100+ Free PNO Oftalmologia CBO Practice Questions

Prepare for the PNO — Prova Nacional de Oftalmologia / Título de Especialista em Oftalmologia (Conselho Brasileiro de Oftalmologia / AMB) exam with instant access — no signup required.

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2026 Statistics

Key Facts: PNO Oftalmologia CBO Exam

130 Items + OSCE

Official Theoretical Questions (Teórica I, Teórica II, Teórico-Prática) plus In-Person Practical OSCE

Edital Oficial PNO — CBO/AMB

60% (6.0/10.0)

Minimum Passing Grade Benchmark across examination phases

Regulamento Oficial CBO/AMB

3 Years

Accredited Residency / Specialization training duration requirement

Conselho Brasileiro de Oftalmologia (CBO)

R$ 4.737,00

General Registration Fee (reduced tiers for CBO members and accredited residents)

Edital PNO CBO/AMB

RQE Oftalmologia

Specialist Registration Credential Conferred with CFM

Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM) / AMB

Annual

Official Examination Frequency Conducted by CBO/AMB

Conselho Brasileiro de Oftalmologia (CBO)

The PNO (CBO/AMB) is the premier Brazilian ophthalmology board certification examination, composed of rigorous theoretical papers (basic sciences, clinical/surgical subspecialties, and case/image interpretation) and an in-person practical OSCE. Successful candidates receive the Título de Especialista em Oftalmologia and RQE registration with the CFM.

Sample PNO Oftalmologia CBO Practice Questions

Try these sample questions to test your PNO Oftalmologia CBO exam readiness. Each question includes a detailed explanation. Start the interactive quiz above for the full 100+ question experience with AI tutoring.

1A patient wearing spectacles with a power of +4.00 D in both eyes looks through a point located 5 mm temporal (lateral) to the optical center of the right lens. According to Prentice's rule, what is the induced prismatic power and the base orientation of the prism in the right eye?

A.2.0 prism diopters with base OUT (base temporal).

B.2.0 prism diopters with base IN (base nasal).

C.0.8 prism diopters with base OUT (base temporal).

D.20.0 prism diopters with base IN (base nasal).

Explanation: Prentice's rule gives the magnitude: P = c × D = 0.5 cm × 4.00 D = 2.0 prism diopters. For the base direction, a plus (convex) lens behaves as two prisms joined base-to-base at the optical center, so at any peripheral point the local prism base points back towards the optical center. Because the line of sight here passes temporal to the optical center, the base points nasally — a base-in effect. Equivalently, a converging lens must deviate the ray at that point back towards the optical axis (nasally), and a prism deviates light towards its base.

2Light originating from a point object positioned 50 cm in front of a thin converging lens of +6.00 D power in air passes through the lens. At what distance from the lens will the real image be focused?

A.25 cm behind the lens (+25 cm).

B.16.7 cm behind the lens (+16.7 cm).

C.50 cm behind the lens (+50 cm).

D.12.5 cm behind the lens (+12.5 cm).

Explanation: Using the vergence equation L' = L + F, where L is object vergence (L = 1 / -0.50 m = -2.00 D) and F is lens power (+6.00 D), the image vergence is L' = -2.00 D + 6.00 D = +4.00 D. The image distance l' is the reciprocal of image vergence: l' = 1 / +4.00 D = +0.25 m = +25 cm behind the lens.

3Which of the following represents the correct plus-cylinder spherocylindrical transposition of the prescription +2.50 -1.75 × 080°?

A.+0.75 +1.75 × 170°

B.+0.75 +1.75 × 080°

C.+4.25 +1.75 × 170°

D.+0.75 -1.75 × 170°

Explanation: To transpose a spherocylindrical prescription to plus cylinder form: (1) algebraically add the sphere and cylinder powers for the new sphere: +2.50 + (-1.75) = +0.75 D; (2) change the sign of the cylinder power to plus: +1.75 D; and (3) rotate the cylinder axis by 90°: 080° + 90° = 170°. The transposed prescription is +0.75 +1.75 × 170°.

4During subjective manifest refraction using a Jackson Cross-Cylinder (JCC) with ±0.25 D powers to refine the cylinder axis, how should the JCC be oriented relative to the correcting cylinder axis, and how should the axis be adjusted when the patient prefers a flip position?

A.Align the handle of the JCC parallel to the trial cylinder axis (placing JCC axes at 45° to the trial axis), and rotate the trial cylinder axis toward the red (minus) mark on the preferred flip position.

B.Align the red (minus) axis of the JCC directly over the trial cylinder axis, and rotate the trial cylinder axis away from the red mark.

C.Align the white (plus) axis of the JCC directly over the trial cylinder axis, and increase the sphere power by +0.25 D for every 5° of axis rotation.

D.Align the handle of the JCC at 45° to the trial cylinder axis, and rotate the trial cylinder axis toward the white (plus) mark regardless of whether plus or minus cylinder is used.

Explanation: To refine the cylinder axis with a Jackson Cross-Cylinder, the handle is aligned directly over the axis of the correcting cylinder, which places the two principal power axes (red/minus and white/plus) straddling the axis at 45° on either side. When the lens is flipped and the patient indicates a preference, the correcting cylinder axis is rotated toward the corresponding mark of the same sign (toward the red/minus mark if using minus cylinder format, 'red chase red').

5An examiner performs static retinoscopy at a working distance of 50 cm. Neutralization of the reflex in all meridians is achieved with a +4.50 D trial lens in front of the patient's eye. What is the patient's true refractive error?

A.+2.50 D hyperopia.

B.+4.50 D hyperopia.

C.+6.50 D hyperopia.

D.-2.50 D myopia.

Explanation: The gross retinoscopy finding must be corrected by subtracting the working distance vergence (working distance lens). At 50 cm (0.5 m), the working distance vergence is 1 / 0.50 m = +2.00 D. Subtracting +2.00 D from the gross neutralization power (+4.50 D) gives the net refractive error: +4.50 D - 2.00 D = +2.50 D.

6A 28-year-old patient has keratometry readings of 42.50 D @ 180° and 45.00 D @ 090°. Which type of astigmatism is present, and what is the correcting cylinder in minus-cylinder format?

A.With-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism, corrected with -2.50 D cylinder axis 180°.

B.Against-the-rule (ATR) astigmatism, corrected with -2.50 D cylinder axis 090°.

C.With-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism, corrected with -2.50 D cylinder axis 090°.

D.Oblique astigmatism, corrected with -2.50 D cylinder axis 045°.

Explanation: With-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism occurs when the vertical corneal meridian is steeper (more refractive power) than the horizontal meridian (45.00 D @ 90° vs 42.50 D @ 180°). To correct WTR astigmatism in minus-cylinder format, the minus cylinder is placed with its power along the steep 90° meridian, which corresponds to an axis oriented horizontally at 180° (-2.50 D cyl × 180°).

7In wavefront aberrometry and optical quality analysis based on Zernike polynomial expansion, how are 3rd-order and 4th-order higher-order aberrations (HOAs) classified, and what optical effect does positive spherical aberration produce?

A.3rd-order aberrations represent coma and trefoil; 4th-order aberrations include spherical aberration (Z4^0); positive spherical aberration causes peripheral marginal light rays to bend more steeply and focus in front of central paraxial rays.

B.3rd-order aberrations represent spherical aberration; 4th-order aberrations represent trefoil and coma; positive spherical aberration causes central paraxial rays to focus in front of marginal rays.

C.2nd-order aberrations represent coma and trefoil; 3rd-order aberrations represent defocus and astigmatism; positive spherical aberration causes total elimination of depth of focus.

D.4th-order aberrations represent piston and tilt; 3rd-order aberrations represent secondary astigmatism; positive spherical aberration causes monochromatic light dispersion.

Explanation: In Zernike polynomial classification of wavefront aberrations, 1st-order represents tilt/piston, 2nd-order represents lower-order aberrations (defocus/sphere and regular astigmatism), 3rd-order comprises coma (horizontal/vertical) and trefoil, and 4th-order includes spherical aberration (Z4^0) and secondary astigmatism. Positive spherical aberration occurs when peripheral marginal rays undergo greater refraction than paraxial rays, focusing anterior to paraxial rays and creating halo and glare under mesopic conditions.

8A contact lens specialist fits a Rigid Gas Permeable (RGP) contact lens on a patient with flat K of 43.00 D. If the base curve of the RGP lens is selected steeper than K at 44.00 D, what type of lacrimal (tear) lens is formed between the posterior lens surface and the anterior cornea, and what power compensation must be applied to the contact lens power?

A.A positive (+1.00 D) tear lens is created; therefore, -1.00 D must be added to the contact lens power (SAM rule: Steeper Add Minus).

B.A negative (-1.00 D) tear lens is created; therefore, +1.00 D must be added to the contact lens power (FAP rule: Flatter Add Plus).

C.A neutral plano tear lens is created; no change in contact lens power is required.

D.A positive (+2.00 D) tear lens is created; therefore, +2.00 D must be added to the contact lens power.

Explanation: When an RGP lens base curve is steeper than the corneal curvature (flatter K), the tear layer is thicker centrally than peripherally, creating a positive meniscus (converging) tear lens equal to the difference in curvature (44.00 - 43.00 = +1.00 D). To compensate for this induced plus power, minus power must be added to the contact lens prescription following the classic SAM rule (Steeper Add Minus / Flatter Add Plus).

9A patient with high myopia has a spectacle refraction of -10.00 D measured at a vertex distance of 12 mm (0.012 m). What is the required contact lens power at the corneal plane (vertex distance = 0 mm)?

A.-8.93 D (approximately -9.00 D).

B.-11.36 D (approximately -11.50 D).

C.-10.00 D (no vertex adjustment is needed for minus lenses).

D.-7.50 D.

Explanation: The effective power at the cornea Fc is calculated using the vertex distance formula Fc = F / (1 - d × F), where F = -10.00 D and d = 0.012 m: Fc = -10.00 / (1 - (0.012 × -10.00)) = -10.00 / (1 + 0.12) = -10.00 / 1.12 = -8.93 D. Moving a minus lens closer to the eye increases its effective minus power, so a weaker minus contact lens (-8.93 D / ~-9.00 D) is required at the corneal plane.

10Knapp's rule describes retinal image size in uncorrected versus spectacle-corrected axial ametropia. Which statement accurately states Knapp's law and its clinical implications for aniseikonia?

A.When a correcting spectacle lens is placed at the anterior focal point of an axially ametropic eye (approximately 15 mm in front of the cornea), the retinal image size is identical to that of an emmetropic standard eye.

B.When a contact lens is placed at the corneal plane of an axially ametropic eye, the retinal image size remains identical to that of an emmetropic eye.

C.Knapp's rule applies exclusively to refractive ametropia (e.g., aphakia, keratoconus) and dictates that spectacles always maximize aniseikonia compared to contact lenses.

D.Knapp's rule demonstrates that spectacle correction of axial anisometropia creates severe aniseikonia (>5%), mandating contact lenses in all axial myopes.

Explanation: Knapp's law states that when an ametropic eye whose refractive error is purely axial in origin is corrected by a spectacle lens placed at the eye's anterior focal point (usually ~15 mm from the cornea), the size of the retinal image formed is equal to that of a standard emmetropic eye. In contrast, for refractive ametropia (corneal or lenticular curvature anomalies), contact lenses minimize aniseikonia.

About the PNO Oftalmologia CBO Exam

The Prova Nacional de Oftalmologia (PNO) is the official national board certification examination in Brazil administered by the Conselho Brasileiro de Oftalmologia (CBO) in partnership with the Associação Médica Brasileira (AMB). Earning the Título de Especialista em Oftalmologia is the statutory pathway to obtaining the Registro de Qualificação de Especialista (RQE) with the Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM). The exam tests comprehensive competence across optics and refraction, cataract surgery and intraocular lens biometry, glaucoma management and gonioscopy, retina and vitreous disease, cornea and external ocular disease, uveitis and ocular immunology, strabismus and pediatric ophthalmology, oculoplastics and orbit, and neuro-ophthalmology based on the official 'Série Oftalmologia Brasileira' curriculum.

Assessment

Four-stage examination run by the Conselho Brasileiro de Oftalmologia (CBO) with the AMB. The three theoretical papers are applied remotely and synchronously on one day through a dedicated platform installed on the candidate's own computer, and a mandatory pre-test (pré-teste) must be completed beforehand. Prova Teórica I — Oftalmologia Básica: 50 four-option MCQs. Prova Teórico-Prática — Análise de Casos: 50 four-option MCQs answered from clinical images and videos. Prova Teórica II — Oftalmologia Clínica e Cirúrgica: 100 four-option MCQs. Prova Prática — Exame de Paciente: in-person clinical examination of patients before a CBO board, restricted to candidates who met the theoretical thresholds.

Time Limit

Single remote theory day: Prova Teórica I 09h00–10h45 (1h45), Prova Teórico-Prática 11h15–13h00 (1h45), Prova Teórica II 14h30–18h30 (4h); the in-person Prova Prática is scheduled separately over a multi-day window.

Passing Score

Minimum overall qualifying score of at least 60% (grade 6.0/10.0) across theoretical and practical evaluations as established by the CBO/AMB Edital.

Exam Fee

R$ 4.737,00 (standard registration fee; reduced tiers available for CBO-accredited program residents and fully paid CBO members as specified in the annual edital). (Conselho Brasileiro de Oftalmologia (CBO) — Associação Médica Brasileira (AMB))

PNO Oftalmologia CBO Exam Content Outline

12%

Óptica, Refração e Visão Subnormal

Geometric optics, vergence equations, focal lengths, Prentice's rule (induced prism calculation), spherocylindrical lens transposition, cross-cylinder retinoscopy, wavefront aberrations (Zernike polynomials), contact lens fitting (RGP vs soft lenses, base curve and sagitta), and low vision optical aids (telescopes, magnifiers).

12%

Cristalino, Catarata e Cirurgia Refrativa

Embryology and biochemistry of the crystalline lens, cataract morphological classifications (nuclear, cortical, posterior subcapsular), phacoemulsification fluidics (inflow, aspiration flow rate, vacuum, compliance, surge protection), ultrasound power modes (continuous, pulse, burst, torsional/longitudinal), modern IOL calculation formulas (Barrett Universal II, Hill-RBF, Kane, Haigis-L, Barrett True-K post-refractive formulas), management of intraoperative capsular rupture and dropped nucleus, toric and multifocal IOL alignment, and laser corneal refractive surgery (LASIK flap dynamics, PRK mitomycin-C protocols, SMILE, PTK).

14%

Glaucoma e Tonometria

Aqueous humor secretion (active transport, ultrafiltration) and outflow pathways (trabecular meshwork unconventional uveoscleral route), Goldmann applanation tonometry principles and corneal biomechanics, gonioscopy classifications (Shaffer grade 0-4, Spaeth system, pseudo-angle closure vs plateau iris), Humphrey visual field 24-2/10-2 interpretation (pattern standard deviation, mean deviation, VFI, Glaucoma Hemifield Test), OCT RNFL and ganglion cell complex analysis, medical therapy pharmacology (prostaglandin analogues, beta-blockers, alpha-2 agonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, rho-kinase inhibitors), laser trabeculoplasty (ALT/SLT), laser peripheral iridotomy, filtering surgery (trabeculectomy with mitomycin C, bleb management, 5-FU needle revision), glaucoma drainage devices (Ahmed/Baerveldt), and micro-invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS).

15%

Retina, Vítreo e Doenças Vasculares

Diabetic retinopathy (ETDRS classification, 4-2-1 rule for severe NPDR, high-risk PDR criteria, diabetic macular edema OCT classification and anti-VEGF protocols), central and branch retinal vein occlusions (CRVO/BRVO, macular edema management, neovascular glaucoma prevention), retinal artery occlusions (CRAO/BRAO, cilioretinal artery sparing, emergency management), age-related macular degeneration (dry geographic atrophy vs wet neovascular AMD, choroidal neovascularization subtypes Type 1/2/3, anti-VEGF treatment regimens Treat-and-Extend vs Pro Re Nata), rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (Lincoff rules for locating retinal breaks, pneumatic retinopexy, scleral buckling, pars plana vitrectomy, tamponades silicone oil vs gas C3F8/SF6), central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR pathophysiology and photodynamic therapy), and hereditary retinal dystrophies (Retinitis Pigmentosa, Stargardt disease ABCA4, Best vitelliform dystrophy BEST1, cone-rod dystrophies).

14%

Córnea, Doenças Externas e Superfície Ocular

Keratoconus and corneal ectasias (tomographic parameters, Belin-Ambrósio display, corneal cross-linking CXL indications, intrastromal corneal ring segments), corneal dystrophies (IC3D classification: Reis-Bücklers, Thiel-Behnke, Granular Type 1/2, Lattice, Macular, Fuchs endothelial dystrophy, posterior polymorphous), infectious keratitis diagnosis and management (Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, fungal keratitis Fusarium/Aspergillus, Acanthamoeba, HSV dendritic vs amoeboid keratitis, herpes zoster ophthalmicus), dry eye disease (TFOS DEWS II classification, osmolarity, tear break-up time, meibomian gland dysfunction), ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN), and corneal transplantation techniques (Penetrating Keratoplasty PK, Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty DALK, Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty DSAEK, Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty DMEK).

11%

Uveítes, Inflamações Oculares e Imunologia

Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) anatomic classification and grading of anterior chamber cells and flare, acute anterior uveitis (HLA-B27 associated, ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis, herpetic keratouveitis with elevated IOP), intermediate uveitis (pars planitis, snowbanks/snowballs, MS association), posterior and panuveitis (ocular toxoplasmosis classical 'headlight in the fog' presentation and quadruple therapy protocols, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome systemic phases and Dalen-Fuchs nodules, Behçet disease retinal vasculitis and hypopyon, ocular sarcoidosis candle-wax mutton-fat precipitates, acute retinal necrosis ARN vs PORN in immunocompromised patients), infectious endophthalmitis (Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study EVS criteria, tap-and-inject vancomycin/ceftazidime), and systemic immunomodulatory biological therapies.

11%

Estrabismo e Oftalmopediatria

Visual sensory adaptations (amblyopia critical periods, occlusion therapy, anomalous retinal correspondence, suppression scotomas), binocular motor alignment (Hirschberg, Krimsky, prism cover test), infantile esotropia (onset <6 months, cross-fixation, inferior oblique overaction, DVD), accommodative esotropia (refractive vs non-refractive high AC/A ratio gradient method), intermittent and constant exotropias, pattern strabismus (A and V patterns, oblique muscle surgery), Retinopathy of Prematurity (ICROP3 guidelines, zone I/II/III, stage 1-5, plus/pre-plus disease, aggressive ROP, laser photocoagulation vs intravitreal anti-VEGF), Retinoblastoma (International Intraocular Retinoblastoma Classification IIRC Group A-E, RB1 tumor suppressor gene, leukocoria differential diagnosis, enucleation vs systemic chemotherapy / intra-arterial chemotherapy), and pediatric congenital glaucoma (buphthalmos, corneal enlargement >12mm, Haab striae, goniotomy, trabeculotomy).

11%

Neuroftalmologia, Órbita e Plástica Ocular

Topographic visual field defects along the visual pathway (optic nerve central scotoma, junctional scotoma of Wilbrand knee, optic chiasm bitemporal hemianopia, optic tract and optic radiations incongruous vs congruous homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing), optic neuritis (Multiple Sclerosis Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial ONTT IV methylprednisolone protocols, MOGAD myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease, Aquaporin-4 neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder NMOSD), papilledema and idiopathic intracranial hypertension (Modified Dandy criteria, lumbar puncture opening pressure >250 mmH2O, acetazolamide, optic nerve sheath fenestration, VP shunt), ischemic optic neuropathies (Non-Arteritic NAION vs Arteritic AAION / Giant Cell Arteritis elevated ESR/CRP, temporal artery biopsy, immediate high-dose intravenous steroids), cranial nerve palsies (CN III oculomotor palsy with pupil involvement requiring urgent CTA/MRA for PCoA aneurysm, CN IV trochlear palsy with Parks-Bielschowsky three-step test, CN VI abducens palsy), pupillary abnormalities (Horner syndrome apraclonidine/cocaine testing, Adie tonic pupil low-dose pilocarpine 0.125%, Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect RAPD swinging flashlight test), Thyroid Eye Disease (EUGOGO classification, Clinical Activity Score CAS, orbital decompression, teprotumumab), orbital tumors (cavernous hemangioma, rhabdomyosarcoma, lacrimal gland tumors), ptosis evaluation (levator palpebrae superioris function, MRD1, Müller muscle-conjunctival resection vs levator advancement vs frontalis sling), and lacrimal obstruction (dacryocystitis, Jones tests, external vs endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy DCR).

How to Pass the PNO Oftalmologia CBO Exam

What You Need to Know

Passing score: Minimum overall qualifying score of at least 60% (grade 6.0/10.0) across theoretical and practical evaluations as established by the CBO/AMB Edital.
Assessment: Four-stage examination run by the Conselho Brasileiro de Oftalmologia (CBO) with the AMB. The three theoretical papers are applied remotely and synchronously on one day through a dedicated platform installed on the candidate's own computer, and a mandatory pre-test (pré-teste) must be completed beforehand. Prova Teórica I — Oftalmologia Básica: 50 four-option MCQs. Prova Teórico-Prática — Análise de Casos: 50 four-option MCQs answered from clinical images and videos. Prova Teórica II — Oftalmologia Clínica e Cirúrgica: 100 four-option MCQs. Prova Prática — Exame de Paciente: in-person clinical examination of patients before a CBO board, restricted to candidates who met the theoretical thresholds.
Time limit: Single remote theory day: Prova Teórica I 09h00–10h45 (1h45), Prova Teórico-Prática 11h15–13h00 (1h45), Prova Teórica II 14h30–18h30 (4h); the in-person Prova Prática is scheduled separately over a multi-day window.
Exam fee: R$ 4.737,00 (standard registration fee; reduced tiers available for CBO-accredited program residents and fully paid CBO members as specified in the annual edital).

Keys to Passing

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PNO Oftalmologia CBO Study Tips from Top Performers

1Master Optical Calculations and Formulas: Be fluent in vergence calculations, Prentice's rule for prism displacement (P = c × D), spherocylindrical lens transpositions, Jackson cross-cylinder mechanics, and modern IOL calculation formulas (vergence vs artificial intelligence/Hill-RBF vs ray tracing).

2Correlate Multimodality Ophthalmic Imaging: Systematically review OCT scans (RNFL, GCC, intraretinal cystoid spaces, subretinal fluid, choroidal neovascularization, drusen, vitreomacular traction), fluorescein angiograms (hyperfluorescence vs hypofluorescence, leakage, pooling, staining, window defects), corneal tomography (Belin-Ambrósio BAD-D, pachymetry maps), and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) for angle structures.

3Internalize Glaucoma and Gonioscopy Classifications: Memorize Shaffer angles (Grade 0 to 4), Spaeth grading, normal vs abnormal Humphrey visual field criteria (GHT, PSD, VFI), medical hypotensive mechanisms, and surgical complications (overfiltration, bleb leak, malignant glaucoma/aqueous misdirection).

4Memorize Diabetic Retinopathy and Macular Disease Protocols: Master the ETDRS 4-2-1 rule for severe NPDR, high-risk PDR criteria, anti-VEGF injection regimens (treat-and-extend vs PRN), and vitreoretinal surgical indications for retinal detachment (Lincoff rules).

5Review Pediatric & Strabismus Critical Windows: Memorize the ICROP3 Retinopathy of Prematurity zones, stages, and plus disease criteria; amblyopia treatment protocols; infantile vs accommodative esotropia differentiation (gradient AC/A ratio); and retinoblastoma IIRC classification Group A through E.

6Systematize Neuro-Ophthalmology Localization: Master visual field defect patterns (bitemporal hemianopia, homonymous hemianopia with/without macular sparing, junctional scotoma), pupil testing algorithms (Horner apraclonidine test, Adie 0.125% pilocarpine test, RAPD), and cranial nerve III, IV, and VI paresis clinical diagnostic tests (Parks-Bielschowsky 3-step test).

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the PNO and why is it essential for ophthalmologists in Brazil?

The Prova Nacional de Oftalmologia (PNO) is the official medical specialist certification examination organized by the Conselho Brasileiro de Oftalmologia (CBO) in partnership with the Associação Médica Brasileira (AMB). Passing the PNO is the prerequisite to obtaining the Título de Especialista em Oftalmologia and registering the specialized credential (Registro de Qualificação de Especialista - RQE) with the Regional Medical Councils (CRMs) and Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM), legally qualifying a physician as an ophthalmologist in Brazil.

What are the eligibility requirements to sit for the PNO examination?

Candidates must hold an active, unrestricted medical license (CRM) in Brazil and fulfill one of the official qualification pathways: (1) Enrollment in the final year or graduation from a 3-year CBO-accredited Ophthalmology Specialization Program; (2) Completion of an accredited CNRM/MEC Medical Residency Program in Ophthalmology; or (3) Documented ophthalmological clinical practice for at least double the standard residency duration (6 years), substantiated by verified institutional documentation meeting CBO curricular criteria.

How is the PNO examination structured across its stages?

The PNO is divided into theoretical and practical stages: (1) Prova Teórica I (50 MCQs on basic sciences, optics, refraction, anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology); (2) Prova Teórica II (50 MCQs on clinical and surgical subspecialties); (3) Prova Teórico-Prática (30 image/video-based clinical cases); and (4) Prova Prática (an in-person OSCE testing biomicroscopy, indirect fundoscopy, gonioscopy, retinoscopy/refraction, and strabismus semiology on standardized patients and simulators).

What is the passing score and grading criteria for the PNO?

Candidates must attain a minimum overall passing score of at least 60% (grade 6.0 on a 10.0 scale) across the theoretical and practical components as stipulated in the official annual CBO/AMB Edital.

Which official textbooks and literature form the basis of the PNO questions?

The examination is primarily based on the official 'Série Oftalmologia Brasileira' textbook collection published by the Conselho Brasileiro de Oftalmologia (CBO) across all major subspecialties, complemented by international consensus guidelines (AAO Basic and Clinical Science Course BCSC, ETDRS, ICROP3, SUN, EUGOGO, IC3D).

Why is this OpenExamPrep practice bank presented in English?

This practice bank is an English-language study adaptation designed to support Brazilian ophthalmology trainees and international ophthalmologists preparing for comprehensive board examinations. All authentic Brazilian clinical terminology, CBO guideline names, and surgical classifications are preserved inline.