6.4 Single-Leg Squat, Push, Pull, and Gait Assessments

More screens reveal task-specific compensation

The overhead squat is the first broad screen, but it is not the only movement assessment in the NASM blueprint. Domain 3 specifically names single-leg squat, push, pull, and gait assessments. These screens show how the client controls movement when the task changes.

The single-leg squat assessment adds unilateral demand. Standing on one leg reduces base of support and increases demand on foot, ankle, knee, hip, and trunk control. NASM's static-dynamic posture template highlights the knee moving inward as the key observation. This can reveal valgus control problems that are hidden during a bilateral squat.

The pushing assessment watches what happens during a pressing pattern. The trainer observes the LPHC, shoulders, and head or neck. Compensations can include low back arching, shoulders elevating, or head jutting forward. These findings matter for push-ups, bench press, overhead press, cable press, and daily pushing tasks.

The pulling assessment uses the same logic during a row or pulling pattern. The trainer watches whether the low back arches, shoulders elevate, or head juts forward. A client may compensate by extending the spine, shrugging, or reaching the head forward instead of controlling the scapulae and trunk.

Gait assessment is observation of walking mechanics. A CPT may look for asymmetry, foot strike changes, excessive pronation, lack of arm swing, trunk lean, or obvious limping. The trainer does not diagnose a neurological or orthopedic gait disorder. Painful gait, sudden gait change, numbness, weakness, or post-surgical uncertainty requires referral or clearance.

Selection depends on the client. A runner may need gait and single-leg control. A client whose goal is push-up improvement may need pushing assessment. A desk worker with neck discomfort should be screened carefully and referred if symptoms are outside scope.

Do not force every client through every test. The blueprint expects the trainer to select assessments based on goals, fitness level, contraindications, and special population considerations. A client with knee pain may need referral before a single-leg squat. A beginner may use a shortened range or supported version if the movement is safe but challenging.

Interpretation should remain consistent. Observe first, record the compensation, then choose programming. If the client shows shoulder elevation during pushing and pulling, reduce load, improve stabilization, address overactive upper trapezius or levator scapulae patterns as appropriate, and activate scapular stabilizers.

Exam traps include assuming a bilateral squat tells the whole story, loading a painful single-leg test, or treating gait findings as a diagnosis. The safer answer uses the same NASM decision chain: screen, select, observe checkpoints, document, modify or refer, and reassess.