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Failure of passive transfer in a 2-day-old calf is best diagnosed by:

A
B
C
D
to track
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Key Facts: ACT Exam

AVMA RVSO

Recognized 1971

ACT (theriogenology.org)

Multi-day

Exam Format

MCQ + essay + practical

3 yrs

Residency

ACT-approved program

Lifetime

Diplomate Status

With ongoing CE

ACT is the AVMA-recognized vet specialty board for animal reproduction. Multi-day exam with MCQ + essay + practical components. Master cow estrous cycle (21d, AM/PM AI rule), bovine BSE (SC ≥30 cm 1-2 yr / ≥34 cm 2+ yr, ≥30% motility, ≥70% normal morphology), mare cycle (ovulation 24-48h before end of estrus), bitch pregnancy (63d from LH surge), and species-specific abortion workup.

Sample ACT Practice Questions

Try these sample questions to test your ACT exam readiness. Each question includes a detailed explanation. Start the interactive quiz above for the full 100+ question experience with AI tutoring.

1What is the average length of the bovine estrous cycle?
A.14 days
B.17 days
C.21 days
D.28 days
Explanation: The bovine estrous cycle averages 21 days (range 18-24 days), driven by the lifespan of the corpus luteum and follicular waves.
2Standing estrus in the cow typically lasts how long?
A.2-4 hours
B.12-18 hours
C.24-36 hours
D.48-72 hours
Explanation: Standing estrus in the cow lasts approximately 12-18 hours, which drives the AM/PM rule for AI timing.
3Ovulation in the cow occurs approximately when relative to the end of standing estrus?
A.12 hours before end of estrus
B.At the onset of estrus
C.12 hours after end of estrus
D.48 hours after end of estrus
Explanation: Bovine ovulation occurs about 12 hours after the end of standing estrus (roughly 24-32 hours after onset), which is the basis for the AM/PM breeding rule.
4A cow is observed in standing heat at 7 AM. According to the AM/PM rule, when should she be inseminated?
A.Immediately at 7 AM
B.Late afternoon or evening of the same day
C.The following morning
D.48 hours later
Explanation: AM heat is bred in the PM of the same day to align sperm capacitation with ovulation, which occurs about 12 hours after the end of standing estrus.
5Average gestation length in the cow is approximately:
A.240 days
B.283 days
C.320 days
D.340 days
Explanation: Bovine gestation averages 283 days (about 9 months and 9 days), with breed variation (Holsteins shorter, Brahmans longer).
6Pregnancy in the cow can reliably be diagnosed by transrectal palpation starting at what stage?
A.10 days
B.30-35 days
C.60-90 days
D.120 days
Explanation: Experienced palpators can reliably detect pregnancy by 30-35 days using membrane slip; transrectal ultrasound can detect even earlier (28 days).
7A bovine fetus is exposed in utero to non-cytopathic BVDV between days 30 and 125 of gestation. What is the most likely outcome if the fetus survives?
A.Spontaneous clearance with seroconversion
B.Persistently infected (PI) calf
C.Mummification
D.Cleft palate only
Explanation: Fetal exposure to non-cytopathic BVDV during days 30-125 can result in immunotolerance and a persistently infected (PI) calf that sheds virus lifelong.
8Which Leptospira serovar is most commonly host-adapted to cattle and associated with chronic reproductive losses?
A.L. pomona
B.L. grippotyphosa
C.L. hardjo
D.L. icterohaemorrhagiae
Explanation: Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo (and L. interrogans Hardjo-prajitno) is the host-adapted bovine serovar causing chronic infertility, abortion, and milk drop.
9Which vaccine is required for replacement dairy heifers in the United States to prevent abortion and undulant fever?
A.Brucella abortus RB51
B.Mycobacterium bovis BCG
C.Coxiella burnetii Phase I
D.Anaplasma marginale
Explanation: Brucella abortus strain RB51 is the official calfhood vaccine in the U.S., administered to heifer calves between 4 and 12 months of age.
10What is the minimum acceptable scrotal circumference for a 2-year-old beef bull on a breeding soundness exam?
A.28 cm
B.30 cm
C.34 cm
D.40 cm
Explanation: The Society for Theriogenology requires a minimum scrotal circumference of 34 cm for bulls 24 months and older to be classified as a satisfactory potential breeder.

About the ACT Exam

AVMA-recognized veterinary specialty board for animal reproduction (theriogenology). Covers reproductive physiology, breeding management, andrology (BSE), assisted reproduction (AI/ET), parturition and dystocia, neonatology, abortion workup, and species-specific reproduction (bovine, equine, small animal, small ruminant, swine, exotic, lab animal). Question bank covers the MCQ portion of the multi-day exam.

Questions

165 scored questions

Time Limit

Multi-day (per ACT)

Passing Score

Per ACT (sectional pass/fail)

Exam Fee

Per ACT (ACT)

ACT Exam Content Outline

20%

Bovine Reproduction

Estrous cycle, AI, ET, BVD/IBR/Lepto, dystocia, BSE bull (SC, motility, morphology)

20%

Equine Reproduction

Mare cycle, semen evaluation, foaling, neonatal IgG (Brix ≥8.4 / IgG ≥800)

20%

Small Animal Reproduction

Canine + feline, pyometra (OHE), dystocia, pregnancy diagnosis (relaxin, US)

10%

Andrology & BSE

Breeding soundness exam — male/female, all species

10%

Neonatal & Pathology

Neonatal care, abortion workup, stillbirth, mummification, FAD

10%

Small Ruminant

Sheep/goat repro, EAE (Chlamydia abortus), Toxoplasma abortion

10%

Swine

Gilt synchronization, sow weaning-to-estrus, parvovirus SMEDI, PRRS

How to Pass the ACT Exam

What You Need to Know

  • Passing score: Per ACT (sectional pass/fail)
  • Exam length: 165 questions
  • Time limit: Multi-day (per ACT)
  • Exam fee: Per ACT

Keys to Passing

  • Complete 500+ practice questions
  • Score 80%+ consistently before scheduling
  • Focus on highest-weighted sections
  • Use our AI tutor for tough concepts

ACT Study Tips from Top Performers

1Master Society for Theriogenology BSE thresholds (bovine/stallion/canine) — high-yield exam content
2Memorize estrous cycle lengths: cow 21d, mare 21d (with seasonality), bitch 6 mo (variable), queen induced ovulator
3Drill abortion workup by species: BVD/Lepto/Brucella (cow), EHV-1/Lepto (mare), Brucella canis (bitch), Chlamydia/Toxo (sheep)
4Apply species-specific neonatal IgG: foal Brix ≥8.4 / IgG ≥800 mg/dL by 24h; calf colostrum quality
5Know SMEDI (porcine parvovirus): stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, infertility

Frequently Asked Questions

What are bovine BSE morphology and motility thresholds?

Society for Theriogenology bovine breeding soundness evaluation: scrotal circumference ≥30 cm at 12-14 months, ≥31 cm at 15-17 months, ≥34 cm at >24 months. Sperm motility ≥30% gross or progressive. Sperm morphology ≥70% normal cells. Plus normal physical exam, intact reproductive organs. Failure to meet ANY criterion = unsatisfactory breeder.

What is the AM/PM rule for bovine AI?

Detect heat in the AM → breed in the PM (8-12 hours later). Detect heat in the PM → breed the next AM. The rule reflects that ovulation occurs ~12 hours after the END of standing heat, and sperm need ~6 hours capacitation. AI timed to place sperm at the oviduct ampulla shortly before ovulation maximizes conception. With visual detection failing, modern operations use Heatime activity monitors or fixed-time AI with synchronized protocols.

How is canine pregnancy timed?

Canine pregnancy is 63 ± 1 day from the LH SURGE (not from breeding). Because LH surge precedes ovulation by ~48 hours and ovum maturation takes another 48-72 hours, breeding-to-parturition can range 56-72 days depending on timing of breeding relative to LH surge. Relaxin assay is the gold standard for confirming pregnancy from day 25; ultrasound from day 20-25. Whelping signs: rectal temp drop <100°F 12-24 hours pre-partum.

How should I study for ACT?

Plan 500-1,000+ hours over residency. Use the ACT exam blueprint to weight study time across species (bovine 20%, equine 20%, small animal 20%, andrology 10%, neonatal 10%, small ruminant 10%, swine 10%). Master Society for Theriogenology BSE protocols, species-specific reproductive endocrinology, and abortion workup algorithms. Case logs and publications are application requirements alongside the exam.