2.3 Phrasal Verbs & Eliminating High-Frequency Distractors

2.3 Phrasal Verbs & Eliminating High-Frequency Distractors

Quick Answer: Phrasal verbs consist of a verb plus an adverbial particle, a preposition, or both (e.g., bring about, look down on). In Part 1, they represent the single highest-yield vocabulary category. Cambridge distractors are deliberately crafted to exploit four weaknesses: pseudo-collocations (phrases that sound natural to non-natives but do not exist in English), particle mismatches (pairing a verb with the wrong particle), L1 false cognates, and complementation clashes (e.g., confusing verbs that require a gerund with those requiring a that-clause or infinitive).

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High-Yield B2 Phrasal Verbs: The Core 8 Base Verbs

Mastering phrasal verbs requires categorizing them by base verb and studying their exact definitions, transitivity, and complementation patterns.

1. Phrasal Verbs with Come

• come across: to discover or meet by chance (I came across an antique pocket watch in the attic.)
• come up with: to invent, conceive, or suggest an idea, plan, or solution (The marketing team came up with a brilliant tagline.)
• come down with: to contract or become ill with a mild or infectious disease (He came down with a bad case of influenza.)
• come into: to inherit money, property, or title (She came into a substantial inheritance when her grandfather died.)
• come round / around: to regain consciousness; or to change one's opinion to agree with someone (He slowly came round after the anaesthetic wore off.)

2. Phrasal Verbs with Bring

• bring about: to cause something to happen or initiate change (The industrial revolution brought about massive social disruption.)
• bring up: to raise and educate a child; or to mention a subject in conversation (She brought up the issue of overtime pay at the staff meeting.)
• bring out: to publish, release, or market a new product; or to emphasize a particular quality (The chef's special marinade brings out the flavor of the meat.)
• bring round / around: to persuade someone to accept a viewpoint (Through patient argument, we brought them round to our proposal.)

3. Phrasal Verbs with Put

• put off: to postpone or delay an event; or to repel/discourage (Don't put off studying until the night before the exam; The sour smell put me off my meal.)
• put up with: to tolerate or endure an unpleasant person or situation (I cannot put up with this persistent drilling noise any longer.)
• put across / over: to communicate thoughts or ideas clearly and persuasively (The lecturer put across complex economic theory with remarkable clarity.)
• put out: to extinguish a fire or cigarette; or to inconvenience someone (Firefighters took two hours to put out the blaze.)
• put through: to connect someone by telephone; or to cause someone to endure an ordeal (Could you please put me through to the accounts department?)

4. Phrasal Verbs with Take

• take after: to resemble an older relative in appearance or temperament (She takes after her mother in her passion for landscape painting.)
• take on: to hire new employees; or to accept a challenging task/responsibility (The logistics firm took on fifty extra drivers for the holiday surge.)
• take up: to begin a new hobby, sport, or activity; or to occupy space/time (He decided to take up competitive squash in his forties.)
• take over: to assume control or leadership of a company or role (A multinational conglomerate took over the family-run brewery.)
• take off: to leave the ground (aircraft); to become rapidly successful; or to remove clothing (Her online artisan bakery really took off during lockdown.)

5. Phrasal Verbs with Turn

• turn down: to reject or decline an offer, invitation, or candidate; or to reduce volume/heat (He turned down the job offer because the commute was too grueling.)
• turn out: to result or end in a specific way; or to attend a gathering in large numbers (The weather was dreadful, but the event turned out to be a great success.)
• turn up: to arrive unexpectedly or late; or to increase volume/power (Our missing keys eventually turned up behind the sofa cushions.)
• turn into: to transform or convert into something completely different (The historic textile mill was turned into luxury loft apartments.)

6. Phrasal Verbs with Set

• set off: to begin a journey; or to trigger an alarm or series of events (We set off at dawn to beat the morning motorway congestion.)
• set up: to establish a company, organization, or system; or to assemble equipment (She set up a charitable foundation dedicated to literacy.)
• set out: to start an expedition with a specific objective; or to display/explain facts clearly (In her monograph, she sets out four core arguments.)
• set back: to delay progress; or to cost a specific amount of money (A severe supply chain bottleneck set back the construction schedule by six months.)

7. Phrasal Verbs with Break

• break down: to suffer mechanical failure; to collapse emotionally; or to decompose into component parts (Our estate car broke down on the outskirts of Lyon.)
• break out: to erupt or begin suddenly (used for fires, wars, epidemics, violence); or to escape from custody (A devastating bushfire broke out in the dry forest.)
• break through: to force a way through a physical or metaphorical barrier; or to make a major scientific advance (Researchers finally broke through the theoretical impasse.)
• break off: to abruptly terminate an engagement, relationship, or formal talks (The ambassador broke off diplomatic negotiations following the border incident.)

8. Phrasal Verbs with Give

• give away: to reveal a secret unintentionally; or to provide something free of charge (His nervous stammer gave away his true anxiety.)
• give in: to surrender, yield, or concede under sustained pressure (After days of resistance, the committee gave in to consumer demands.)
• give up: to abandon a habit, pursuit, or attempt (She refused to give up hope of finding the lost expedition.)
• give off: to emit a scent, heat, gas, light, or radiation (The rotting vegetation gives off a pungent marsh gas.)

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Syntax: Separable vs. Inseparable & Three-Part Phrasal Verbs

In Part 1, grammatical syntax controls which options are permissible.

Separable Transitive Phrasal Verbs

When a phrasal verb is separable, a noun object can sit either after the particle or between the verb and the particle:

• They turned down the offer. (Acceptable)
• They turned the offer down. (Acceptable)

The Pronoun Inversion Rule: If the direct object is an object pronoun (it, them, him, her, us), it must appear between the verb and the particle:

• They turned it down. (Correct)
• They turned down it. (Ungrammatical / Error)

Inseparable Transitive Phrasal Verbs

With inseparable phrasal verbs, the object must follow the particle at all times, regardless of whether it is a noun or a pronoun:

• I came across an old manuscript. / I came across it. (Correct)
• I came an old manuscript across. / I came it across. (Ungrammatical / Error)

Three-Part Phrasal Verbs (Verb + Particle + Preposition)

Three-part phrasal verbs consist of a base verb, an adverbial particle, and a trailing preposition. They are always inseparable and always transitive.

[!WARNING] The 'Look Forward To' Gerund Trap: The to in look forward to is a preposition, not part of a full infinitive. Consequently, it must govern an -ing gerund or a noun, never a base bare infinitive:

• I look forward to meeting you. (Correct)
• I look forward to meet you. (Ungrammatical / High-Frequency Distractor)

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Anatomy of Cambridge Distractors: The 4 Classic Traps

Cambridge test developers do not invent random wrong answers. Every distractor is calibrated to exploit a specific linguistic vulnerability:

Trap 1: The Pseudo-Collocation

A pseudo-collocation looks superficially plausible because its constituent words make intuitive sense, yet it is never used by native speakers.

• Example: make research vs. do research. Non-native candidates assume make is appropriate for generating new scientific discoveries, making make an irresistible distractor.

Trap 2: The Particle Mismatch

The test developer pairs a valid base verb with an incompatible particle to create a non-existent or ill-fitting phrasal combination.

• Example: A sentence describing the cancellation of a match might present call up, call out, call away, and call off. Only call off means cancel.

Trap 3: The L1 Cognate / False Friend Trap

Words that share etymological roots across European languages frequently diverge in modern English usage:

• assist (to help someone physically or administratively) vs. attend (to be present at an event: attend a seminar).
• sensible (reasonable, possessing sound judgement) vs. sensitive (easily hurt emotionally, or reacting strongly to physical stimuli).
• actual (current or real) vs. present (occurring now).

Trap 4: Grammatical Complementation Mismatch

All four options communicate roughly the same semantic recommendation or proposal, but each demands a different grammatical complementation pattern.

Compare four common reporting and advising verbs:

Item Walkthrough

Exam Sentence: The careers counselor strongly _____ the students to acquire practical work experience before graduating.

• A) suggested
• B) recommended
• C) advised
• D) proposed

Analysis: The sentence features the structural pattern: [Verb] + the students (object) + to acquire (full infinitive).

• suggested cannot take an object + full infinitive (suggested the students to acquire is incorrect).
• recommended standardly takes a gerund or a that-clause, not a direct human object followed by an infinitive.
• proposed takes a gerund or a that-clause (proposed that the students acquire).
• advised standardly governs advise + object + to-infinitive (advised the students to acquire). Option C is the only grammatically valid choice.