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Free Practice Questions for Iran Specialty Board - Pediatrics

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Key Facts: Iran Specialty Board - Pediatrics Exam

150

Total four-option multiple-choice questions on the national written board examination

Council for Medical and Specialized Education guidelines

210 min

Total duration of the written examination session (1.6 minutes per question)

Sanjesh Pezeshki examination instructions

70%

Written stage passing score (105/150) required to advance to the clinical oral/OSCE examination

Secretariat of the Council for Medical and Specialized Education

0

Negative marking score penalty: incorrect answers do not deduct marks

Sanjesh Pezeshki official board exam instructions

1 time/yr

Annual national board administration frequency, traditionally held in late summer (Shahrivar)

Sanjesh Pezeshki annual examination schedule

The Iranian Medical Specialty Board in Pediatrics (Daneslnameh) is the premier specialty credential administered annually by Sanjesh Pezeshki. It features a 152-question, 240-minute written MCQ examination with no negative marking requiring a 70% passing threshold (105/150) to advance to the structured oral/OSCE clinical examination.

Sample Iran Specialty Board - Pediatrics Practice Questions

Try these sample questions to review concepts for the Iran Specialty Board - Pediatrics exam. Each question includes a detailed explanation. Start the interactive quiz above for the full 100+ question experience with AI tutoring.

1A full-term newborn is delivered via spontaneous vaginal delivery with clear amniotic fluid. At birth, the infant is apneic and limp. After drying, warming, clearing secretions, and tactile stimulation for 30 seconds, the heart rate is evaluated as 72 beats per minute by auscultation. What is the most appropriate next step in management according to Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) guidelines?
A.Initiate positive-pressure ventilation (PPV) with room air (21% FiO2)
B.Administer continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) at 5 cm H2O with 100% oxygen
C.Perform chest compressions coordinated with ventilation at a 3:1 ratio
D.Administer intravenous epinephrine 0.02 mg/kg via an umbilical venous catheter
Explanation: According to NRP guidelines, if a newborn remains apneic, gasping, or has a heart rate below 100 beats per minute after the initial steps of drying, positioning, and stimulating, positive-pressure ventilation (PPV) must be initiated immediately. For term and late preterm infants (≥35 weeks gestation), resuscitation begins with room air (21% oxygen) to avoid oxidative stress and tissue injury.
2A preterm male infant delivered at 28 weeks gestation develops tachypnea, grunting, prominent intercostal retractions, and cyanosis within 30 minutes after birth. A chest radiograph demonstrates diffuse bilateral reticulogranular opacities ('ground-glass' appearance) with prominent air bronchograms and low lung volumes. What is the fundamental cellular pathophysiology responsible for this condition?
A.Impaired lymphatic clearance of fluid from alveolar spaces
B.Deficiency of surfactant synthesized and stored by type II pneumocytes
C.Necrosis of pulmonary vascular endothelium induced by hyperoxia
D.Congenital hypoplasia of secondary bronchial cartilaginous rings
Explanation: Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is caused by a quantitative deficiency of pulmonary surfactant produced and secreted by alveolar type II pneumocytes. Surfactant lowers alveolar surface tension, preventing end-expiratory alveolar collapse; without it, widespread microatelectasis, ventilation-perfusion mismatch, and progressive respiratory failure ensue.
3A term female neonate born via elective Cesarean section without prior labor presents with tachypnea (respiratory rate 86 breaths/min) and mild grunting at 2 hours of life. Pulse oximetry shows 94% on room air. Chest radiograph reveals perihilar streaking, hyperexpansion, and fluid lines within the horizontal interlobar fissure. What is the most expected clinical course for this infant?
A.Progressive respiratory deterioration requiring exogenous surfactant replacement
B.Development of pulmonary hypertension requiring inhaled nitric oxide therapy
C.Spontaneous resolution within 24 to 72 hours with supportive care
D.Recurrent pneumothoraces necessitating immediate bilateral thoracostomy tube placement
Explanation: The clinical and radiographic presentation is classic for transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN), caused by delayed reabsorption of fetal lung fluid following delivery without labor. TTN is a benign, self-limiting disorder that typically resolves spontaneously within 24 to 72 hours with supportive care such as supplemental oxygen and warmth.
4A post-term male infant born at 42 weeks gestation through thick meconium-stained amniotic fluid exhibits severe respiratory distress immediately after delivery, characterized by tachypnea, cyanosis, and a barrel-shaped chest. A chest radiograph shows bilateral coarse patchy infiltrates, areas of consolidation, and alternating hyperinflation with flattened diaphragms. What mechanism accounts for the air trapping and increased risk of pneumothorax in this condition?
A.Severe spasm of the distal terminal bronchioles mediated by leukotrienes
B.Direct destruction of alveolar basement membranes by pancreatic elastase
C.Diffusely increased pulmonary vascular resistance leading to right-to-left shunting
D.Partial ball-valve airway obstruction by particulate meconium plugs
Explanation: Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) causes partial obstruction of small and medium airways by viscous meconium plugs. This produces a ball-valve effect that allows air entry during inspiration when airways expand, but traps gas during expiration when airways narrow, leading to hyperinflation, regional atelectasis, and an elevated risk of air leak syndromes such as pneumothorax.
5A full-term infant with severe hypoxemic respiratory failure demonstrates a pre-ductal (right radial artery) oxygen saturation of 96% while the post-ductal (left lower extremity) saturation is 82% on 100% supplemental oxygen. Echocardiography confirms structurally normal intracardiac anatomy with marked right-to-left shunting across the patent ductus arteriosus. What is the definitive first-line pulmonary vasodilator therapy for this condition?
A.Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO)
B.Intravenous prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil)
C.Intravenous adenosine bolus
D.Oral bosentan therapy
Explanation: A pre- and post-ductal oxygen saturation gradient exceeding 10% indicates significant right-to-left shunting across the ductus arteriosus secondary to persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) selectively dilates pulmonary vasculature without causing systemic hypotension, significantly improving oxygenation and reducing the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).
6A 39-week-gestation infant is born following an acute placental abruption. Apgar scores are 1, 3, and 5 at 1, 5, and 10 minutes. Cord arterial blood gas reveals pH 6.85 and base deficit -18 mEq/L. At 3 hours of life, the neonate demonstrates lethargy, hypotonia, absent Moro reflex, and periodic pupillary dilation. According to standard criteria, which protocol is indicated to reduce the risk of mortality and severe neurodevelopmental disability?
A.Immediate intravenous dexamethasone therapy for 7 days
B.Therapeutic whole-body hypothermia initiated within 6 hours of birth to 33.5°C for 72 hours
C.Hyperventilation to maintain arterial PaCO2 between 20 and 25 mmHg
D.Phenobarbital loading dose only without temperature management
Explanation: Therapeutic hypothermia (target core body temperature 33.0°C to 34.0°C, typically 33.5°C, maintained for 72 hours followed by slow rewarming) is the established standard of care for term and near-term infants (≥36 weeks) with moderate to severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) when initiated within 6 hours of birth, significantly reducing death and severe neurodevelopmental disability.
7A 12-hour-old male infant born to a blood group O positive mother develops visible jaundice over his face and trunk. Laboratory analysis shows total serum bilirubin 11.2 mg/dL with a direct fraction of 0.4 mg/dL. The infant's blood group is A positive. Which diagnostic test is most essential to establish immune-mediated isoimmunization as the underlying cause?
A.Serum erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) assay
B.Serum ceruloplasmin concentration
C.Direct antiglobulin (direct Coombs) test on neonatal erythrocytes
D.Kleihauer-Betke cytochemical smear
Explanation: Jaundice appearing within the first 24 hours of life is always pathologic. In an A positive infant born to an O positive mother, ABO incompatibility is a primary consideration; a positive direct antiglobulin (direct Coombs) test identifies maternal anti-A antibodies bound directly to the newborn's erythrocytes, confirming immune hemolysis.
8A healthy 10-day-old exclusively breastfed female infant presents for routine evaluation. Her physical exam is notable only for scleral icterus and cutaneous jaundice extending to the thighs. She is gaining weight appropriately (35 g/day) and producing 7 wet diapers daily. Total bilirubin is 12.8 mg/dL with a direct bilirubin of 0.5 mg/dL. What is the principal underlying mechanism of this condition?
A.Severe hemolysis driven by maternal anti-Rh immunoglobulin G antibodies
B.Anatomic obstruction of extrahepatic biliary ductules causing cholestasis
C.Excessive red blood cell turnover secondary to high neonatal hematocrit
D.Increased enterohepatic circulation of bilirubin mediated by beta-glucuronidase in breast milk
Explanation: This infant has breast milk jaundice, a benign condition that typically peaks in the second to third week of life in thriving, well-fed breastfed infants. Factors in maternal human milk, notably beta-glucuronidase, deconjugate intestinal bilirubin glucuronides back into lipophilic unconjugated bilirubin, facilitating its reabsorption through the gut and enhancing enterohepatic circulation.
9A 4-week-old full-term infant is evaluated for persistent jaundice. The mother reports that the infant's stool has become progressively pale and clay-colored, and the urine is dark yellow. Laboratory evaluation reveals a total bilirubin of 8.5 mg/dL with a direct (conjugated) bilirubin of 6.2 mg/dL. Liver ultrasound reveals an absent or contracted gallbladder with a triangular cord sign. What is the most critical next management step to optimize long-term hepatic survival?
A.Urgent intraoperative cholangiogram followed by Kasai portoenterostomy if confirmed
B.Oral phenobarbital therapy for 6 weeks to stimulate glucuronyl transferase activity
C.Strict restriction of dietary lactose and immediate switch to soy-based formula
D.Triple phototherapy and prophylactic broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage
Explanation: The infant exhibits conjugated hyperbilirubinemia with acholic stools, indicative of biliary atresia. The triangular cord sign on ultrasound represents fibrous ductal obliteration. Urgent surgical evaluation with intraoperative cholangiography followed by hepatoportoenterostomy (Kasai procedure) is critical; performing the Kasai operation before 45 to 60 days of age dramatically improves bile drainage and delays or prevents cirrhosis.
10A premature infant born at 27 weeks gestation who is receiving enteral formula feedings develops abdominal distension, feeding intolerance with gastric bilious aspirates, and occult blood in the stool on day 14 of life. Abdominal radiography reveals linear radiolucencies tracking within the bowel wall (pneumatosis intestinalis). According to modified Bell staging, what is the most appropriate initial medical management?
A.Immediate surgical resection of the entire small bowel and placement of a jejunostomy
B.Cessation of enteral feeds, nasogastric decompression, systemic broad-spectrum antibiotics, and blood cultures
C.Administration of high-dose intravenous indomethacin and restriction of total fluid intake
D.Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) via face mask and aggressive enteral feedings with hyperosmolar formula
Explanation: Pneumatosis intestinalis is pathognomonic for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC, Bell stage II). Immediate medical therapy consists of bowel rest (discontinuing all enteral nutrition), gastric decompression with a replogle or nasogastric tube, aggressive fluid resuscitation, blood cultures, and initiation of broad-spectrum systemic intravenous antibiotics covering enteric gram-negative bacilli, gram-positive cocci, and anaerobes.

About the Iran Specialty Board - Pediatrics Exam

The Iranian Medical Specialty Board Examination in Pediatrics (آزمون دانشنامه تخصصی بیماریهای کودکان / بورد تخصصی طب کودکان) is the definitive terminal certification examination for pediatricians in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Conducted annually in late summer (Shahrivar) in Tehran under the supervision of the Council for Medical and Specialized Education and the National Center for Health Assessment (Sanjesh Pezeshki), board certification represents the highest professional credential in general pediatrics in Iran and is mandatory for appointment to medical university faculties. Eligibility requires the completion of an accredited 3-year postgraduate pediatric residency program at an Iranian medical university (or a Ministry-verified foreign equivalent) and passing the Specialty Exit Certificate Examination (آزمون گواهینامه تخصصی). The national written examination comprises 152 multiple-choice questions evaluated over 240 minutes without negative marking. The official curricular reference designated by the National Pediatric Board Examination Board is the Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, supplemented by national disease guidelines and the Iranian National Immunization Program protocols. The examination blueprint rigorously assesses six comprehensive pediatric domains: Neonatology & Perinatal Medicine (~20%); Pediatric Growth, Development, Nutrition, Fluid/Electrolyte & Inborn Errors of Metabolism (~18%); Pediatric Infectious Diseases & Immunization (~18%); Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy & Immunology (~15%); Pediatric Cardiology & Nephrology (~15%); and Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hematology-Oncology, Neurology & Endocrinology (~14%). This study tool is an independent English-language multiple-choice practice adaptation authored by OpenExamPrep. It offers 100 high-yield practice questions accompanied by pedagogical explanations and distractor analyses to assist pediatric residents, international medical graduates, and clinicians in mastering essential board-level pediatric medicine. The official Iranian specialty board examination is conducted in Persian; this bank is neither an official translation nor a simulation of the official paper, and is not affiliated with or endorsed by Sanjesh Pezeshki or the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education.

Exam sponsor: Council for Medical and Specialized Education & Sanjesh Pezeshki (دبیرخانه شورای آموزش پزشکی و تخصصی و مرکز سنجش آموزش پزشکی). The requirements and fees below concern the certification or admission exam, separate from our free practice resources.

Assessment

The Iranian Pediatric Specialty Board Examination is administered annually by the National Center for Health Assessment (مرکز سنجش آموزش پزشکی - Sanjesh Pezeshki) under the auspices of the Council for Medical and Specialized Education. The examination is conducted in two mandatory phases: Stage 1 is the national Written Examination (آزمون کتبی دانشنامه), featuring 152 four-option multiple-choice questions administered in a single 240-minute session without negative marking. Candidates must attain a score of at least 70% (105/150) to advance to Stage 2. Stage 2 is the Clinical Practical and Oral Examination (آزمون شفاهی و عملی دانشنامه), consisting of Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) stations, patient management problems (PMP), clinical case defense, radiographic and laboratory interpretation, and procedural simulation. Candidates passing both stages are awarded the Specialty Board Diploma (Daneslnameh-ye Takhasosi), qualifying them for university faculty appointments and tertiary hospital leadership.

Time Limit

240 minutes

Passing Score

70% of the written total (105 of 150 points)

Exam / Certification Fees

Nominal specialty examination registration fee set annually by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, payable online via sanjeshp.ir during official board registration

Exam sponsor website

Fees, eligibility, and exam policies can change. Confirm them with the exam sponsor before applying or paying.

Our practice resources: topics covered

We aim to reflect publicly available exam outlines and topic information in our study resources. Coverage, format, and difficulty may differ from the actual exam, and we cannot guarantee that every detail is accurate or current. Confirm exam requirements, fees, and policies with the official exam sponsor.

20%

Neonatology & Perinatal Medicine

Management of extreme prematurity, low birth weight, and intrauterine growth restriction; Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) algorithms; neonatal respiratory distress including respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN), meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), and persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN); hyperbilirubinemia thresholds for phototherapy and exchange transfusion; early- and late-onset neonatal sepsis; hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) staging and therapeutic hypothermia; necrotizing enterocolitis (Bell staging); and neonatal metabolic screenings.

18%

Pediatric Growth, Development, Nutrition, Fluid/Electrolyte & Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Growth velocity monitoring, WHO/CDC percentiles, bone age interpretation; developmental screening and motor/cognitive milestones; infant nutrition, human milk benefits, and formula selection; deficiency rickets, scurvy, and trace mineral deficiencies; clinical dehydration scoring, WHO oral rehydration protocols, and maintenance and deficit intravenous fluid calculations; electrolyte disorders (hyper/hyponatremia, hyper/hypokalemia, calcium/phosphate balance); acid-base disorders (high anion gap vs normal anion gap metabolic acidosis); and inborn errors of metabolism (PKU, MSUD, methylmalonic acidemia, urea cycle enzyme deficiencies, galactosemia, and GSDs).

18%

Pediatric Infectious Diseases & Immunization

Iranian National Immunization Program schedules, contraindications, and catch-up protocols; clinical presentations and complications of vaccine-preventable infections (measles, rubella, mumps, pertussis, invasive Hib, and hepatitis B); fever of unknown origin (FUO) systematic workup; pediatric severe sepsis and septic shock guidelines; bacterial meningitis (CSF analysis, empiric regimens, and chemoprophylaxis); community-acquired pneumonia and atypical pneumonias; pediatric tuberculosis; endemic parasitic and zoonotic infections (leishmaniasis, hydatid disease, brucellosis); congenital TORCH infections; and antimicrobial stewardship.

15%

Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy & Immunology

Pathophysiology, staging, and step-wise management of pediatric asthma according to GINA guidelines; status asthmaticus management; viral bronchiolitis guidelines (AAP); acute laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) and tracheitis; foreign body aspiration presentation and management; cystic fibrosis (sweat chloride testing, CFTR modulators, airway clearance, and pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy); primary ciliary dyskinesia; primary immunodeficiency disorders (SCID, XLA, CVID, CGD, Wiskott-Aldrich); anaphylaxis emergency protocols; and atopic diseases.

15%

Pediatric Cardiology & Nephrology

Hemodynamics and management of acyanotic heart defects (VSD, ASD, PDA, AV canal) and cyanotic congenital heart defects (Tetralogy of Fallot, TGA, truncus arteriosus, TAPVR); management of hypercyanotic spells; acute rheumatic fever diagnosis (revised Jones criteria) and secondary penicillin prophylaxis; Kawasaki disease diagnostic criteria and IVIG therapy; pediatric supraventricular tachycardia; nephrotic syndrome (idiopathic minimal change, steroid resistance, and complications); post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis; hemolytic uremic syndrome (STEC-HUS); acute kidney injury staging and indications for dialysis; and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR).

14%

Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hematology-Oncology, Neurology & Endocrinology

Pediatric surgical abdominal emergencies (infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, ileocolic intussusception, malrotation with volvulus, Hirschsprung disease); celiac disease diagnostic algorithms (anti-tTG IgA, total IgA); acute gastroenteritis; workup and management of microcytic hypochromic anemias (iron deficiency vs beta-thalassemia trait); sickle cell disease acute chest syndrome and crisis; immune thrombocytopenia (ITP); hemophilia A and B factor replacement; pediatric leukemia (ALL) and solid tumors (neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor); febrile seizures (simple vs complex); pediatric epilepsy syndromes (infantile spasms/hypsarrhythmia, Lennox-Gastaut); diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) fluid and insulin protocols; and congenital hypothyroidism.

Preparing for the Iran Specialty Board - Pediatrics Exam

What You Need to Know

  • Passing score: 70% of the written total (105 of 150 points)
  • Assessment: The Iranian Pediatric Specialty Board Examination is administered annually by the National Center for Health Assessment (مرکز سنجش آموزش پزشکی - Sanjesh Pezeshki) under the auspices of the Council for Medical and Specialized Education. The examination is conducted in two mandatory phases: Stage 1 is the national Written Examination (آزمون کتبی دانشنامه), featuring 152 four-option multiple-choice questions administered in a single 240-minute session without negative marking. Candidates must attain a score of at least 70% (105/150) to advance to Stage 2. Stage 2 is the Clinical Practical and Oral Examination (آزمون شفاهی و عملی دانشنامه), consisting of Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) stations, patient management problems (PMP), clinical case defense, radiographic and laboratory interpretation, and procedural simulation. Candidates passing both stages are awarded the Specialty Board Diploma (Daneslnameh-ye Takhasosi), qualifying them for university faculty appointments and tertiary hospital leadership.
  • Time limit: 240 minutes
  • Exam / certification fees: Nominal specialty examination registration fee set annually by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, payable online via sanjeshp.ir during official board registration Official sources

Using Our Practice Resources

  • Work through all 100 available questions
  • Review every answer and explanation
  • Track weak areas and revisit them
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Iran Specialty Board - Pediatrics: Suggested Study Strategy

1Master Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) algorithms and neonatal intensive care protocols: neonatology comprises 20% of the exam. Focus on exact ventilation corrective steps (MR. SOPA), oxygen saturation targets at 1 to 10 minutes of life, indications for therapeutic hypothermia in HIE, and phototherapy/exchange transfusion nomograms.
2Know the Iranian National Immunization Schedule and vaccine contraindications: memorize the exact ages for BCG, hepatitis B, pentavalent (DTP-Hib-HepB), bivalent oral polio vaccine (bOPV), inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), and MMR. Understand catch-up schedules and live-virus vaccine precautions in immunodeficient patients.
3Calculate pediatric fluid and electrolyte therapy precisely: master the Holliday-Segar 4-2-1 rule for maintenance fluids, clinical scoring of dehydration severity, WHO Plan A, B, and C rehydration, sodium deficit calculations in hyponatremic dehydration, and protocols for avoiding rapid osmotic shifts in DKA.
4Differentiate congenital heart defects and emergency pediatric cardiac management: know classic radiographic findings ('boot-shaped heart', 'egg on a string', 'snowman heart'), auscultatory murmurs, ECG findings, and acute emergency management of hypercyanotic spells with oxygen, knee-chest position, morphine, and IV fluids.
5Review high-yield pediatric endocrinology and inborn errors of metabolism: prioritize early identification and acute crisis stabilization for classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency (salt-wasting congenital adrenal hyperplasia), diabetic ketoacidosis cerebral edema prevention, and acute management of hyperammonemia in urea cycle defects.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the format and duration of the Iranian Pediatric Specialty Board written examination?

The written examination consists of 152 four-option multiple-choice questions (MCQs) administered in a single 240-minute session. There is no negative marking for incorrect answers. Candidates must achieve a score of at least 70% of the written total (105 of 150 points) to pass the written stage and qualify for the subsequent practical and oral clinical examination.

What is the primary official reference textbook for the Iranian Pediatric Board?

The official and universally designated reference textbook for the Iranian Pediatric Board is the Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics (latest official edition approved by the Board Secretariat), supplemented by guidelines from the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME), such as national immunization protocols and tuberculosis guidelines.

Is there any negative marking penalty on the Iranian Pediatric Board written exam?

No. Unlike the Iranian national university entrance exams (Konkur), the Medical Specialty Board written exam does not penalize candidates for incorrect answers. Candidates receive one mark for each correct answer and zero marks for incorrect or omitted responses; therefore, candidates should attempt every question.

What is the difference between the Specialty Certificate (Govahinameh) and Specialty Board (Daneslnameh)?

The Specialty Certificate (Govahinameh-ye Takhasosi) is awarded to residents upon completing their 3-year pediatric residency and passing the final exit written exam, granting them the legal right to practice as general pediatricians in Iran. The Specialty Board (Daneslnameh-ye Takhasosi) is the higher national competitive credential requiring both written and oral/OSCE examinations; board certification is required for academic appointments, university professorships, subspecialty fellowship entrance, and leadership roles in tertiary teaching hospitals.

What does Stage 2 (Oral/Practical Examination) entail?

Stage 2 is administered within days after the written exam for candidates scoring 70% or higher. It consists of an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) with stations covering neonatal resuscitation, pediatric advanced life support (PALS), patient management problems (PMP), clinical case defense, radiographic interpretation, and procedural stations. A score of 70% is also required to pass the oral stage.

Is this OpenExamPrep question bank affiliated with or endorsed by Sanjesh Pezeshki?

No. This question bank is an independent English-language multiple-choice practice adaptation authored by OpenExamPrep for conceptual review and test practice. The official Iranian specialty board examination is conducted in Persian by Sanjesh Pezeshki and the Council for Medical and Specialized Education. This preparation material is neither an official translation nor sponsored, endorsed, or affiliated with the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education.