Free GAT (Qudurat) Exam Flashcards

Percentage change = (New Value - Original Value) / Original Value x 100. A positive result is a percent increase; a negative result is a percent decrease.

Successive percentage changes do not simply add together. A 20% increase followed by a 20% decrease leaves a net 4% decrease, because the second change applies to the new (already-changed) value, not the original.

For a ratio a:b, the first part is a/(a+b) of the total and the second part is b/(a+b) of the total. Example: a 3:5 ratio splits a total into 3/8 and 5/8.

To solve a/b = c/d, cross-multiply: a x d = b x c. Then solve for the unknown. This is the fastest way to solve GAT proportion and rate problems.

When equal distances are traveled at two different speeds, average speed is NOT the simple average (a+b)/2. Use the harmonic mean: Average speed = 2ab / (a + b).

Each worker's rate = 1 / (time to finish alone). Combined rate = sum of individual rates. Time to finish together = 1 / (combined rate). Example: rates of 1/4 and 1/6 combine to 5/12, so the job takes 12/5 hours together.

Simple Interest = Principal x Rate x Time (I = P x r x t), where r is the annual rate as a decimal and t is time in years. Total amount = Principal + Interest.

Memorize common conversions to save time: 1/2 = 50%, 1/3 = 33.3%, 1/4 = 25%, 1/5 = 20%, 1/8 = 12.5%, 1/10 = 10%. Recognizing these instantly speeds up arithmetic items.

With about one minute per question, round numbers to convenient values (e.g., 48 to 50, 19% to 20%) to eliminate clearly wrong answer choices quickly, then refine only if two choices remain close.

Isolate the variable by performing the same operation on both sides: first clear parentheses and combine like terms, then move constants to one side and the variable to the other, finally divide by the variable's coefficient.

Turn key words into operations: 'sum'/'more than' = addition, 'difference'/'less than' = subtraction, 'of'/'times' = multiplication, 'per'/'out of' = division. Assign a variable to the unknown before writing the equation.

Consecutive integers are written as n, n+1, n+2... Consecutive even or odd integers are written as n, n+2, n+4... Set up an equation using these expressions and the given condition (e.g., their sum), then solve for n.

In an arithmetic sequence, each term increases by a constant difference d. The nth term = first term + (n - 1) x d. Example: 3, 7, 11, 15... has d = 4, so the 10th term = 3 + 9(4) = 39.

In a geometric sequence, each term is multiplied by a constant ratio r. The nth term = first term x r^(n-1). Example: 2, 6, 18, 54... has r = 3, so the 5th term = 2 x 3^4 = 162.

Use substitution (solve one equation for a variable and plug it into the other) or elimination (add/subtract the equations to cancel a variable). Check the solution by plugging both values back into both original equations.

For a right triangle with legs a and b and hypotenuse c: a^2 + b^2 = c^2. Common right-triangle ratios to recognize instantly: 3-4-5 and 5-12-13 (and their multiples).

The interior angles of any triangle sum to 180 degrees. An exterior angle equals the sum of the two non-adjacent interior angles. In an isosceles triangle, the angles opposite the equal sides are equal.

Rectangle: Area = length x width, Perimeter = 2(length + width). Triangle: Area = 1/2 x base x height. Trapezoid: Area = 1/2 x (base1 + base2) x height.

Circumference = 2(pi)r (or (pi)d). Area = (pi)r^2. The diameter is twice the radius. A central angle's fraction of 360 degrees equals its arc's fraction of the circumference.

Mean = sum of values divided by count (sensitive to outliers). Median = the middle value when data is ordered (resistant to outliers). Mode = the most frequently occurring value. A data set can have one, none, or multiple modes.

When comparing two quantities without a calculator, avoid full computation: simplify both sides by the same operation, then test simple numbers (0, 1, a negative, a fraction) to see if the relationship ever changes - if it does, the answer is 'cannot be determined.'

A GAT analogy gives a pair of related words (A is to B) and asks you to pick the answer pair with the SAME relationship, not just a similar topic. Always define the exact relationship in a short sentence before checking the choices.

The two words mean nearly the same thing. Example: happy is to joyful as angry is to furious - both pairs are synonym pairs.

The two words have opposite meanings. Example: hot is to cold as fast is to slow - both pairs are opposite pairs.

One word names a part or component of the other. Example: page is to book as branch is to tree - the first word is a part of the second.

One word names a tool or item and the other names what it is used for or its typical action. Example: knife is to cut as pen is to write.

The first word produces or leads to the second. Example: fire is to smoke as rain is to flood - the first word causes the second.

One word is a specific member (type) of the broader category named by the other word. Example: rose is to flower as sparrow is to bird - the first is a specific instance of the second.

A sentence has one or two words missing; you choose the word(s) that best complete its meaning and logic, not just grammatical correctness. Read the whole sentence first to grasp its overall idea before looking at the choices.

Words like 'but,' 'although,' 'however,' 'despite,' and 'yet' signal that the missing word should contrast with or oppose the idea in the rest of the sentence.

Words like 'and,' 'moreover,' 'because,' 'since,' and 'therefore' signal that the missing word should support or continue the same idea as the rest of the sentence, not contradict it.

Before reading the answer choices, guess your own word that fits the blank based on context. Then pick the choice closest in meaning to your prediction - this prevents being misled by attractive but wrong distractors.

For sentences with two blanks, evaluate one blank at a time. Eliminate any answer choice where even one of the two words does not fit, before comparing the remaining choices on the second blank.

The missing word must match the sentence's overall tone (positive, negative, or neutral). A sentence describing a failure needs a negative-toned word even if a positive synonym is grammatically possible.

The main idea is the central point the whole passage supports, not just a detail from one paragraph. Check the first and last sentences of each paragraph, since they usually state or restate the main point.

Detail questions ask about a specific fact stated in the passage. Locate the exact line where the answer appears and match wording carefully - the correct choice restates the passage's meaning, not just its vocabulary.

An inference must be directly supported by the passage even though it is not explicitly stated. Reject choices that require outside knowledge or go further than what the text actually implies.

When asked for a word's meaning 'as used in the passage,' substitute each answer choice into the sentence and pick the one that preserves the sentence's meaning in context, not the word's most common dictionary definition.

Author's purpose describes why the passage was written (to inform, persuade, describe, or argue). Tone describes the author's attitude (critical, neutral, admiring, skeptical) - identify both from word choice, not just topic.

Passages are commonly organized as compare-contrast, cause-and-effect, chronological/sequential, or problem-solution. Recognizing the pattern early helps predict where supporting details and the conclusion will appear.

Watch for: answers that are too extreme (using 'always'/'never'), answers that are true but outside the passage's scope, answers that reverse the passage's meaning, and answers that are only half-correct.

A contextual error item gives a sentence and asks which word contradicts or does not fit the overall logical meaning of the sentence - it is a logic/meaning test, not a grammar test.

Read the full sentence for its overall message first, then check whether each word supports or clashes with that message. The 'wrong' word is grammatically correct but breaks the sentence's meaning.

A contextual error is not a spelling, tense, or grammar mistake - the flawed word is a perfectly valid word that simply contradicts the sentence's intended sense (e.g., calling a documented, factual account 'imaginary').

Words like 'because,' 'since,' and 'as a result' signal that the rest of the sentence should logically follow from what came before; if a word breaks that logical link, it is likely the contextual error.

Mentally replace the suspected word with its opposite. If the sentence suddenly makes more logical sense, the original word is very likely the contextual error.

You are given four or five words and must find the one that does NOT belong with the others, based on a shared category or attribute the rest have in common, not on random similarity.

Before eliminating any word, name the specific category the majority of words share (e.g., 'all are precious metals,' 'all are farm tools'). The word that does not fit that specific category is the answer.

Groups are commonly built around shared function (things you write with), shared material (things made of wood), shared class (types of birds), or shared use context (kitchen items).

A word can look similar in topic to the group but still be the odd one out because it fails the group's precise shared attribute. Example: among 'apple, orange, potato, banana' - potato is odd because it is a vegetable, not a fruit, despite all being food.