no intention of contracting, and otherwise each party bears its own preparation costs under Article 20(4).
4A loan agreement states that the borrower will pay a contractual penalty (pogodbena kazen) of EUR 500 for every month of delay in repaying the principal. How does OZ Article 247 treat this clause?
A.It is valid, but a court must reduce any penalty that exceeds the statutory default interest
B.It is valid only if the loan agreement is executed as a directly enforceable notarial deed
C.It cannot be enforced, because a contractual penalty cannot be agreed for monetary obligations
D.It is valid between two companies, because the prohibition protects consumers only
Explanation: OZ Article 247(3) provides that a contractual penalty cannot be agreed for monetary obligations; a creditor's protection against late payment of money is default interest instead. The penalty clause therefore cannot be enforced, whatever form the loan agreement takes and whoever the parties are.
5A pedestrian sues a shop owner in an ordinary fault-based claim for injuries caused when a sign fell from the shop front. How does OZ Article 131(1) allocate the question of fault?
A.The injured pedestrian must prove that the owner acted with intent or gross negligence
B.Fault is presumed; the owner avoids liability only by proving the damage arose without its fault
C.Fault is irrelevant, because every claim for personal injury is decided on strict liability
D.Fault must first be established by a criminal conviction of the owner
Explanation: OZ Article 131(1) obliges whoever causes damage to another to compensate it unless they prove that the damage arose without their fault, so fault is presumed and the defendant carries the burden of exculpation. The injured party must still prove the harmful act, the damage and causation. Liability regardless of fault under Article 131(2) and (3) is limited to dangerous things and activities and other cases set by statute.
6A supplier company sues a buyer company for the unpaid price of goods delivered under their supply contract. Which limitation period applies under the OZ?
A.Five years, the general limitation period in OZ Article 346
B.One year, as for household utility supplies under OZ Article 355
C.Ten years, because the claim arises from a written contract
D.Three years, as a claim from a commercial contract under OZ Article 349
Explanation: OZ Article 349(1) provides that claims from commercial contracts (gospodarske pogodbe) and claims to reimburse related expenses become time-barred in three years, with the period running separately for each delivery or service under Article 349(2). A contract between two companies is a commercial contract under OZ Article 13(2), so the general five-year period in Article 346 does not apply.
7Under OZ Article 352, when does a claim for compensation for tortious damage become time-barred?
A.Three years from learning of the damage and the person liable, but no later than five years after the damage arose
B.Five years after the damaging act, with no separate period running from when the injured party learned of the damage
C.One year from learning of the damage and the person liable, but no later than three years after the damaging event
D.Ten years after the damage arose, unless the person liable acknowledged the debt in writing
Explanation: OZ Article 352(1) sets a subjective period of three years from when the injured party learned of the damage and of the person who caused it, and Article 352(2) caps it at five years from when the damage arose. Damage from breach of a contractual obligation follows the limitation period of that obligation (Article 352(3)), and claims for sexual abuse of a minor have a special period of fifteen years after the injured party reaches majority (Article 352(4)).
8What does the Stvarnopravni zakonik (SPZ) require for a buyer to acquire ownership of real property by legal transaction?
A.Full payment of the price and handover of the keys, with registration serving only as publicity
B.Ten years of good-faith possession following signature of the sale contract
C.A valid legal transaction creating the duty to transfer ownership, and entry in the land register
D.Notarisation of the contract, which transfers ownership at the moment of signature
Explanation: SPZ Article 40 requires a valid legal transaction from which the obligation to transfer ownership arises, and SPZ Article 49(1) requires entry in the land register (zemljiška knjiga) to acquire ownership of real property by legal transaction. Under Article 49(2), registration is made on the basis of a document containing a zemljiškoknjižno dovolilo, the transferor's consent to the entry.
9In a possessory action for disturbance of possession (motenje posesti), what does the court examine under SPZ Article 33?
A.Which party holds the better right to possess, as shown by title documents
B.The last state of possession and the disturbance, regardless of any right to possess or good faith
C.Only whether the plaintiff acquired possession in good faith
D.Ownership of the property, which the plaintiff must prove with a land register extract before protection is granted
Explanation: SPZ Article 33(1) directs the court to protect possession according to the last state of possession and the disturbance that occurred, disregarding both the right to possession and the possessor's good faith. Possessory protection is factual and quick, while disputes about rights belong in a petitory action. Under SPZ Article 32, protection must be sought within 30 days of learning of the disturbance and the disturber, and at the latest within one year of the disturbance.
10Under SPZ Article 217, when is a praedial easement (stvarna služnost) acquired by prescription (priposestvovanje)?
A.After three years of exercise in good faith, the period that applies to movable property
B.After five years of exercise, provided the servient owner was notified in writing
C.After thirty years of exercise, whether or not the servient owner objected
D.After ten years of good-faith exercise, or twenty years of exercise without objection by the servient owner
Explanation: SPZ Article 217(1) and (2) provide two routes: ten years of actual exercise of the easement in good faith, or twenty years of exercise while the owner of the servient thing did not object. Article 217(3) excludes prescription where the easement was exercised by force or deceit, by abusing the owner's trust or under a revocable permission, and Article 217(4) bars prescription of negative easements.

About the Pravniški državni izpit (PDI) Exam

The Pravniški državni izpit (PDI), often still called the pravosodni izpit, is Slovenia's state legal examination under the Zakon o pravniškem državnem izpitu (ZPDI), administered by the Ministry of Justice through its Judicial Training Centre (Center za izobraževanje v pravosodju, CIP). It is a condition for judicial and state prosecutor office, for the attorney and notary professions, and for other posts that require it by law. Candidates qualify through judicial traineeship or qualifying legal employment, must have an active command of Slovene, and sit the exam in Slovene. Admission to the Bar additionally requires a separate oral test at the Odvetniška zbornica Slovenije on the Attorneys Act, the attorney tariff and the Code of Professional Ethics (ZOdv Article 25(1)), which this bank does not cover. This independent English-language MCQ study adaptation keeps Slovenian legal terms and does not translate or simulate the written drafting tasks or the oral examination.

Exam sponsor: Ministrstvo za pravosodje RS — Center za izobraževanje v pravosodju (CIP). The requirements and fees below concern the certification or admission exam, separate from our free practice resources.

Assessment

Written part (ZPDI Articles 23–26): two tasks drafting a first-instance court decision, one civil and one criminal, 8 hours each, with statutes and legal literature allowed; each task is marked 0–10 by two commission members. A positive written part is required for the oral part; a candidate who fails one task with at least 8 points on the other repeats only the failed task. Oral part (ZPDI Article 27): civil, criminal, administrative law and procedure, foundations of commercial law, foundations of labour law, and constitutional order, organisation of the judiciary and state administration and foundations of EU law; at most 3 hours in total, with questions based on practical cases.

Time Limit

Two 8-hour written tasks; the oral part lasts at most 3 hours.

Passing Score

At least 6 of 10 points on each written task and each oral area, and at least 48 points in total, or a proportionally lower total where part of the exam is recognised (ZPDI Article 28).

Exam / Certification Fees

€702.92 (six-member commission) or €620.86 (five-member commission); €92.23 to repeat one written task; €326.44 or €299.09 to repeat one oral area.

Exam sponsor website

Fees, eligibility, and exam policies can change. Confirm them with the exam sponsor before applying or paying.

Our practice resources: topics covered

We aim to reflect publicly available exam outlines and topic information in our study resources. Coverage, format, and difficulty may differ from the actual exam, and we cannot guarantee that every detail is accurate or current. Confirm exam requirements, fees, and policies with the official exam sponsor.

25% of this local bank

Civil substantive and procedural law

Contracts and torts, limitation, property and the land register, family property, succession, civil procedure, enforcement on authentic documents, probate and the civil-judgment drafting criteria.

25% of this local bank

Criminal substantive and procedural law

Legality, intent and negligence, necessary defence and necessity, attempt, instigation and aiding, suspended sentences, limitation, specific offences, corporate liability, evidence, detention, judgments, remedies and misdemeanours.

15% of this local bank

Foundations of commercial law

Company formation and capital, partner liability, governance systems, procuration, veil piercing, director diligence, bank guarantees, insolvency duties and avoidance, compulsory settlement and restrictive agreements.

15% of this local bank

Administrative law, administrative procedure and administrative dispute

Legality and discretion, the right to be heard, exclusion, service, parts of a decision, appeals, finality, reopening, supervisory right, nullity and review before the Administrative Court.

10% of this local bank

Foundations of labour law and social security

Employment relationships, fixed-term limits, ordinary and extraordinary dismissal, annual leave, protection of parents, labour court panels, old-age pension conditions after ZPIZ-2O and sick-pay rules.

10% of this local bank

Constitutional order, organisation of the judiciary and state administration, and EU law

Separation of powers, judicial protection, constitutional complaints and review, permanent judicial office, the Judicial Council, attorneys, the EU clause, preliminary references and direct effect.

Preparing for the Pravniški državni izpit (PDI) Exam

What You Need to Know

  • Passing score: At least 6 of 10 points on each written task and each oral area, and at least 48 points in total, or a proportionally lower total where part of the exam is recognised (ZPDI Article 28).
  • Assessment: Written part (ZPDI Articles 23–26): two tasks drafting a first-instance court decision, one civil and one criminal, 8 hours each, with statutes and legal literature allowed; each task is marked 0–10 by two commission members. A positive written part is required for the oral part; a candidate who fails one task with at least 8 points on the other repeats only the failed task. Oral part (ZPDI Article 27): civil, criminal, administrative law and procedure, foundations of commercial law, foundations of labour law, and constitutional order, organisation of the judiciary and state administration and foundations of EU law; at most 3 hours in total, with questions based on practical cases.
  • Time limit: Two 8-hour written tasks; the oral part lasts at most 3 hours.
  • Exam / certification fees: €702.92 (six-member commission) or €620.86 (five-member commission); €92.23 to repeat one written task; €326.44 or €299.09 to repeat one oral area. Official sources

Using Our Practice Resources

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Pravniški državni izpit (PDI): Suggested Study Strategy

1Practise drafting complete first-instance civil and criminal decisions within 8 hours, with every part the ZPP or ZKP requires (introduction, operative part, reasoning and legal instruction).
2In the civil task, decide the main and ancillary claims within the limits of the claim and decide costs only on their basis (who bears them by success); CIP does not require cost calculations.
3Study the six oral areas listed in ZPDI Article 27, working from the official Seznam pravnih virov in literature, and expect questions built on practical cases.
4Check amendments: candidates must know new regulations published at least 60 days before the decision allowing them to sit the exam.
5Keep exact Slovenian legal terms (ničnost, izpodbojnost, silobran, pripor, dokončnost, pravnomočnost) and the article numbers of the main codes ready for the oral part.

Frequently Asked Questions

Who administers the Pravniški državni izpit in Slovenia?

The Ministry of Justice administers the PDI through its Judicial Training Centre (Center za izobraževanje v pravosodju, CIP). Applications go to the Ministry of Justice, and the minister, or the CIP director by authorisation, sets the exam dates and the members of each examination commission.

Is there a separate bar exam run by the Slovenian Bar Association?

Under Article 25(1) of the Zakon o odvetništvu (ZOdv), an attorney must have passed the state PDI and must also pass a separate test at the Odvetniška zbornica Slovenije on the act governing the profession, the attorney tariff and the Code of Professional Ethics. That Bar test is oral and taken before a three-member commission of attorneys under a Ministry of Justice rulebook. This page covers only the PDI.

What is the format of the PDI?

The written part has two tasks, drafting a first-instance civil court decision and a first-instance criminal court decision, each lasting 8 hours, with statutes and legal literature allowed; since 1 September 2026 it is taken electronically at CIP. Candidates with a positive written part take the oral exam in six statutory areas, which lasts at most 3 hours.

What are the passing rules and how many attempts are allowed?

Each written task and each oral area is scored 0–10 and needs at least 6 points, and the total must be at least 48 points (ZPDI Article 28). One failed area can sometimes be repeated without counting as a new attempt, but a candidate who fails after the third permitted attempt may not sit again (ZPDI Article 20).

How do these practice questions relate to the real exam?

They are an independent English-language MCQ study adaptation covering the statutory areas of the PDI. The official exam is taken in Slovene and assesses judgment drafting and oral legal reasoning, so this bank is not an official translation, a format simulation or a substitute for drafting and oral practice.