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Which federal law established the seven protected classes that form the foundation of fair housing in the United States?

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2026 Statistics

Key Facts: AHWD Exam

7

Federal Protected Classes

Fair Housing Act 1968

70%

Passing Score

NAR

7 hrs

AHWD Course Length

NAR

$75

Certification Application Fee

NAR

Dec 2023

HUD Disparate Impact Final Rule

24 CFR Part 100

2021

HUD LGBTQ+ Guidance (post-Bostock)

HUD Memorandum

AHWD is NAR's certification for serving diverse clients while complying with the Fair Housing Act of 1968, ADA Title III, and the NAR Code of Ethics Article 10. Earning AHWD requires active REALTOR membership, completion of the 7-hour course, a passing score of 70% on the assessment, and a $75 application fee. The 2026 curriculum reflects HUD's December 2023 disparate impact final rule and 2021 sexual orientation and gender identity guidance issued after Bostock v. Clayton County. AHWD is widely used by brokerages to satisfy fair housing training requirements and reduce discrimination liability.

Sample AHWD Practice Questions

Try these sample questions to test your AHWD exam readiness. Each question includes a detailed explanation. Start the interactive quiz above for the full 100+ question experience with AI tutoring.

1Which federal law established the seven protected classes that form the foundation of fair housing in the United States?
A.Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
B.Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 (the Fair Housing Act)
C.The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
D.Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
Explanation: Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 — commonly called the Fair Housing Act — is the federal statute that prohibits housing discrimination based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, familial status, and disability. Title VII of the 1964 Act covers employment, the ADA covers public accommodations and employment, and Section 504 covers federally funded programs only.
2Which of the following is NOT one of the seven protected classes under the federal Fair Housing Act?
A.Familial status
B.Disability
C.Sexual orientation
D.National origin
Explanation: The seven federal protected classes are race, color, national origin, religion, sex, familial status, and disability. Sexual orientation is not in the statutory text, although HUD's 2021 guidance interprets 'sex' to include sexual orientation and gender identity following Bostock v. Clayton County (2020), and many states and cities expressly add it.
3An agent shows a Hispanic family only homes in predominantly Hispanic neighborhoods, even though the family asked about other areas. This conduct is best described as:
A.Blockbusting
B.Steering
C.Redlining
D.Disparate impact
Explanation: Steering is directing prospective buyers toward or away from specific neighborhoods based on a protected class such as national origin or race. It violates the Fair Housing Act regardless of the agent's intent and regardless of whether the buyers complain. Blockbusting involves inducing sales by suggesting protected-class members are moving in; redlining is denying credit or insurance based on neighborhood; disparate impact is a facially neutral policy with discriminatory effect.
4Which fair housing violation involves convincing homeowners to sell by suggesting that members of a protected class are moving into the neighborhood?
A.Steering
B.Redlining
C.Blockbusting
D.Restrictive covenants
Explanation: Blockbusting (also called panic peddling) is inducing sales by representing that members of a protected class are entering the neighborhood and that property values will decline. It violates Section 804(e) of the Fair Housing Act. The conduct is illegal even if the representations are accurate.
5A lender refuses to issue mortgages on properties in a particular ZIP code because most residents are racial minorities. This practice is called:
A.Steering
B.Redlining
C.Disparate treatment
D.Predatory lending
Explanation: Redlining is the practice of denying or limiting credit, insurance, or other services in neighborhoods based on the racial or ethnic composition of residents. It violates the Fair Housing Act and the Equal Credit Opportunity Act. The term comes from lenders historically drawing red lines on maps around minority neighborhoods.
6In Texas Department of Housing v. Inclusive Communities Project (2015), the U.S. Supreme Court held that:
A.Disparate impact claims are not cognizable under the Fair Housing Act
B.Disparate impact claims are cognizable under the Fair Housing Act
C.Only intentional discrimination is actionable under the FHA
D.Sexual orientation is a protected class under the FHA
Explanation: The Supreme Court held 5-4 in Inclusive Communities (2015) that disparate impact claims are cognizable under the Fair Housing Act, meaning a facially neutral policy can violate the FHA if it has a discriminatory effect on a protected class. HUD's December 2023 final rule reinstated the burden-shifting framework for disparate impact analysis.
7HUD's final rule restoring the disparate impact burden-shifting framework was issued in:
A.December 2020
B.March 2022
C.December 2023
D.January 2025
Explanation: HUD issued its final rule restoring the 2013 disparate impact framework in December 2023 (effective March 2024). The rule re-establishes the three-step burden-shifting analysis: the plaintiff must show discriminatory effect, the defendant must show a legitimate substantial interest, and the plaintiff must show a less discriminatory alternative.
8Familial status under the Fair Housing Act protects:
A.All families regardless of size
B.Households with one or more children under age 18 and pregnant women
C.Only married couples with children
D.Only single-parent households
Explanation: Familial status under Section 802(k) of the FHA covers households with one or more individuals under age 18 living with a parent or legal custodian, persons securing custody of such individuals, and pregnant women. Marital status is not part of the federal definition, although some states add it.
9Which of the following is most likely to be added as a protected class at the state or local level beyond the seven federal classes?
A.Eye color
B.Source of income
C.Astrological sign
D.Hair length
Explanation: Common state and local additions to the seven federal classes include source of income (e.g., Section 8 vouchers), age (over 40), marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity, military or veteran status, and ancestry. Many cities prohibit refusing to accept Housing Choice Vouchers as discrimination on source of income.
10An agent posts an MLS description that says 'Perfect for a young professional couple — quiet building, no kids next door.' This advertisement most likely violates:
A.Only state advertising rules
B.FHA prohibitions on discriminatory advertising based on familial status and possibly age
C.Nothing, because preferences are allowed in advertising
D.Only the NAR Code of Ethics, not federal law
Explanation: Section 804(c) of the Fair Housing Act prohibits advertising that indicates a preference, limitation, or discrimination based on a protected class. 'No kids next door' signals a familial status preference, and 'young professional' signals age (in jurisdictions where age is protected) and familial status. HUD advertising guidance (24 CFR Part 109) treats such language as a violation regardless of intent.

About the AHWD Exam

The AHWD (At Home With Diversity) is a NAR certification that trains REALTORS to serve multicultural clients in compliance with the Fair Housing Act. The 7-hour course and assessment cover the seven federal protected classes, steering, blockbusting, redlining, disparate impact, ADA Title III, FHA reasonable accommodations, HOPA, LGBTQ+ guidance, and risk-reduction documentation practices.

Questions

100 scored questions

Time Limit

1 hour

Passing Score

70%

Exam Fee

$75 + course materials (NAR)

AHWD Exam Content Outline

25%

Fair Housing Act & Protected Classes

Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, the seven federal protected classes (race, color, national origin, religion, sex, familial status, disability), state and local additions (source of income, age, marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity, military status, ancestry), steering, blockbusting, redlining, and disparate impact under Inclusive Communities Project v. Texas (2015) and HUD's December 2023 final rule.

20%

Cultural Competency & Communication

Cross-cultural communication, implicit bias awareness, working effectively with limited-English-proficiency clients, qualified interpreters, generational and religious values that affect housing decisions, and culturally appropriate buyer counseling and negotiation.

15%

Multicultural Marketing

Inclusive advertising imagery and copy, language-access marketing, demographic targeting that avoids steering, FHA advertising rules under 24 CFR Part 109, and outreach strategies that grow a diverse client base while staying compliant.

15%

Disability & Accessibility

ADA Title III public accommodations, Section 504 (federally funded properties), FHA reasonable accommodations (rule modifications such as ESAs) and reasonable modifications (physical alterations, paid by tenant in private housing), service animal versus emotional support animal distinctions, and FHA design and construction requirements for covered multifamily dwellings.

10%

Religion, Family Status & LGBTQ+ Considerations

Religious accommodation for prayer schedules and holy day showings, familial status protections (children under 18 and pregnant women), the Housing for Older Persons Act (HOPA) 55+ and 62+ exemptions, and HUD's 2021 guidance interpreting sex discrimination to include sexual orientation and gender identity following Bostock v. Clayton County (2020).

10%

Risk Reduction & Documentation

Equal service logs, consistent buyer counseling scripts, fair housing testing and paired-testing audits, brokerage training programs, complaint and HUD/DOJ investigation procedures, and documentation practices that reduce REALTOR and brokerage liability under federal, state, and local fair housing laws.

5%

NAR Code of Ethics

Article 10 nondiscrimination obligations (matches the FHA classes plus sexual orientation and gender identity), Standard of Practice 10-1 through 10-5, the 'hate speech' policy, and Pathways to Professionalism guidance for serving diverse clients.

How to Pass the AHWD Exam

What You Need to Know

  • Passing score: 70%
  • Exam length: 100 questions
  • Time limit: 1 hour
  • Exam fee: $75 + course materials

Keys to Passing

  • Complete 500+ practice questions
  • Score 80%+ consistently before scheduling
  • Focus on highest-weighted sections
  • Use our AI tutor for tough concepts

AHWD Study Tips from Top Performers

1Memorize the seven federal protected classes under the Fair Housing Act (race, color, national origin, religion, sex, familial status, disability) and know which ones your state and city add.
2Learn the precise definitions of steering, blockbusting, and redlining — exam questions test your ability to identify each violation in a fact pattern.
3Understand the difference between reasonable accommodation (rule change, e.g., ESA) and reasonable modification (physical alteration) under the FHA, and who pays for each.
4Master the service-animal-vs-ESA distinction across ADA Title III and FHA contexts; the public-access right is the key differentiator.
5Know the HOPA 62+ and 55+ exemption requirements, including the 80% rule and the age-verification documentation obligations.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the AHWD certification?

AHWD (At Home With Diversity) is a NAR certification awarded to REALTORS who complete a 7-hour course and pass an assessment on fair housing law, cultural competency, accessibility, multicultural marketing, and risk reduction. It signals that an agent is trained to serve clients across protected classes in compliance with the Fair Housing Act of 1968 and the NAR Code of Ethics Article 10. Many brokerages use AHWD to satisfy fair housing training requirements.

What are the requirements to earn AHWD?

To earn AHWD you must: 1) hold an active REALTOR membership, 2) complete the 7-hour AHWD course (in-person, virtual, or online with an approved provider), 3) pass the assessment with 70% or higher, and 4) submit the AHWD certification application with the $75 fee to NAR. There is no production, transaction, or experience requirement.

How much does AHWD cost?

The AHWD certification application fee is $75. Course tuition varies by provider, typically $80 to $150 depending on format. Total all-in cost is generally $155 to $250 for the course, materials, and certification fee. Active REALTOR membership dues are also required separately.

What is the difference between a service animal and an emotional support animal under fair housing law?

A service animal under the ADA is a dog (or in limited cases a miniature horse) individually trained to perform a task related to a person's disability and is allowed in public accommodations. An emotional support animal (ESA) provides comfort but is not task-trained; under the FHA, ESAs are a reasonable accommodation in housing only and have no public-access right. AHWD candidates must apply the FHA standard for housing requests and the ADA standard for offices and public spaces.

How does HOPA affect familial status discrimination rules?

The Housing for Older Persons Act (HOPA) exempts qualified senior communities from familial status protections under the Fair Housing Act. Two HOPA exemptions apply: 62+ communities where every resident must be 62 or older, and 55+ communities where at least 80% of occupied units must have a resident age 55 or older with the community publishing intent and verifying age. AHWD-certified agents must verify HOPA compliance documentation before marketing a property as age-restricted.

Does the Fair Housing Act protect LGBTQ+ buyers and renters?

Yes. Following the Supreme Court's Bostock v. Clayton County decision in 2020, HUD issued guidance in February 2021 interpreting the FHA's prohibition on sex discrimination to include sexual orientation and gender identity. Many states and cities also expressly add sexual orientation and gender identity as protected classes. NAR Code of Ethics Article 10 has explicitly listed both since 2011 (sexual orientation) and 2014 (gender identity), so REALTORS are bound by both legal and ethical standards.