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Key Facts: FE-1 Law of the European Union Exam

1 of 8

FE-1 Subjects

Law Society of Ireland

3 hours

Single Paper (3.5 hours online)

Law Society of Ireland

Answer 4 of 5

Essay/Problem Questions

Law Society of Ireland

50%

Pass Mark per Subject

Law Society of Ireland

~EUR 128

Fee per Subject (2026)

Law Society of Ireland

100+

Practice Questions Here

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FE-1 Law of the European Union is one of eight subjects in the Law Society of Ireland's FE-1 entrance examination for intending solicitors. It is assessed by a single three-hour paper (3.5 hours online) of five essay and problem questions, of which candidates answer four, with a 50% pass mark. The syllabus covers the sources of EU law (the TEU and TFEU, regulations, and directives), the EU institutions and the ordinary legislative procedure, and the constitutional principles of supremacy (Costa v ENEL, with the Irish Crotty / Article 29.4 dimension), direct effect (Van Gend en Loos, Marshall, Faccini Dori), indirect effect (Von Colson), and state liability (Francovich). It also covers the Article 267 preliminary reference procedure (CILFIT), direct actions (Articles 258, 263 with Plaumann standing, and 265), free movement of goods (Articles 34-36, Dassonville, Cassis de Dijon, Keck), free movement of persons and services (Articles 45, 49, 56), and competition law (Articles 101-102), using current post-Lisbon TFEU numbering. The paper is set in EU law as applied in Ireland. The FE-1 is held twice yearly, each subject is sat individually, and all eight subjects must be passed within seven years of the first pass.

Sample FE-1 Law of the European Union Practice Questions

Try these sample questions to test your FE-1 Law of the European Union exam readiness. Each question includes a detailed explanation. Start the interactive quiz above for the full 100+ question experience with AI tutoring.

1Which two treaties together form the primary constitutional foundation of the European Union following the Treaty of Lisbon?
A.The Treaty of Rome and the Single European Act
B.The Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
C.The Maastricht Treaty and the Treaty of Nice
D.The European Coal and Steel Community Treaty and the Euratom Treaty
Explanation: Since the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force on 1 December 2009, the EU's primary law is contained in the TEU and the TFEU, which have the same legal value (Article 1 TEU; Article 1 TFEU). The former EC Treaty was renamed the TFEU.
2Under Article 288 TFEU, which EU legal act is binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States without any need for national implementing measures?
A.A directive
B.A recommendation
C.A regulation
D.A decision addressed to a Member State
Explanation: Article 288 TFEU provides that a regulation 'shall have general application' and 'shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States'. It requires no national transposition and takes effect uniformly across the EU.
3Which of the following best describes a directive under Article 288 TFEU?
A.It is binding as to the result to be achieved but leaves the choice of form and methods to the Member States
B.It is directly applicable in all Member States without transposition
C.It has no binding legal force whatsoever
D.It is binding only on the EU institution that adopted it
Explanation: Article 288 TFEU states that a directive is 'binding, as to the result to be achieved, upon each Member State to which it is addressed, but shall leave to the national authorities the choice of form and methods'. Member States must transpose it within a deadline.
4Which EU institution holds the near-exclusive right of legislative initiative, proposing the legislation that the Council and Parliament then adopt?
A.The European Council
B.The Court of Justice of the European Union
C.The European Commission
D.The European Parliament
Explanation: Under Article 17(2) TEU, Union legislative acts may generally be adopted only on the basis of a Commission proposal. The Commission's right of initiative is a defining feature of the ordinary legislative procedure.
5In the landmark case establishing the supremacy (primacy) of EU law over conflicting national law, which case did the Court of Justice decide?
A.Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen
B.Marshall v Southampton Area Health Authority
C.Francovich v Italy
D.Costa v ENEL
Explanation: In Costa v ENEL (Case 6/64), the Court held that EU law takes precedence over conflicting national law; Member States cannot, by later unilateral measures, override rights derived from the Treaty. This established the doctrine of supremacy.
6In which case did the Court of Justice first establish the principle of direct effect, holding that Treaty provisions can confer rights on individuals which national courts must protect?
A.Costa v ENEL
B.Internationale Handelsgesellschaft
C.Van Gend en Loos
D.Cassis de Dijon
Explanation: In Van Gend en Loos (Case 26/62), the Court held that the EEC Treaty created a new legal order whose subjects include individuals, who may rely on clear, precise and unconditional Treaty provisions before national courts.
7Under Article 267 TFEU, a national court or tribunal may request the Court of Justice to give a preliminary ruling on which of the following?
A.The compatibility of national law with the constitution of the Member State
B.The factual guilt or innocence of a defendant in national proceedings
C.The interpretation of the Treaties and the validity and interpretation of acts of the EU institutions
D.The award of damages against a Member State
Explanation: Article 267 TFEU empowers the CJEU to give preliminary rulings on the interpretation of the Treaties and on the validity and interpretation of acts of the institutions. It does not rule on national law itself or decide the facts.
8Articles 34 and 35 TFEU prohibit, between Member States, quantitative restrictions on imports and exports and all measures having equivalent effect. What is the standard formulation of a 'measure having equivalent effect' established in Dassonville?
A.All trading rules capable of hindering, directly or indirectly, actually or potentially, intra-Union trade
B.Only measures that completely ban the importation of a product
C.Only measures that openly discriminate against imported goods on their face
D.Only fiscal measures such as customs duties and charges
Explanation: In Dassonville (Case 8/74), the Court defined a measure having equivalent effect as all trading rules enacted by Member States which are capable of hindering, directly or indirectly, actually or potentially, intra-Union trade. This is a deliberately broad formula.
9Which Treaty article guarantees the free movement of workers within the European Union?
A.Article 45 TFEU
B.Article 49 TFEU
C.Article 56 TFEU
D.Article 34 TFEU
Explanation: Article 45 TFEU secures freedom of movement for workers, entailing the abolition of any discrimination based on nationality regarding employment, remuneration and other conditions of work.
10Articles 101 and 102 TFEU contain the EU's principal competition rules. Article 101 TFEU prohibits which of the following?
A.The abuse of a dominant position within the internal market
B.State aid that distorts competition
C.Agreements, decisions and concerted practices that have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition
D.Mergers between large undertakings
Explanation: Article 101(1) TFEU prohibits agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings and concerted practices which may affect trade between Member States and have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition.

About the FE-1 Law of the European Union Exam

FE-1 Law of the European Union is one of the eight subjects of the Final Examination - First Part (FE-1), the entrance examination administered by the Law Society of Ireland for entry to the solicitors' profession. It is examined by a single three-hour paper (3.5 hours for the online sitting) containing five essay and problem questions, of which candidates must answer four, with a pass mark of 50%. The subject covers the constitutional and institutional framework of EU law as it operates within the Irish legal order: the sources of EU law and the institutions, the supremacy of EU law, direct and indirect effect, Member State liability in damages, the Article 267 preliminary reference procedure, direct actions before the Court of Justice, and the free movement of goods, persons, and services together with EU competition law. The examination is held twice each year, in Spring (around March) and Autumn (around October), and each subject is sat individually.

Assessment

Question count not published by the exam provider

Time Limit

3 hours (3.5 hours online)

Passing Score

50% per subject

Exam Fee

EUR 128 per subject (2026; recheck EUR 154) (Law Society of Ireland)

FE-1 Law of the European Union Exam Content Outline

16%

Sources & Institutions of EU Law

The post-Lisbon Treaty framework (TEU and TFEU), the hierarchy of EU acts - regulations, directives, and decisions - the roles of the Commission, Council, European Parliament, and Court of Justice, and the ordinary legislative procedure under Article 294 TFEU

14%

Supremacy & the Irish Constitutional Dimension

The supremacy of EU law as established in Costa v ENEL and developed in Internationale Handelsgesellschaft and Simmenthal, its reception into Irish law, and the constitutional dimension reflected in Crotty v An Taoiseach and the EU amendments to Article 29.4 of the Irish Constitution

16%

Direct Effect

The conditions for direct effect of Treaty provisions established in Van Gend en Loos, the direct effect of regulations and decisions, and the vertical-only direct effect of unimplemented directives (Marshall) with the denial of horizontal direct effect (Faccini Dori) and the broad definition of the State (Foster)

14%

Indirect Effect & State Liability

The duty of consistent interpretation of national law (Von Colson; Marleasing) as a route around the absence of horizontal direct effect, and Member State liability in damages under Francovich and the three Brasserie du Pecheur / Factortame conditions for a sufficiently serious breach

16%

Preliminary References & Direct Actions

The Article 267 TFEU preliminary reference procedure, the discretion and obligation to refer and the CILFIT acte clair criteria, and direct actions - infringement proceedings under Article 258, actions for annulment under Article 263 with the Plaumann test for individual standing, and the action for failure to act under Article 265

12%

Free Movement of Goods

Articles 34-36 TFEU, the prohibition on quantitative restrictions and measures having equivalent effect on the Dassonville formula, the rule of reason and mandatory requirements under Cassis de Dijon, the distinction between product requirements and selling arrangements under Keck, and the Article 36 derogations

12%

Free Movement of Persons, Services & Competition

Free movement of workers (Article 45 TFEU), freedom of establishment (Article 49), and freedom to provide services (Article 56), the public-policy and other derogations, and EU competition law - prohibited agreements and concerted practices under Article 101 and abuse of a dominant position under Article 102

How to Pass the FE-1 Law of the European Union Exam

What You Need to Know

  • Passing score: 50% per subject
  • Assessment: Question count not published by the exam provider
  • Time limit: 3 hours (3.5 hours online)
  • Exam fee: EUR 128 per subject (2026; recheck EUR 154)

Keys to Passing

  • Work through all 100 available questions
  • Review every answer and explanation
  • Track weak areas and revisit them
  • Use our AI tutor for tough concepts

FE-1 Law of the European Union Study Tips from Top Performers

1Learn the full enforcement chain - direct effect, then indirect effect (Von Colson/Marleasing), then Francovich state liability - because problem questions on an unimplemented directive against a private party require you to run through all three routes
2Memorise the founding cases by name and ratio: Van Gend en Loos (direct effect), Costa v ENEL (supremacy), Marshall and Faccini Dori (directives), Francovich (state liability), and CILFIT (acte clair)
3Always cite the current post-Lisbon TFEU numbering in your answers (Articles 34-36, 45, 49, 56, 101, 102, 258, 263, 267) even when the case predates the renumbering
4For free movement of goods, be able to run a Dassonville / Cassis de Dijon / Keck analysis and distinguish product requirements from selling arrangements, then turn to the Article 36 and mandatory-requirement justifications
5Do not forget the Irish dimension - Crotty v An Taoiseach and Article 29.4 are distinctively Irish points that an Irish FE-1 examiner expects you to raise on a supremacy or sovereignty question
6Answer four full questions in three hours under timed conditions using the Law Society's past papers, and practise structuring a Plaumann standing analysis for Article 263 annulment problems

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the format of the FE-1 Law of the European Union exam?

FE-1 Law of the European Union is examined by a single three-hour paper (3.5 hours for the online sitting) made up of five essay and problem questions. Candidates must answer four of the five. There are no multiple-choice questions - each answer is a full written essay or a worked analysis of a fact-based problem, and the pass mark is 50%.

How does FE-1 EU Law fit into becoming a solicitor in Ireland?

FE-1 (the Final Examination - First Part) is the entrance examination for the solicitors' profession in Ireland, administered by the Law Society of Ireland. There are eight subjects in total, of which the Law of the European Union is one, and each is sat individually. All eight must be passed within seven years of the first pass before a candidate can take up a training contract and the Professional Practice Course.

What does the FE-1 EU Law syllabus cover?

The syllabus covers the sources of EU law and the institutions, the supremacy of EU law and its Irish constitutional dimension, direct effect, indirect effect, and state liability, the Article 267 preliminary reference procedure, direct actions such as annulment and infringement proceedings, the free movement of goods, persons, and services, and EU competition law under Articles 101 and 102 TFEU.

Does FE-1 EU Law use the old or the current Treaty article numbers?

Candidates should use the current post-Lisbon TFEU numbering. For example, free movement of goods is Articles 34-36 TFEU, workers is Article 45, establishment is Article 49, services is Article 56, the preliminary reference procedure is Article 267, annulment is Article 263, and competition is Articles 101 and 102. Older EC Treaty numbers may appear in pre-Lisbon case names but the current numbering should be used in answers.

What is the Irish constitutional dimension tested in FE-1 EU Law?

Ireland gave effect to EU membership through amendments to Article 29.4 of the Constitution, and the relationship between EU law and Irish constitutional law is examined. The leading authority is Crotty v An Taoiseach, where the Supreme Court held that ratification of the Single European Act required a constitutional referendum, establishing the principle that significant transfers of sovereignty require a popular vote.

Why does the vertical/horizontal distinction for directives matter in FE-1 EU Law?

An unimplemented directive can be relied on against the State or an emanation of the State (vertical direct effect, per Marshall and the broad State definition in Foster) but not against another private party (no horizontal direct effect, per Faccini Dori). This gap is bridged by indirect effect under Von Colson and Marleasing and, in some cases, by Francovich state liability in damages - a frequently examined chain of reasoning.