Free SPLE (Pharmacist) Exam Flashcards

Within physiological limits, increased venous return (preload) stretches cardiac muscle fibers and increases the force of ventricular contraction, raising stroke volume. Explains why the heart matches output to venous return without needing autonomic input.

Km (Michaelis constant) is the substrate concentration at half-maximal reaction velocity; lower Km means higher enzyme-substrate affinity. Vmax is the maximum reaction rate at enzyme saturation. Competitive inhibitors raise apparent Km but leave Vmax unchanged; noncompetitive inhibitors lower Vmax without changing Km.

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer with teichoic acids that retains crystal violet (stains purple). Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer plus an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS); they lose crystal violet and counterstain pink. LPS lipid A is the endotoxin responsible for septic shock.

Type I: immediate, IgE-mediated (anaphylaxis, urticaria — minutes). Type II: antibody-mediated cytotoxic (e.g., drug-induced hemolytic anemia). Type III: immune-complex mediated (e.g., serum sickness — hours to days). Type IV: delayed, T-cell mediated (e.g., contact dermatitis — 48-72 hours).

Patients who inherit two nonfunctional CYP2D6 alleles have little/no enzyme activity. Clinically important because codeine (a prodrug) is not efficiently converted to active morphine, reducing analgesia, while levels of drugs normally cleared by CYP2D6 (e.g., some beta-blockers, tricyclics) can accumulate and increase toxicity risk.

Beta-1 selective agents (metoprolol, atenolol, bisoprolol, esmolol) preferentially block cardiac beta-1 receptors with less bronchospasm risk. Nonselective agents (propranolol, nadolol, timolol) block beta-1 and beta-2, and should be used cautiously or avoided in asthma/COPD due to beta-2-mediated bronchoconstriction risk.

ACE inhibitors (e.g., enalapril, lisinopril) block conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, reducing vasoconstriction and aldosterone release. Key adverse effects: dry cough (bradykinin accumulation), hyperkalemia, angioedema, and acute kidney injury in bilateral renal artery stenosis. Contraindicated in pregnancy (fetotoxic, especially 2nd/3rd trimester).

Opioids (morphine, fentanyl, oxycodone) act primarily at mu-opioid receptors to produce analgesia, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, miosis, and constipation. Respiratory depression is the primary cause of opioid overdose death; naloxone is the mu-receptor antagonist used for emergency reversal.

NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX), blocking prostaglandin synthesis. COX-1 inhibition reduces protective gastric mucosal prostaglandins, raising GI bleeding/ulcer risk. Selective COX-2 inhibitors (e.g., celecoxib) spare COX-1 but carry an increased cardiovascular thrombotic risk (black box warning).

Overdose depletes hepatic glutathione, allowing the toxic metabolite NAPQI to accumulate and cause hepatocellular necrosis. Maximum recommended adult dose is generally 4 g/day (often limited to 3 g/day or less with chronic use, hepatic impairment, or alcohol use). Antidote: N-acetylcysteine (NAC), most effective when given within 8-10 hours of ingestion.

Warfarin inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1), blocking recycling of vitamin K and reducing synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X (and proteins C/S). Reversal for bleeding or supratherapeutic INR: hold dose, give oral or IV vitamin K, and use prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) or fresh frozen plasma for major/life-threatening bleeding.

A compounding calculation technique used to determine the ratio in which two components of different strengths (e.g., a stronger and a weaker/diluent strength) must be mixed to achieve a desired intermediate concentration. Set up as a tic-tac-toe grid: differences between the desired strength and each component give the mixing ratio (parts).

Clark's Rule estimates a child's dose from body weight: Child dose = (weight in lb / 150) x adult dose. It is a simplified approximation; body-surface-area-based dosing is generally more accurate for high-risk or narrow-therapeutic-index drugs.

BSA (m2) = square root of [(height in cm x weight in kg) / 3600]. BSA-based dosing is commonly used for chemotherapy and other narrow-therapeutic-index or pediatric drug dosing because it correlates better with metabolic rate than weight alone.

Flow rate (drops/min) = [Volume to infuse (mL) x drop factor (gtt/mL)] / Time (min). Example: 1000 mL over 8 hours (480 min) with a 15 gtt/mL set = (1000 x 15)/480 = about 31 gtt/min.

The concentration-volume dilution equation: initial concentration x initial volume = final concentration x final volume. Used to calculate how much stock solution and diluent are needed to prepare a specified volume at a lower target concentration.

A drug given at a fixed dosing interval reaches approximately 94% of steady-state concentration after 4 half-lives and about 97% after 5 half-lives, regardless of dose or dosing interval. This principle guides when to check drug levels and when to expect full therapeutic (or toxic) effect after starting or changing a dose.

Bioavailability is the fraction of an administered dose that reaches systemic circulation unchanged. IV administration has F = 100% by definition (the reference standard). Oral bioavailability is typically less than 100% due to incomplete absorption and hepatic first-pass metabolism.

Vd = Dose / initial plasma concentration (C0); it is a theoretical volume, not an actual body compartment. High Vd (e.g., digoxin, roughly 500 L) indicates extensive tissue binding/distribution outside plasma. Low Vd (e.g., warfarin, roughly 8-10 L) indicates a drug largely confined to plasma due to high protein binding.

USP <797>, revised effective November 1, 2023, classifies compounded sterile preparations (CSPs) into Category 1, 2, and 3 based on compounding conditions and environmental/microbial controls, replacing the older low/medium/high-risk system. Category 3 requires the strictest environmental controls and allows beyond-use dates up to 180 days.

Solution: drug fully dissolved in a single homogeneous liquid phase (no settling, clear). Suspension: insoluble solid drug particles dispersed in a liquid vehicle; must be shaken before use to redisperse settled particles. Emulsion: two immiscible liquids (oil and water) dispersed together and stabilized by an emulsifying agent.

St. John's Wort is a potent inducer of hepatic CYP3A4 and intestinal P-glycoprotein. It significantly reduces plasma levels and efficacy of oral contraceptives, cyclosporine, warfarin, and many other CYP3A4 substrates, and can cause serotonin syndrome if combined with SSRIs/other serotonergic drugs.

Ginkgo biloba inhibits platelet-activating factor and has antiplatelet activity, increasing bleeding risk when combined with anticoagulants (warfarin, DOACs) or antiplatelet agents (aspirin, clopidogrel). Patients should disclose herbal supplement use before surgery or when starting anticoagulant therapy.

The national regulatory authority responsible for registering and regulating medicines, medical devices, food, and cosmetics in Saudi Arabia. SFDA oversees drug licensing/registration, controlled-substance scheduling, and post-marketing pharmacovigilance — functionally similar to the US FDA or EMA.

The body responsible for professional classification, registration, and licensure of healthcare practitioners in Saudi Arabia. SCFHS develops and administers the SPLE and other licensure exams, delivered via Prometric, with eligibility applications processed through its Mumaris+ platform.

Under Saudi Arabia's Law of Combating Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, controlled substances are placed into schedules (I-V, similar in concept to the US model) based on abuse potential and accepted medical use. Pharmacies must meet strict storage, security, recordkeeping, and dispensing-documentation requirements for scheduled narcotics and psychotropics, and the SFDA can track controlled drugs electronically.

SFDA pharmacy-licensing regulation requires every licensed community/hospital pharmacy in Saudi Arabia to have a full-time, Saudi-licensed pharmacist serving as the technical (responsible) manager, accountable for the pharmacy's compliance, controlled-substance accounting, and overall pharmaceutical services.

The NPC is SFDA's division responsible for monitoring medication safety nationwide, including adverse drug reaction (ADR) collection, signal detection, risk management plans, and periodic safety update reports. Healthcare professionals and patients report ADRs through SFDA's electronic reporting system (branded 'Tiyaqquz'), launched in 2018.

Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other medicine-related problem, spanning the full product lifecycle from clinical trials through post-marketing surveillance.

A pharmacoeconomic method comparing the cost of two or more treatment options against a common clinical outcome measure (e.g., cost per life-year gained or cost per QALY — quality-adjusted life year). Used by formulary committees and payers to decide which therapy delivers the best value for the outcome achieved.

Wasfaty ('my prescription') is Saudi Arabia's national e-prescribing and medication-dispensing service, launched in 2018 and managed by the National Unified Procurement Company (NUPCO) under Ministry of Health supervision. It links government hospitals and primary healthcare centers to contracted community pharmacies so eligible patients can collect chronic-disease medications free of charge, while automatically screening for drug interactions and duplicate therapy.

The ongoing process by which a Pharmacy and Therapeutics (P&T) committee selects, reviews, and updates the list of medications approved for use/reimbursement within a health system, balancing clinical evidence, safety, and cost to standardize prescribing and control drug expenditure.

Core pharmacy ethics principles: pharmacists must protect patients' personal health information from unauthorized disclosure and must ensure patients understand and voluntarily agree to a proposed treatment, including its risks, benefits, and alternatives, before it is initiated.

Major guidelines (e.g., ACC/AHA) recommend ACE inhibitors/ARBs, calcium channel blockers, or thiazide-type diuretics as first-line options for most patients with hypertension, individualized by comorbidities (e.g., ACEI/ARB preferred with diabetes or chronic kidney disease). General blood pressure target for most adults is below 130/80 mmHg.

Current heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) guideline-directed therapy rests on four drug classes started and titrated together when tolerated: an ACE inhibitor/ARB/ARNI, a beta-blocker (bisoprolol, carvedilol, or metoprolol succinate), a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (spironolactone/eplerenone), and an SGLT2 inhibitor.

Standard target INR is 2.0-3.0 for most indications (atrial fibrillation stroke prevention, treatment of DVT/PE). A higher target of 2.5-3.5 is used for patients with a mechanical mitral valve or certain high-risk mechanical heart valves.

Metformin decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis and improves peripheral insulin sensitivity without causing hypoglycemia when used alone. It is generally contraindicated when eGFR falls below 30 mL/min/1.73m2 due to accumulation risk and lactic acidosis, and should be used cautiously (often dose-reduced) between 30-45.

Levothyroxine has a narrow therapeutic index and should be taken on an empty stomach (30-60 minutes before food), separated from calcium, iron, and antacids that impair absorption. Dose adjustments should be reassessed via TSH testing no sooner than 6-8 weeks after a dose change, since steady state takes time to reach.

Empiric antibiotic choice should be guided by the likely infection site/organism, local resistance patterns (antibiogram), patient allergy history, and severity of illness. Once culture and susceptibility results return, therapy should be narrowed (de-escalated) to the most targeted effective agent to reduce resistance pressure and adverse effects.

Standard drug-susceptible active TB treatment is 6 months: a 2-month intensive phase of Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol (RIPE), followed by a 4-month continuation phase of Rifampin and Isoniazid. Directly observed therapy (DOT) and monitoring for hepatotoxicity are standard practice.

Azole antifungals (fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, ketoconazole) inhibit CYP3A4, raising serum levels of many CYP3A4 substrates — including statins (rhabdomyolysis risk), warfarin (bleeding risk), and certain calcium channel blockers. Dose adjustment, substitution, or avoidance of the interacting drug is often required.

Current GINA strategy favors as-needed low-dose inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)-formoterol as the preferred reliever at every step (replacing SABA-only reliever use), paired with a stepped-up ICS-based controller regimen as severity increases, because ICS-formoterol reduces both symptoms and severe exacerbation risk.

CrCl (mL/min) = [(140 - age) x weight in kg x (0.85 if female)] / (72 x serum creatinine in mg/dL). This estimate is widely used at the bedside to adjust renally cleared drug doses (e.g., aminoglycosides, DOACs, metformin) for kidney function.

Pharmacists must proactively counsel patients of childbearing potential about known teratogens — including ACE inhibitors/ARBs, warfarin, isotretinoin, valproate, and some antiepileptics — which are contraindicated or require strict pregnancy-prevention programs due to documented fetal harm.

Many antibiotics potentiate warfarin's effect and raise INR/bleeding risk — notably metronidazole and fluoroquinolones (CYP2C9 inhibition) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (CYP2C9 inhibition plus protein-binding displacement) — while broad-spectrum antibiotics can also reduce gut-flora vitamin K production. Closer INR monitoring is warranted whenever antibiotics are started or stopped in a warfarin patient.

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) block tyramine breakdown; eating tyramine-rich foods (aged cheese, cured meats, fermented products) can trigger a hypertensive crisis. Combining MAOIs with SSRIs, SNRIs, triptans, or other serotonergic drugs risks life-threatening serotonin syndrome (agitation, hyperthermia, clonus, autonomic instability).

Proper MDI technique: shake the inhaler, prime if new/unused for a while, exhale fully, actuate while beginning a slow deep inhalation, hold the breath about 10 seconds, then exhale slowly. For inhaled corticosteroids, rinse and spit after each use to reduce risk of oral candidiasis and dysphonia.

Most vaccines must be stored at 2-8 degrees C (some, like certain mRNA vaccines, require freezer or ultra-cold storage) from manufacture through administration. Breaks in this 'cold chain' — such as temperature excursions during transport or storage — can degrade potency and reduce immunogenicity; pharmacists are responsible for storage monitoring, documentation, and proper handling.

Current consensus guidance favors AUC24/MIC-based dosing, targeting an AUC24 of roughly 400-600 mg*h/L (assuming MIC = 1 mg/L) for serious MRSA infections, replacing trough-only monitoring as the preferred method. The older trough-only target for serious infections was 15-20 mg/L; excessively high troughs increase nephrotoxicity risk.

Digoxin has a narrow therapeutic index; classic reference range is about 0.5-2.0 ng/mL, though many current heart-failure guidelines target the lower end (0.5-0.9 ng/mL) since higher levels raise mortality without added benefit. Toxicity signs include nausea/vomiting, visual disturbances (yellow-green halos), and arrhythmias; hypokalemia significantly increases toxicity risk.