Cheat sheet

ANCC NPD-BC Cheat Sheet

Educational Process Standards

26%of exam

Leadership

27%of exam

Ethical, Legal, and Regulatory Standards

15%of exam

Evidence-based Practice and Research

6%of exam

EBP Models and TranslationEvidence Levels and MeasurementJohns Hopkins PET processReliability versus validity

Technology

15%of exam

Program/Project Management and Process Improvement

11%of exam

Process Improvement MethodsProject Management and OutcomesPDSA versus DMAICStructure, process, outcome measures

Quick Facts

Credential
NPD-BC
Total questions
150 multiple-choice
Scored questions
125 count toward score
Pretest questions
25 unscored, indistinguishable
Exam time
3 hours
Passing score
350 scaled, 500 maximum
Testing vendor
Prometric test centers
Scheduling window
120 days after authorization
Credential term
5 years
Exam fee
$295 ANA | $395 nonmember
2025 pass rate
72% first-time (1,064/1,486)
Eligibility hours
2,000 NPD hours, 3 years

ADDIE Design Cycle

Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, Evaluate

Analyze the gapDesign objectivesDevelop contentImplement activityEvaluate outcomes

Andragogy vs Pedagogy

Andragogy (adults)

  • Self-directed learners
  • Experience is a resource
  • Problem-centered and immediate
  • Internal motivation dominates

Pedagogy (children)

  • Teacher-directed learning
  • Little relevant experience
  • Subject-centered curriculum
  • External motivation dominates

Adults need the why first

Pick the Teaching Method

  1. Cognitive knowledge recallE-learning module(Asynchronous and trackable)
  2. Psychomotor skillDemonstration plus return demonstration(Hands-on required)
  3. Affective attitude changeDiscussion or role-play(Values exploration)
  4. High-risk, low-volume eventSimulation with debriefing(Safe rehearsal)
  5. Complex clinical judgmentUnfolding case study(Staged decisions)
  6. Knowledge needed at bedsideJob aid(Just-in-time)
  7. New device rolloutSuperusers plus hands-on practice(At-elbow support)
  8. Team communication failureTeamSTEPPS simulation(Interprofessional)
  9. Staff spread across sitesVirtual synchronous session(Live interaction)

NPD Practice Model

Model source
ANPD Scope and Standards, 4th
Inputs
Scanning, learner, roles, standards
Throughputs
Six NPD responsibility areas
Outputs
Learning, change, role competence
Ultimate beneficiary
Healthcare consumer and partner
Throughput anchor
Organization mission and vision
Six responsibilities
Orientation, competency, education, roles, partnerships, inquiry
Standards of Practice
Standards 1 through 6
Standards 1-6
Assess, diagnose, outcomes, plan, implement, evaluate
Professional Performance standards
Standards 7 through 18

ABCD Objective Formula

Audience, Behavior, Condition, Degree

Audience: the learnerBehavior: action verbCondition: given whatDegree: how well

Formative vs Summative Evaluation

Formative

  • Happens during the activity
  • Improves design in progress
  • Pilot feedback and check-ins

Summative

  • Happens after completion
  • Judges achievement of outcomes
  • Post-test or final audit

Improve during, judge after

Pick the Evaluation Level

  1. Did learners like itKirkpatrick Level 1(Reaction survey)
  2. Did knowledge increaseKirkpatrick Level 2(Pre and post test)
  3. Has practice changedKirkpatrick Level 3(Observation or audit)
  4. Did outcomes improveKirkpatrick Level 4(Organizational metric)
  5. Did it pay offLevel 5 ROI(Phillips monetary return)
  6. Improving while designingFormative evaluation(Pilot feedback)
  7. Judging after completionSummative evaluation(Final outcome)

Learning Theories and Principles

Behaviorism
Stimulus, response, reinforcement
Cognitivism
Internal processing, memory, schema
Constructivism
Learner builds meaning from experience
Social constructivism
Learning through social interaction
Humanism
Self-direction toward self-actualization
Social cognitive theory
Bandura modeling and self-efficacy
Educational neuroscience
Brain-based attention and memory
Kolb cycle
Experience, reflect, conceptualize, experiment
Learning styles
Preference claim, weak evidence
Learner characteristics
Generation, literacy, language, experience

Kirkpatrick Evaluation Ladder

Reaction, Learning, Behavior, Results, then ROI

Level 1 reactionLevel 2 learningLevel 3 behaviorLevel 4 resultsLevel 5 ROI

Competence vs Competency

Competence

  • Overall ability state
  • Broad capacity to practice

Competency

  • Expected measurable performance level
  • Integrates knowledge, skill, judgment

Competency is measured, competence inferred

Knowles Adult Learning Assumptions

Need to know
Explain relevance before content
Self-concept
Self-directed and autonomous
Prior experience
Experience is a resource
Readiness
Tied to role demands
Orientation
Problem-centered, not subject-centered
Motivation
Mostly internal drivers

Benner Skill Ladder

Novice, Advanced beginner, Competent, Proficient, Expert

Novice follows rulesCompetent plans deliberatelyProficient sees wholesExpert acts intuitively

Educational Design Process

ADDIE
Analyze, design, develop, implement, evaluate
Professional practice gap
Current versus desired performance
Educational need
Knowledge, skill, and/or practice
Needs assessment
Data gathered before designing
Gap analysis
Compares actual to expected
Learning outcome
What the learner achieves
Learning domains
Cognitive, affective, psychomotor
Bloom cognitive levels
Remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, create
ABCD objective
Audience, behavior, condition, degree
SMART objective
Specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, timed
Verb rule
One observable, measurable action verb
Weak verbs
Understand, know, appreciate, learn

Types of Educational Activities

Orientation
Introduces organization and role
In-service
Short, site-specific skill update
Continuing education
Builds beyond entry-level practice
Interprofessional education
Two or more professions together
Just-in-time training
Delivered at point of need
Microlearning
Short single-objective learning unit
Skills fair
Multi-station competency verification event
Unfolding case
Scenario revealed in stages
Preceptorship
Assigned one-to-one role teaching

Competency Assessment Methods

Wright model domains
Technical, critical thinking, interpersonal
Return demonstration
Observed performance of skill
Case study
Applies judgment to scenario
Exemplar
Written story of practice
Peer review
Colleague evaluates observed performance
Quality monitor
Chart audit or outcome data
Mock event
Simulated drill under pressure
Post-test
Verifies knowledge, not skill
Self-assessment
Learner rates own confidence
Shared accountability
Employee helps choose verification
Initial competency
Verified during orientation period
Ongoing competency
Reassessed on defined cycle

Evaluation Levels and ROI

Level 1 Reaction
Satisfaction right after activity
Level 2 Learning
Knowledge or skill gained
Level 3 Behavior
Transfer into actual practice
Level 4 Results
Organizational outcome change
Level 5 ROI
Phillips added monetary return
ROI formula
Net benefits divided by costs
Benefit-cost ratio
Benefits divided by costs
Formative evaluation
During; improves the activity
Summative evaluation
After; judges the result
Level 3 method
Observation, audit, chart review

Contact Hour and Accreditation Rules

Contact hour
Sixty minutes of learning
AMA equivalence
One credit equals one hour
Gap requirement
Every activity needs identified gap
Ineligible company content
May not award contact hours
Ineligible company logos
Only in required disclosure
Integrity standards
Integrity and Independence in education
Initial accreditation
Up to two years
Re-accreditation
Up to four years
Approved Provider term
No longer than three years

ADKAR Change Sequence

Awareness, Desire, Knowledge, Ability, Reinforcement

Awareness of needDesire to participateKnowledge of howAbility to performReinforcement to sustain

Mentor vs Preceptor

Mentor

  • Mutually chosen relationship
  • Long-term career development
  • Usually not evaluative

Preceptor

  • Assigned by the organization
  • Time-limited and role-specific
  • Evaluates learner performance

Assigned means preceptor

Pick the Change Approach

  1. Simple, discrete changeLewin three-step(Unfreeze, change, refreeze)
  2. Large organizational transformationKotter eight steps(Urgency first)
  3. Individual adoption is failingADKAR diagnosis(Find blocked element)
  4. Staff unaware of changeBuild awareness(Communicate the why)
  5. Able but revertingReinforcement(Audit and recognize)
  6. Choosing pilot participantsEarly adopters(Rogers diffusion)
  7. Vocal resistance persistsListen, then engage(Surface restraining forces)

Seven NPD Practitioner Roles

Learning facilitator
Designs and delivers learning
Change agent
Drives adoption of change
Mentor
Long-term voluntary career guidance
Leader
Influences vision and outcomes
Champion for scientific inquiry
Promotes research, EBP, improvement
Advocate for NPD specialty
Advances specialty role visibility
Partner for practice transitions
Supports role and setting change
Roles in model
Roles are model inputs

Orientation vs Onboarding

Orientation

  • Introduces role and unit
  • Days to weeks
  • One phase of onboarding

Onboarding

  • Full socialization process
  • Months up to a year
  • Includes orientation and residency

Orientation sits inside onboarding

Change and Leadership Models

Lewin
Unfreeze, change, refreeze
Driving forces
Push toward the change
Restraining forces
Pull back toward status quo
Kotter
Eight sequential change steps
ADKAR
Awareness, desire, knowledge, ability, reinforcement
Rogers diffusion
Innovators through laggards adoption
Early adopters
Best first target for change
Transformational leadership
Inspires shared vision and growth
Transactional leadership
Rewards and corrects performance
Servant leadership
Serves team needs first
Situational leadership
Style matches follower readiness
Emotional intelligence
Self-awareness and relationship management

Teams, Conflict, and Environment

TeamSTEPPS
Team communication safety program
SBAR
Situation, background, assessment, recommendation
Conflict modes
Avoid, accommodate, compete, compromise, collaborate
Collaboration
Best for high-stakes conflict
Compromise
Fast, partial satisfaction both
Healthy work environment
Physical and psychological safety
Psychological safety
Safe to speak up
Incivility
Rude behavior harming performance
Focus group
Facilitated small-group data collection
Group facilitation
Guide process, not content
Nominal group technique
Structured ranking builds consensus
Resource management
Match staffing, budget, time

Mentoring and Practice Transitions

Preceptor
Assigned, time-limited, role-specific teacher
Mentor
Chosen, long-term career guide
Coach
Improves specific performance goal
Orientation
Role-specific onboarding phase
Onboarding
Longer socialization into organization
Nurse residency
Twelve-month new-graduate transition
Fellowship
Experienced nurse enters new specialty
ANCC PTAP
Accredits transition-to-practice programs
Preceptor preparation
Train before assigning learners
Reality shock
Gap between school and practice

RCA vs FMEA

Root cause analysis

  • Retrospective after an event
  • Asks why it happened
  • Triggered by sentinel events

FMEA

  • Prospective before an event
  • Asks what could fail
  • Used for new processes

RCA looks back, FMEA forward

Ethics and Professional Standards

ANA Code
Ten provisions, 2025 revision
Provision 10
Global and environmental health
Autonomy
Respect informed self-determination
Beneficence
Act for the good
Nonmaleficence
Do no harm
Justice
Fair distribution of resources
Veracity
Truthfulness with learners, patients
Fidelity
Keep commitments and promises
Moral distress
Knowing right, unable to act
Scope and standards
Defines who, what, how

Risk Management Tools

Root cause analysis
Retrospective; why it happened
FMEA
Prospective; what could fail
Just culture
Balances system and accountability
Human error
Console and support
At-risk behavior
Coach toward safe choice
Reckless behavior
Discipline is appropriate
Sentinel event
Death, permanent or severe harm
Near miss
Caught before reaching patient
Incident report
Internal, not medical record
Incident command
Structured emergency response roles

Reliability vs Validity

Reliability

  • Consistent across time, raters
  • Cronbach alpha, test-retest
  • Can be consistently wrong

Validity

  • Measures the intended construct
  • Content, construct, criterion
  • Requires reliability first

Reliable first, then valid

Research, EBP, or Improvement?

  1. New knowledge is neededResearch study(IRB review likely)
  2. Strong evidence already existsEBP project(Translate the evidence)
  3. Local process underperformingQuality improvement(PDSA cycles)
  4. Framing a searchable questionPICO format(Population, intervention, comparison, outcome)
  5. Ready to share resultsDissemination plan(Poster, podium, publication)

EBP Models and Translation

Iowa Model
Trigger, team, evidence, pilot, adopt
Johns Hopkins PET
Practice question, evidence, translation
Stetler Model
Practitioner-oriented evidence use
ARCC Model
EBP mentors build culture
Knowledge-to-action
Knowledge creation plus action cycle
PICO
Population, intervention, comparison, outcome
Research
Creates new generalizable knowledge
EBP
Applies existing evidence to practice
Quality improvement
Improves a local process
Pilot first
Test before full rollout
Dissemination
Poster, podium, publication

Research vs EBP and Improvement

Research

  • Creates new generalizable knowledge
  • Requires IRB review
  • Follows a study protocol

EBP and improvement

  • EBP translates existing evidence
  • Improvement fixes local process
  • Rapid PDSA testing

New knowledge means research

Evidence Levels and Measurement

Hopkins Level I
Experimental, RCT, systematic review
Hopkins Level II
Quasi-experimental studies
Hopkins Level III
Nonexperimental or qualitative studies
Hopkins Level IV
Guidelines and consensus panels
Hopkins Level V
Expert opinion, improvement, reports
Quality grades
A high, B good, C low
Reliability
Consistent and repeatable results
Validity
Measures what it intends
Content validity
Items match the blueprint
Cronbach alpha
Internal consistency estimate
Item difficulty
Percent answering item correctly
Item discrimination
Separates strong from weak

Prebriefing vs Debriefing

Prebriefing

  • Before the scenario
  • Sets objectives and roles
  • Builds the safe container

Debriefing

  • After the scenario
  • Guided reflection on performance
  • Longest, highest-value phase

Learning happens in debriefing

Learning Technology and Systems

LMS
Delivers, tracks, reports learning
SCORM
E-learning packaging standard
Synchronous
Same time, live interaction
Asynchronous
Self-paced, any time
Blended learning
Online plus in-person
Flipped classroom
Content first, practice together
Gamification
Game elements added to learning
Serious game
Game built to teach
Adaptive learning
Path adjusts to performance
EHR
Electronic health record system
Access control
Least privilege by role
Database
Structured storage for reporting

Simulation and Debriefing

Low fidelity
Task trainer or static manikin
Moderate fidelity
Some responsiveness, limited realism
High fidelity
Physiologically responsive manikin
Standardized patient
Trained person portrays case
Virtual reality
Immersive computer-generated environment
Prebriefing
Sets objectives and expectations
Safe container
Trust to make mistakes
Debriefing
Guided reflection after simulation
Debriefing time
Longest phase drives learning
Fidelity rule
Match fidelity to objective
INACSL standards
Healthcare simulation best practice

Clinical Technologies

Smart pump
Dose-error reduction software
Barcode scanning
Verifies right patient, medication
Superuser
Peer at-elbow go-live support
Downtime procedure
Plan for system unavailability
Workaround
Signals design problem; investigate
Alarm fatigue
Desensitization from excessive alerts
Device integration
Devices populate the record
Mobile devices
Weigh access against distraction

PDSA Improvement Loop

Plan, Do, Study, Act, then repeat

Plan the testDo it smallStudy the dataAct: adopt, adapt, abandon

Pick the Improvement Tool

  1. Event already happenedRoot cause analysis(Retrospective)
  2. Risk before go-liveFMEA(Prospective)
  3. Small rapid testPDSA cycle(One unit first)
  4. Reduce process variationSix Sigma DMAIC(Data heavy)
  5. Remove waste and delaysLean value stream(Flow focus)
  6. Many possible causesFishbone diagram(Categorize causes)
  7. Must prioritize causesPareto chart(Vital few)
  8. Track change over timeRun or control chart(Watch shifts)

Process Improvement Methods

PDSA
Plan, do, study, act
DMAIC
Define, measure, analyze, improve, control
Lean
Removes waste, adds value
Six Sigma
Reduces variation and defects
Value stream map
Maps steps and delays
Fishbone diagram
Groups possible causes visually
Pareto chart
Vital few causes first
Run chart
Data plotted over time
Control chart
Adds statistical control limits
Gemba
Observe work where performed
Five Whys
Repeated questioning finds cause

Project Management and Outcomes

Project charter
Scope, sponsor, objectives, timeline
Stakeholder analysis
Maps influence and interest
Gantt chart
Tasks across a timeline
Milestone
Checkpoint marking progress
Scope creep
Uncontrolled growth of work
Structure measure
Resources, staffing, capacity
Process measure
Whether steps were done
Outcome measure
Result for patient, staff
Balancing measure
Watches unintended consequences
Benchmark
Compare to external standard
Sustainment plan
Owner, audit, and refresh
Hardwiring
Embed into policy, workflow

Common Traps

Scaled 350 is not percent

Passing equals 350 scaled Not seventy percent correct

Only 125 items are scored

150 items are delivered 25 pretest items unscored

Practice hours are 2,000

2,000 NPD hours, three years Not 1,000 or 4,000

ANA Code has ten provisions

2025 revision added provision ten Nine provisions is outdated

Orientation is not onboarding

Orientation is one phase Onboarding spans many months

RCA is not FMEA

RCA follows an event FMEA precedes a process

Reaction is not behavior

Level 1 measures satisfaction Level 3 measures practice change

High fidelity is not always better

Match fidelity to objective Task trainers fit psychomotor skills

Research is not quality improvement

Research seeks generalizable knowledge Improvement fixes one local process

Reliable is not valid

Reliable can be consistently wrong Validity needs the right construct

Last Minute

  1. 1.150 items; 125 are scored
  2. 2.Pass = 350 scaled, 500 maximum
  3. 3.Three hours, Prometric test center
  4. 4.Leadership 27% is largest domain
  5. 5.Educational Process 26% is second
  6. 6.Technology and Ethics each 15%
  7. 7.Program management 11%, research 6%
  8. 8.Six responsibilities, seven NPD roles
  9. 9.Standards 1-6 practice, 7-18 performance
  10. 10.Contact hour equals 60 minutes
  11. 11.Retest after 60 calendar days
  12. 12.Maximum three attempts per year
  13. 13.Certification lasts five years
  14. 14.Renewal: 75 hours plus category
  15. 15.ANA Code now has ten provisions
  16. 16.Wright: technical, thinking, interpersonal
  17. 17.RCA looks backward, FMEA forward
  18. 18.Preceptor assigned, mentor chosen
  19. 19.Debriefing drives simulation learning
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