Free Practice Questions for Iran Bar Exam (SCODA)

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Iran Judiciary Bar Entrance Examination (آزمون وکالت مرکز وکلای قوه قضاییه)

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Sample Iran Bar Exam (SCODA) Practice Questions

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1Under Article 190 of the Civil Code of Iran, which of the following is NOT one of the four fundamental essential conditions for the validity of any contract (عقد)?

A.Intention and mutual consent of the parties (قصد طرفین و رضای آن‌ها)

B.Legal capacity of the parties (اهلیت طرفین)

C.Formal registration in an official notary bureau (ثبت رسمی در دفتر اسناد رسمی)

D.A definite subject matter that constitutes the object of transaction (موضوع معین که مورد معامله باشد)

Explanation: Article 190 of the Iranian Civil Code explicitly enumerates four essential conditions for the validity of contracts: (1) intention of the parties and their mutual consent, (2) legal capacity of the parties, (3) a definite subject matter which forms the object of the transaction, and (4) legitimacy of the cause/motive of the transaction. Registration in an official notarial office is generally a requirement for registration validity and evidentiary power under the Registration Act, but not a universal substantive requirement for contract validity under general civil contract theory.

2Under the Iranian Civil Code, what is the legal status of an agreement entered into by a person acting under duress (اکراه) compared to one entered into by a person acting under absolute physical compulsion (اضطرار / اجبار مادی)?

A.A contract under duress is uncompleted/voidable (غیرنافذ) and can be ratified or rejected once duress ceases, whereas absolute physical compulsion vitiates intention entirely making the contract null and void (باطل)

B.Both contracts are null and void (باطل) ab initio because consent is absent in both

C.A contract under duress is valid (صحیح) but gives rise to an option to cancel (خیار فسخ), whereas physical compulsion makes it uncompleted (غیرنافذ)

D.Both contracts are valid (صحیح) because economic necessity does not affect the external declaration of will

Explanation: Under Articles 199, 203, and 209 of the Civil Code, duress (ikrah) impairs free consent (reza) but leaves underlying intention (qasd) intact; hence, a contract concluded under duress is uncompleted/inoperative (غیرنافذ) and may be subsequently ratified or repudiated by the coerced party. In contrast, absolute physical compulsion (ijbar-e maddi) destroys the subjective intention to create legal relations altogether, rendering the transaction completely null and void (باطل) from the outset.

3Under Article 234 of the Iranian Civil Code, what are the three recognized categories of contractual stipulations / conditions (شروط ضمن عقد)?

A.Condition of description (شرط صفت), condition of result (شرط نتیجه), and condition of act/performance (شرط فعل)

B.Suspensive condition (شرط تعلیقی), resolutory condition (شرط فاسخ), and promissory condition (شرط عهدی)

C.Condition of time (شرط اجل), condition of place (شرط مکان), and condition of penalty (شرط جزا)

D.Express condition (شرط صریح), implied condition (شرط ضمنی), and customary condition (شرط بنایی)

Explanation: Article 234 of the Civil Code divides stipulations inserted within contracts into three specific statutory categories: (1) Condition of description (شرط صفت), which relates to the quality or quantity of the subject matter; (2) Condition of result (شرط نتیجه), where the realization of a legal effect or status is stipulated to occur automatically by virtue of the contract; and (3) Condition of act (شرط فعل), where the performance or non-performance of an action by one of the parties or a third person is stipulated.

4If a condition of act (شرط فعل) is breached by the obligor and cannot be performed by him, what is the statutory sequence of remedies available to the obligee under Articles 237, 238, and 239 of the Civil Code?

A.First, compel the obligor; if impossible but performable by another, have it executed at the obligor's expense; if impossible by any means, cancel the contract

B.Immediate cancellation of the contract (فسخ عقد) without needing to seek judicial compulsion

C.Demand damages exclusively, with no right to seek either specific performance or cancellation

D.Request the court to declare the entire contract void ab initio (بطلان عقد)

Explanation: Articles 237 to 239 of the Civil Code establish a strict graduated hierarchy: (1) Under Article 237, the obligee must first petition the court to compel the obligor to perform. (2) Under Article 238, if compulsion is impossible but the action can be performed by another party, the court may order its performance at the expense of the obligor. (3) Under Article 239, only if execution by any other party is also impossible does the obligee acquire the right to cancel the contract (خیار تخلف از شرط).

5Under Article 264 of the Iranian Civil Code, which of the following is NOT one of the six statutory modes for the discharge of obligations (سقوط تعهدات)?

A.Performance or delivery of obligation (وفای به عهد)

B.Novation / substitution of obligation (تبدیل تعهد)

C.Limitation of actions / statutory time-bar (مرور زمان)

D.Merger of qualities of debtor and creditor (مالکیت مافی‌الذمه)

Explanation: Article 264 of the Civil Code enumerates exactly six causes for the discharge of obligations: (1) وفای به عهد (fulfilment), (2) اقاله (mutual rescission), (3) ابراء (release/waiver), (4) تبدیل تعهد (novation), (5) تهاتر (set-off/compensation), and (6) مالکیت مافی‌الذمه (merger). Statute of limitations (مرور زمان) was eliminated from the general substantive Civil Code after the 1979 revolution and does not extinguish the substantive debt under Article 264.

6Under Article 289 of the Civil Code, what is the precise legal nature of release of debt (ابراء)?

A.It is a unilateral juridical act (ایقاع) that discharges the debtor even without the debtor's consent or acceptance

B.It is a bilateral contract (عقد) requiring acceptance by the debtor to become effective

C.It is a conditional gift (هبه معوضه) requiring formal delivery of the instrument of debt

D.It is an agreement of mutual cancellation (اقاله) requiring mutual consensus

Explanation: Article 289 of the Civil Code defines release (Ibra) as the creditor voluntarily waiving his right against the debtor. In Iranian civil jurisprudence, Ibra is definitively classified as a unilateral act (ایقاع); it becomes binding upon the creditor's manifestation of intent alone and does not require the debtor's acceptance, nor can the debtor invalidate it by rejecting it.

7Under Article 292 of the Iranian Civil Code, which scenario constitutes novation by substitution of the creditor (تبدیل تعهد به اعتبار تبدیل دائن)?

A.When the creditor transfers what the debtor owes him to another person, and the debtor consents so that a new obligation replaces the old one towards the new creditor

B.When a third party, with the creditor's consent, undertakes to pay the debtor's debt

C.When a creditor sells his claim to a collection agency, keeping the original obligation and its securities intact

D.When the subject matter of the obligation is altered from payment of gold coin to delivery of foreign currency

Explanation: Paragraph 3 of Article 292 states the case in a single line: «وقتی که متعهدله ما فی الذمه متعهد را به کسی دیگر منتقل نماید» — when the creditor transfers what is owed to him to another person. Iranian doctrine adds the element that distinguishes this from a bare assignment of a claim: novation needs the debtor's agreement, because a new obligation is substituted for the old one. That substitution extinguishes the original obligation together with the securities attached to it, whereas an assignment leaves the same obligation and its securities standing in the hands of a new creditor.

8Under the Iranian Civil Code, what is the critical legal distinction between direct causation of damage (اتلاف) under Article 328 and indirect causation / contribution (تسبیب) under Article 331?

A.In Itlaf, liability is strict and fault or negligence is not required, whereas in Tasbib, fault, negligence, or breach of customary standard is required to establish liability

B.In Itlaf, liability arises only if intentional, whereas in Tasbib, unintentional damage suffices

C.In Itlaf, damages are capped by statutory tables, whereas in Tasbib, damages are assessed at market value

D.There is no legal difference; both require proof of subjective intentional wrongdoing

Explanation: Under Article 328 of the Civil Code, whoever destroys the property of another directly (اتلاف) is strictly liable to replace or compensate it, regardless of whether the act was intentional or accidental, and without requiring proof of negligence. Conversely, under Article 331, indirect causation (تسبیب) requires that the act be wrongful, negligent, or contrary to customary care (تقصیر یا تعدی و تفریط), establishing the causal chain between the act and the resulting loss.

9If both a direct tortfeasor (مباشر) and an indirect tortfeasor (سبب) contribute to causing damage to property, who is held primarily liable to the injured owner under Article 332 of the Civil Code?

A.The direct tortfeasor (مباشر) is primarily liable, unless the indirect cause (سبب) is stronger in such a manner that the direct cause is customarily treated as a mere instrument

B.The indirect tortfeasor (سبب) is always held primarily liable because he initiated the causal sequence

C.Both are automatically held jointly and severally liable (مسئولیت تضامنی) in equal 50% shares

D.The owner cannot claim against either if the direct tortfeasor was solvent

Explanation: Article 332 of the Civil Code states: 'Whenever a direct actor and an indirect cause combine, the direct actor (مباشر) is responsible, unless the indirect cause was stronger, so that according to custom the damage is attributed to him.' This establishes the baseline primacy of the direct actor (مباشر), reversed only when the indirect cause dominates (e.g. an innocent child or incapacitated person being used as a tool, or coercion amounting to compulsion).

10Under Article 338 of the Iranian Civil Code, how is a contract of sale (بیع) defined?

A.The transfer of ownership of a specific object in exchange for a specified consideration (تملیک عین به عوض معلوم)

B.The transfer of the usufruct of property for a specified period and consideration (تملیک منفعت به عوض معلوم)

C.The authorization to manage the legal affairs of another person (اعطای نمایندگی برای انجام امور)

D.The retention of property by way of security for a debt (وثیقه قرار دادن عین برای طلب)

Explanation: Article 338 of the Civil Code defines sale as: 'بیع عبارت است از تملیک عین به عوض معلوم' (Sale consists of the transfer of ownership of a corporeal property in exchange for a known consideration). The subject matter must be a corporeal thing (عین), whether specific external property (عین معین), fungible property (کلی در معین), or generic property on liability (کلی فی‌الذمه).

About the Iran Bar Exam (SCODA) Exam

The Iran Bar Association Lawyer-Apprentice Licensure Examination (آزمون پذیرش متقاضیان پروانه کارآموزی وکالت کانون‌های وکلای دادگستری) is the statutory entrance examination for aspiring attorneys (کارآموزان وکالت) in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Organised nationally by the National Union of Iranian Bar Associations (اتحادیه سراسری کانون‌های وکلای دادگستری ایران — اسکودا / SCODA) on behalf of all 28+ autonomous regional bar associations (including the Central Bar Association / کانون وکلای دادگستری مرکز, Fars, Isfahan, Khorasan, and East Azerbaijan), the examination is administered centrally by the National Organization for Educational Testing (Sanjesh / sanjesh.org). Under Article 1 of the Law on Quality of Obtaining Attorney Licensure (قانون کیفیت اخذ پروانه وکالت دادگستری مصوب ۱۳۷۶) and the Business Licensing Facilitation Act of 1401 (قانون تسهیل صدور مجوزهای کسب‌وکار), admission is granted on a relative threshold rather than rigid capacity quotas: any candidate who achieves at least 70% of the mean scaled score of the top one percent of scorers is introduced as a successful applicant eligible to commence the statutory legal apprenticeship. The examination runs on an annual cycle: the 1404 paper was sat on 15 Aban 1404, and registration for the 1405 sitting opened on 23 Shahrivar 1405 for an examination on 14 Aban 1405. It is a separate assessment from the Judiciary Lawyers Center examination, which registers and sits on its own calendar; a candidate may enter both but may hold only one of the two licences. Upon passing, candidates undergo background checks, judicial oath-taking, and an 18-month supervised legal apprenticeship under a licensed Master Attorney (وکیل سرپرست), before taking the final local exit assessment (اختبار) to receive full practicing licensure as a First-Grade Attorney-at-Law (وکیل پایه یک دادگستری). This question bank is an independent English-language multiple-choice study adaptation developed by OpenExamPrep. It contains 100 practice questions distributed in accordance with the official seven-subject blueprint. The official examination is administered exclusively in Persian; this bank is not an official translation or product of SCODA or Sanjesh.

Exam sponsor: National Union of Iranian Bar Associations (SCODA) & Sanjesh. The requirements and fees below concern the certification or admission exam, separate from our free practice resources.

Assessment

Single 140-item multiple-choice booklet divided across the tested subjects: Civil Law (20 questions, coeff 3), Civil Procedure (20 questions, coeff 3), Commercial Law (20 questions, coeff 2), Criminal Law, general and specific (20 questions, coeff 2), Criminal Procedure (20 questions, coeff 2), Constitutional Law (20 questions, coeff 1), and Principles of Islamic Legal Inference plus Fiqh Texts (10 + 10 questions, coeff 1). Answering time is 170 minutes, wrong answers carry a negative mark, and statute books are not permitted in the examination room.

Time Limit

170 minutes

Passing Score

70% of the mean scaled score (نمره تراز) of the top 1% of scorers (60% for sacrifice/veterans quota) pursuant to the Business Licensing Facilitation Act

Exam / Certification Fees

14,500,000 IRR for the 1405 sitting, paid electronically through Sanjesh; verify the current cycle fee in the registration prospectus

Exam sponsor website

Fees, eligibility, and exam policies can change. Confirm them with the exam sponsor before applying or paying.

Official sources

Our practice resources: topics covered

We aim to reflect publicly available exam outlines and topic information in our study resources. Coverage, format, and difficulty may differ from the actual exam, and we cannot guarantee that every detail is accurate or current. Confirm exam requirements, fees, and policies with the official exam sponsor.

21%

Civil Law (حقوق مدنی)

Contracts formation, validity conditions, contractual breach, torts and non-contractual liability, property rights, leases, mortgages, guarantees, agency, and family law under the Iranian Civil Code.

21%

Civil Procedure (آیین دادرسی مدنی)

Subject-matter and territorial jurisdiction of courts, legal representation, service of process, interlocutory applications, judicial evidence, appeals, cassation, third-party objection, and civil enforcement proceedings.

14%

Commercial Law (حقوق تجارت)

Traders and commercial acts, the 1347 Joint Stock Companies Act, partnerships, commercial negotiable instruments (drafts, cheques, promissory notes), reformed Cheque Act, and corporate insolvency and liquidation.

14%

Criminal Law (حقوق جزای عمومی و اختصاصی)

Principles of criminal responsibility, mental and physical elements of offenses, complicity, sentencing guidelines, and specific crimes against persons, property (fraud, embezzlement, theft), and public security.

14%

Criminal Procedure (آیین دادرسی کیفری)

Police investigations, public prosecution, examining magistrate proceedings, pre-trial detention and bail, criminal court trial proceedings, appeals, and execution of criminal judgments.

Principles and Texts of Islamic Jurisprudence (اصول استنباط حقوق اسلامی و متون فقه)

Hermeneutic legal principles (Usul al-Fiqh: verbal and rational proofs, procedural presumptions) and Arabic jurisprudence texts on contract, litigation, and evidence from classical treatises.

Constitutional Law (حقوق اساسی)

Constitutional framework of the Islamic Republic of Iran, public rights, separation of powers, judicial authority and independence, and Guardian Council supervisory mechanisms.

Preparing for the Iran Bar Exam (SCODA) Exam

What You Need to Know

Passing score: 70% of the mean scaled score (نمره تراز) of the top 1% of scorers (60% for sacrifice/veterans quota) pursuant to the Business Licensing Facilitation Act
Assessment: Single 140-item multiple-choice booklet divided across the tested subjects: Civil Law (20 questions, coeff 3), Civil Procedure (20 questions, coeff 3), Commercial Law (20 questions, coeff 2), Criminal Law, general and specific (20 questions, coeff 2), Criminal Procedure (20 questions, coeff 2), Constitutional Law (20 questions, coeff 1), and Principles of Islamic Legal Inference plus Fiqh Texts (10 + 10 questions, coeff 1). Answering time is 170 minutes, wrong answers carry a negative mark, and statute books are not permitted in the examination room.
Time limit: 170 minutes
Exam / certification fees: 14,500,000 IRR for the 1405 sitting, paid electronically through Sanjesh; verify the current cycle fee in the registration prospectus Official sources

Using Our Practice Resources

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Iran Bar Exam (SCODA): Suggested Study Strategy

1Prioritise Civil Law and Civil Procedure above all else: each carries a coefficient of 3 and together they account for nearly 43% of total score weight.

2Review the latest statutory reforms, particularly the Reformed Cheque Law (قانون اصلاح قانون صدور چک) and recent amendments to the Criminal Procedure Code regarding preliminary investigation rights.

3In Criminal Law, master the distinct classifications of Hadd, Qisas, Diyah, and Ta'zir punishments, and understand the statutory rules on concurrency (تعدد جرم) and recidivism (تکرار جرم).

4Thoroughly understand the procedural remedies in Civil Procedure: distinguishing ordinary appeals (تجدیدنظرخواهی) from extraordinary avenues like cassation (فرجام‌خواهی), retrial (اعاده دادرسی), and third-party opposition (اعتراض ثالث).

5Review practical Shi'ite jurisprudence texts (Tahrir al-Wasilah chapters on Kitab al-Qada and Kitab al-Shahadat) alongside rational Usul al-Fiqh principles like Istishab (presumption of continuance) and Asl al-Bara'ah (presumption of innocence).

6Do not overlook Constitutional Law: it carries only coefficient 1, but it supplies 20 of the 140 questions, so a well-drilled candidate can bank marks there cheaply.

7Pay close attention to negative marking: because wrong answers are penalised, strategic elimination and guessing discipline are critical for maximising the scaled score across 140 questions in 170 minutes.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the Iran Bar Association (SCODA) Entrance Examination?

It is the unified national entrance examination administered by Sanjesh on behalf of the National Union of Iranian Bar Associations (SCODA) for graduates of law and Sharia seeking admission to the statutory legal apprenticeship (کارآموزی وکالت) to become licensed attorneys.

What is the passing threshold under the Business Licensing Facilitation Act?

Candidates in the open quota must score at least 70% of the mean scaled score (نمره تراز) achieved by the top 1% of test-takers nationwide. Candidates in the sacrifice/veterans quota must score at least 60% of that benchmark. Fixed provincial headcount quotas were abolished by the Act.

What subjects and coefficients are tested in the SCODA Bar Exam?

The exam tests Civil Law (coeff 3), Civil Procedure (coeff 3), Commercial Law (coeff 2), Criminal Law (coeff 2), Criminal Procedure (coeff 2), Constitutional Law (coeff 1), and Principles and Texts of Fiqh (coeff 1), across 140 questions answered in 170 minutes.

What is the difference between the SCODA Bar Exam and the Judiciary Lawyers Center Exam?

The SCODA exam is organized by the independent Bar Associations (Kanoon-e Vokala-ye Dadgostari), whereas the Judiciary Bar exam is administered for the Lawyers Center established under the Judiciary pursuant to Article 187 of the Third Development Plan. Both lead to practicing licenses as First-Grade Attorneys, but they run on separate application schedules and have distinct administrative structures.

Is this practice question bank an official examination simulation?

No. This question bank is an independent English-language multiple-choice study adaptation prepared by OpenExamPrep. The official exam is administered in Persian by Sanjesh. This bank helps candidates and legal researchers master core Iranian statutory law and doctrine.