Nervous + Endocrine
25%of exam
Reproduction + Development
20%of exam
Cell Division + Genetics
40%of exam
Population + Community
15%of exam
Quick Facts
- Exam
- Biology 30 Diploma
- Questions
- 48 MC + 12 NR
- Weight
- 30% final mark
- Time
- 3 hr (6 hr max)
- Acceptable
- 50%
- Excellence
- 80%
- Body
- Alberta Education
Glucose Hormones
Insulin In, Glucagon Gains
Insulin lowers glucoseGlucagon raises glucoseBoth from pancreas
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
- Fight-or-flight
- Raises heart rate
- Noradrenaline
Parasympathetic
- Rest-and-digest
- Lowers heart rate
- Acetylcholine
Arouse vs calm
Blood Glucose Response
- Blood glucose high→Insulin(Beta cells)
- Glucose to glycogen→Insulin(Liver storage)
- Blood glucose low→Glucagon(Alpha cells)
- Glycogen to glucose→Glucagon(Liver release)
- Stress glucose spike→Adrenaline(Fight-or-flight)
Neuron Structure
- Dendrite
- Receives impulse
- Cell body
- Contains nucleus
- Axon
- Carries impulse away
- Myelin sheath
- Speeds conduction
- Node of Ranvier
- Saltatory jump gap
- Sensory neuron
- Receptor to CNS
- Motor neuron
- CNS to effector
- Interneuron
- Connects within CNS
Sensory vs Motor Neuron
Sensory
- Receptor to CNS
- Afferent direction
- Detects stimulus
Motor
- CNS to effector
- Efferent direction
- Triggers response
Input vs output
Action Potential
- Resting potential
- -70 mV polarized
- Na/K pump
- 3 Na out, 2 K in
- Threshold
- About -55 mV
- Depolarization
- Na+ rushes in
- Repolarization
- K+ moves out
- Hyperpolarization
- Below resting briefly
- All-or-none
- Fires fully or not
- Refractory period
- Cannot refire yet
Synapse + Reflex
- Synaptic cleft
- Gap between neurons
- Acetylcholine
- Common neurotransmitter
- Cholinesterase
- Breaks down ACh
- Reflex arc
- Receptor to effector
- Reflex order
- Sensory, inter, motor
- Spinal reflex
- Bypasses brain
- Cerebrum
- Thought, voluntary action
- Cerebellum
- Balance, coordination
Hormones + Glands
- Insulin
- Lowers blood glucose
- Glucagon
- Raises blood glucose
- Thyroxine
- Sets metabolic rate
- ADH
- Water reabsorption
- Adrenaline
- Fight-or-flight
- Pituitary
- Master gland
- Steroid hormone
- Enters cell directly
- Protein hormone
- Surface receptor signal
Cycle Hormones Order
FSH First, LH Launches
FSH grows follicleLH triggers ovulationEstrogen builds liningProgesterone maintains
Gametogenesis
- Spermatogenesis
- Four sperm produced
- Oogenesis
- One egg, polar bodies
- Seminiferous tubule
- Sperm production site
- Sertoli cells
- Nourish sperm
- Interstitial cells
- Secrete testosterone
- Follicle
- Holds developing egg
- Corpus luteum
- Secretes progesterone
- Ovulation
- Egg release
Menstrual + Repro Hormones
- FSH
- Grows follicle
- LH
- Triggers ovulation
- Estrogen
- Builds endometrium
- Progesterone
- Maintains endometrium
- Testosterone
- Male sperm production
- HCG
- Signals pregnancy
- Follicular phase
- Days 1-14
- Luteal phase
- Days 15-28
Embryonic Development
- Zygote
- Fertilized egg
- Cleavage
- Rapid cell division
- Blastocyst
- Hollow cell ball
- Implantation
- Attaches to uterus
- Placenta
- Nutrient, gas exchange
- Amnion
- Fluid-filled sac
- Ectoderm
- Skin, nervous system
- Endoderm
- Gut lining, organs
Meiosis Phases
I Picked My Apples Today
InterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase
Mitosis vs Meiosis
Mitosis
- Two diploid cells
- Identical clones
- Body cell growth
Meiosis
- Four haploid cells
- Genetic variation
- Gamete production
Repair vs reproduce
Genetics Cross Type
- One trait studied→Monohybrid(3:1)
- Two traits studied→Dihybrid(9:3:3:1)
- Trait on X→Sex-linked(Males affected more)
- Both alleles show→Codominance(Blood type AB)
- Phenotype blends→Incomplete dominance(Pink flower)
- More than two alleles→Multiple alleles(ABO blood)
Cell Division Stages
- Interphase
- DNA replicated, growth
- Prophase
- Chromosomes condense
- Metaphase
- Align at equator
- Anaphase
- Sisters separate
- Telophase
- Two nuclei form
- Crossing over
- Prophase I exchange
- Synapsis
- Homologs pair up
- Nondisjunction
- Failed separation
DNA Base Pairs
Apple-Tree, Greedy-Cat
A pairs TG pairs CRNA: U not TAntiparallel strands
Dominant vs Recessive
Dominant
- Masks recessive
- Capital letter
- One allele shows
Recessive
- Hidden by dominant
- Lowercase letter
- Needs two alleles
Expressed vs hidden
Mendelian Genetics
- Genotype
- Allele combination
- Phenotype
- Observable trait
- Homozygous
- Two same alleles
- Heterozygous
- Two different alleles
- Monohybrid
- 3:1 ratio
- Dihybrid
- 9:3:3:1 ratio
- Codominance
- Both alleles shown
- Incomplete dominance
- Blended phenotype
Transcription vs Translation
Transcription
- DNA to mRNA
- In nucleus
- RNA polymerase
Translation
- mRNA to protein
- At ribosome
- tRNA brings amino acids
Copy vs build
DNA + Protein Synthesis
- A-T, G-C
- Base pairing rule
- Antiparallel
- Strands run opposite
- Replication
- Semiconservative copy
- Helicase
- Unwinds DNA
- DNA polymerase
- Adds nucleotides
- Transcription
- DNA to mRNA
- Translation
- mRNA to protein
- Codon
- Three mRNA bases
Mutations + Biotech
- Point mutation
- Single base change
- Frameshift
- Insertion or deletion
- Restriction enzyme
- Cuts specific sequence
- Plasmid
- Bacterial gene vector
- PCR
- Amplifies DNA
- Gel electrophoresis
- Separates by size
- Recombinant DNA
- Combined gene sources
- Transgenic
- Foreign gene inserted
Density Dependent vs Independent
Dependent
- Scales with size
- Disease, competition
- Predation
Independent
- Ignores size
- Weather, fire
- Natural disaster
Crowding vs chance
Hardy-Weinberg Variable
- Recessive phenotype count→q^2(Start here)
- Solve recessive allele→q = root q^2
- Solve dominant allele→p = 1 - q
- Heterozygous carriers→2pq
- Homozygous dominant→p^2
- Total dominant phenotype→p^2 + 2pq
Hardy-Weinberg
- p + q = 1
- Allele frequencies
- p^2
- Homozygous dominant
- 2pq
- Heterozygous carriers
- q^2
- Homozygous recessive
- Equilibrium
- Frequencies stay constant
- Large population
- No genetic drift
- No migration
- Closed gene pool
- Random mating
- No selection pressure
Population Dynamics
- Gene pool
- All population alleles
- Carrying capacity
- Max sustainable size
- Exponential growth
- J-shaped curve
- Logistic growth
- S-shaped curve
- Natural selection
- Fittest reproduce more
- Genetic drift
- Random allele change
- Primary succession
- Starts bare rock
- Secondary succession
- After disturbance, soil remains
Common Traps
Mitosis vs meiosis
Mitosis makes clones ≠ Meiosis makes gametes
Insulin vs glucagon
Insulin lowers glucose ≠ Glucagon raises glucose
Sensory vs motor
Sensory carries in ≠ Motor carries out
Transcription vs translation
Transcription makes mRNA ≠ Translation makes protein
Codominance vs incomplete
Codominance both show ≠ Incomplete blends together
Spermatogenesis vs oogenesis
Four sperm form ≠ One egg forms
FSH vs LH
FSH grows follicle ≠ LH triggers ovulation
Last Minute
- 1.Diploma worth 30%; school mark 70%
- 2.60 questions: 48 MC + 12 NR
- 3.Acceptable 50%; excellence 80%
- 4.Units: 25 / 20 / 40 / 15 percent
- 5.Resting potential = -70 mV
- 6.Pump moves 3 out, 2 in
- 7.Reflex order: sensory, inter, motor
- 8.Insulin lowers, glucagon raises glucose
- 9.Monohybrid ratio 3 to 1
- 10.Dihybrid ratio 9 3 3 1
- 11.Bases: A-T, G-C; RNA uses U
- 12.Hardy-Weinberg: p + q = 1
- 13.p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 always
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