Free Practice Questions for Iran Judiciary Bar Exam

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Iran Bar Association Entrance Examination — SCODA (آزمون وکالت کانون‌های وکلای دادگستری — اسکودا)

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Sample Iran Judiciary Bar Exam Practice Questions

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1Under Article 10 of the Civil Code of Iran (قانون مدنی), what is the foundational rule governing freedom of contract and private agreements?

A.Private agreements are binding upon those who conclude them, provided they are not explicitly contrary to the law or public order (قراردادهای خصوصی نسبت به کسانی که آن را منعقد نموده‌اند در صورتی که مخالف صریح قانون نباشد نافذ است)

B.Private agreements are null and void unless executed in a notary public bureau (دفترخانه اسناد رسمی)

C.Private agreements have legal force only if verified by the Ministry of Justice within 30 days

D.Private agreements are only binding on third parties who did not participate in concluding them

Explanation: Article 10 of the Iranian Civil Code establishes the overarching principle of contractual freedom: 'قراردادهای خصوصی نسبت به کسانی که آن را منعقد نموده‌اند در صورتی که مخالف صریح قانون نباشد نافذ است' (Private contracts are valid and binding with respect to the parties who executed them, provided they do not explicitly violate the law). This incorporates the principle of pacta sunt servanda into Iranian civil jurisprudence.

2Under Article 190 of the Civil Code of Iran, which of the following is NOT one of the four essential conditions for the legal validity of contracts (شرایط اساسی صحت معامله)?

A.Approval by a commercial Chamber of Commerce tribunal (تایید اتاق بازرگانی)

B.Consent and mutual intention of both parties (قصد طرفین و رضای آن‌ها)

C.Legal capacity of the parties (اهلیت طرفین)

D.A definite subject matter (موضوع معین که مورد معامله باشد) and a lawful cause (مشروعیت جهت معامله)

Explanation: Article 190 enumerates the four fundamental requirements for contract validity: (1) Intention and mutual consent of the parties; (2) Legal capacity of the parties; (3) A defined and determined subject matter; and (4) A lawful purpose/cause if expressed. Chamber of Commerce approval is not a legal condition for contract validity.

3Under Article 199 and Article 200 of the Civil Code of Iran, what is the legal effect of mistake concerning the identity of the contracting party (اشتباه در شخص طرف معامله)?

A.The contract is invalid only if the identity of the person was the primary motive and essential cause of the contract (علت عمده عقد)

B.The contract is automatically null and void in all cases without exception

C.The contract remains valid and cannot be challenged under any circumstances

D.The mistake merely entitles the injured party to claim a 10 percent price reduction

Explanation: Article 201 provides: 'اشتباه در شخص طرف به صحت معامله خللی وارد نمی‌آورد مگر در مواردی که شخصیت طرف علت عمده عقد بوده باشد' (Mistake in the person of the other contracting party does not impair the validity of the contract, unless the identity of the party was the essential cause and inducement of the contract, such as in gratuitous contracts like gifts, marriage, or personal services).

4Under Article 203 and Article 205 of the Civil Code of Iran, what is the legal status of a contract concluded under duress (اکراه)?

A.The contract is non-effective / voidable (غیرنافذ) and becomes definitively valid if ratified by the coerced person after the duress ceases

B.The contract is absolute nullity (باطل) ab initio and cannot be revived by subsequent ratification

C.The contract is immediately irrevocably binding upon both parties

D.The contract is valid but transforms into a gratuitous donation

Explanation: In Iranian civil law, duress (اکراه) impairs consent (رضا) but does not completely eliminate intent (قصد). Under Article 203 and Article 205, a contract executed under duress is non-effective (غیرنافذ); if the coerced party subsequently confirms and ratifies the transaction after the duress is lifted, the contract becomes fully valid and binding retrospectively.

5Under Article 219 of the Civil Code of Iran, how can a validly concluded bilateral contract be terminated or dissolved (انحلال عقد)?

A.Only through mutual cancellation by agreement of both parties (اقاله) or through rescission based on a statutory or contractual option (فسخ)

B.By unilateral withdrawal of any party at any time without reason

C.Automatically upon the death of either contracting party in all contracts

D.Exclusively by an executive order issued by the Ministry of Justice

Explanation: Article 219 provides: 'عقودی که بر طبق قانون واقع شده باشد بین متعاملین و قائم‌مقام آن‌ها لازم‌الاتباع است مگر اینکه به رضای طرفین اقاله یا به علت قانونی فسخ شود' (Contracts concluded in accordance with law are binding between the parties and their legal successors, unless mutually dissolved by mutual consent [iqalah] or rescinded for a lawful cause [faskh]).

6Under Article 230 of the Civil Code of Iran, how do Iranian courts treat liquidated damages clauses (وجه التزام)?

A.The judge cannot condemn the obligor to pay an amount greater or less than the agreed contractual sum

B.The judge must always reduce the agreed sum to equal the statutory interest rate

C.Liquidated damages clauses are considered usurious and void by operation of law

D.The judge may arbitrarily triple the sum as a punitive sanction

Explanation: Article 230 of the Civil Code provides: 'اگر در ضمن معامله شرط شده باشد که در صورت تخلف، متخلف مبلغی به عنوان خسارت تادیه نماید، حاکم نمی‌تواند او را به بیشتر یا کمتر از آنچه که ملزم شده است محکوم کند' (If it has been stipulated in a contract that in case of breach the defaulting party shall pay a sum as damages, the court cannot sentence him to pay more or less than that which he undertook to pay).

7Under Article 247 of the Civil Code of Iran, what is the legal consequence of an unauthorized transaction (معامله فضولی) entered into by someone dealing with property belonging to another without legal authority?

A.The transaction is non-effective (غیرنافذ) and depends on the subsequent ratification or rejection of the real owner

B.The transaction is null and void (باطل) and can never be ratified under any circumstances

C.The transaction is immediately binding and ownership passes instantly to the third-party purchaser

D.The transaction automatically turns into an irrevocable contract of agency (وکالت)

Explanation: Article 247 of the Civil Code provides: 'معامله به مال غیر جز به عنوان ولایت یا وصایت یا وکالت نافذ نیست ولو اینکه صاحب مال باطناً راضی باشد ولی اگر مالک یا قائم‌مقام او پس از وقوع معامله آن را اجازه نمود در این صورت معامله صحیح و نافذ می‌شود' (Dealing with another's property is not effective except as guardian, executor, or agent; but if the owner or his successor subsequently ratifies it, the transaction becomes valid and effective).

8Under Article 258 of the Civil Code of Iran, what is the legal effect of the owner's ratification (اجازه مالک) on fruits and revenues (منافع) of the property generated between the contract date and the date of ratification?

A.Under the doctrine of retroactive effect (کشف حکمی), the fruits and revenues accrued during the intervening period belong to the purchaser

B.Revenues generated during the period always belong to the unauthorized seller (فضول)

C.Revenues are confiscated by the state treasury

D.Revenues are divided equally between the owner and the court

Explanation: Article 258 of the Iranian Civil Code explicitly adopts the retroactive theory (نظریه کشف حکمی): 'نسبت به منافع مالی که مورد معامله فضولی بوده است و همچنین نسبت به منافع حاصله از عوض آن، اجازه یا رد از روز عقد موثر خواهد بود' (With respect to the benefits/fruits of property subject to an unauthorized transaction and fruits of its consideration, ratification or rejection operates from the date of the contract). Thus, upon ratification, fruits from the contract date belong to the purchaser.

9Under Article 301 and Article 303 of the Civil Code of Iran, what is the liability of someone who receives property without having any lawful title or entitlement (استیفای نامشروع)?

A.He is strictly liable to return the specific property and all its fruits and benefits accrued to the rightful owner, whether received intentionally or mistakenly

B.He is permitted to retain the property if he kept possession undisturbed for three months

C.He is only liable if he was convicted of criminal embezzlement

D.He owes nothing because the transfer was voluntary on the part of the payor

Explanation: Article 301 provides: 'کسی که عمداً یا اشتباهاً چیزی را که مستحق نبوده است دریافت کند ملزم است آن را به مالک تسلیم کند' (Whoever intentionally or mistakenly receives something to which he was not entitled is bound to surrender it to the owner). Under Article 303, anyone who accepts property without right is liable for its original essence and all its fruits (ضامن عین و منافع آن است).

10Under Article 328 of the Civil Code of Iran, how is the direct destruction of property (اتلاف) defined and what is the standard of liability?

A.Whoever directly causes the destruction or loss of property belonging to another is strictly liable to replace it or pay its value, regardless of whether the act was intentional or unintentional

B.Liability arises only if the actor possessed malicious criminal intent

C.The actor is exempt if he destroyed the property while on public streets

D.Liability is limited to paying twenty percent of the actual market value

Explanation: Article 328 of the Civil Code provides: 'هر کس مال غیر را تلف کند ضامن آن است و باید مثل یا قیمت آن را بدهد اعم از اینکه از روی عمد تلف کرده باشد یا بدون عمد و اعم از اینکه عین باشد یا منفعت' (Whoever destroys property of another is liable for it and must deliver its equivalent or value, whether destroyed intentionally or without intention, and whether it was physical property or beneficial use). Direct destruction (اتلاف) creates strict tort liability.

About the Iran Judiciary Bar Exam Exam

The Iran Judiciary Bar Entrance Examination (آزمون وکالت مرکز وکلای قوه قضاییه) is the national licensing examination administered for the Center of Lawyers, Official Experts and Family Advisors of the Judiciary (مرکز وکلا، کارشناسان رسمی و مشاوران خانواده قوه قضاییه). Established pursuant to Article 187 of the Third Economic, Social and Cultural Development Plan Act of 1379 (ماده ۱۸۷ قانون برنامه سوم توسعه), the Lawyers Center operates under the statutory supervision of the Judiciary of the Islamic Republic of Iran, offering an authorized national pathway to practice law alongside the historic Bar Associations (اسکودا). The entrance examination is organized and conducted nationwide by the National Organization for Educational Testing (Sanjesh / sanjesh.org). Following the enactment of the Business Licensing Facilitation Act of 1401 (قانون تسهیل صدور مجوزهای کسب‌وکار), admission is governed by relative score benchmarks: any applicant scoring at least 70% of the mean score of the top one percent of examinees in the general quota is admitted to the apprenticeship phase. Two things distinguish the Judiciary Bar examination from the SCODA Bar examination: it examines Deed and Property Registration Law (حقوق ثبت اسناد و املاک) with a coefficient of 2, and its Fiqh Texts section is tied to a single named Arabic source. The 1404 registration booklet lists that source as تحریرالروضة فی شرح اللمعة and limits it to five chapters — القضاء، التجارة (البیع)، النکاح، الطلاق و القصاص. The 1404 paper was sat on 21 Azar 1404, with registration through Sanjesh from 1 to 15 Mehr 1404. This question bank is an independent English-language multiple-choice study adaptation developed by OpenExamPrep. It contains 105 practice questions distributed across the eight official examination subjects. The official test is set and sat in Persian; this bank is not an official translation or product of the Judiciary or Sanjesh.

Exam sponsor: Center of Lawyers, Official Experts and Family Advisors of the Judiciary & Sanjesh. The requirements and fees below concern the certification or admission exam, separate from our free practice resources.

Assessment

Single multiple-choice booklet covering the eight subjects and coefficients published in the official 1404 registration booklet: Civil Law (coeff 3), Civil Procedure (coeff 3), Commercial Law (coeff 2), Criminal Law (coeff 2), Criminal Procedure (coeff 2), Fiqh (coeff 2), Registration Law (coeff 2), and Constitutional Law (coeff 1). The booklet does not restate the item count; the last announced structure carried 135 questions — 20 each in Civil Law, Civil Procedure, Commercial Law and Criminal Law, 15 each in Criminal Procedure, Registration Law and Fiqh Texts, and 10 in Constitutional Law. Answering time is 150 minutes, wrong answers carry a negative mark, and statute books are not permitted.

Time Limit

150 minutes

Passing Score

70% of the mean scaled score (نمره تراز) of the top 1% of scorers (60% for sacrifice/veterans quota) under the Business Licensing Facilitation Act

Exam / Certification Fees

9,900,000 IRR for the 1404 sitting, paid electronically via Sanjesh; verify the current cycle fee in the registration prospectus

Exam sponsor website

Fees, eligibility, and exam policies can change. Confirm them with the exam sponsor before applying or paying.

Official sources

Our practice resources: topics covered

We aim to reflect publicly available exam outlines and topic information in our study resources. Coverage, format, and difficulty may differ from the actual exam, and we cannot guarantee that every detail is accurate or current. Confirm exam requirements, fees, and policies with the official exam sponsor.

20%

Civil Law (حقوق مدنی)

Theory of contracts, breach and damages, non-contractual civil liability, property rights, nominated contracts (sales, leases, guarantees, agency), wills, and family law under the Iranian Civil Code.

20%

Civil Procedure (آیین دادرسی مدنی)

Judicial competence, claims and counterclaims, service of process, evidence and testimony, provisional attachment, appellate reviews, cassation, third-party petitions, and execution of court orders.

13%

Commercial Law (حقوق تجارت)

Merchants and commercial transactions, the Joint Stock Companies Act, commercial partnerships, bills of exchange, cheques under the 1397/1400 reforms, promissory notes, and bankruptcy liquidation.

13%

Criminal Law (حقوق جزای عمومی و اختصاصی)

General criminal principles, intention, justifications, attempt, sentencing tiers, alongside specific offenses including murder, assault, fraud, breach of trust, theft, and security offenses.

10%

Criminal Procedure (آیین دادرسی کیفری)

Pre-trial police inquiries, interrogation by magistrates, detention, bail bonds, criminal court hearings, rights of the accused and victims, appeals, and execution of sentences.

10%

Registration Law (حقوق ثبت اسناد و املاک)

Property registration system, cadastre regulations, notarial document authenticity, caveats, mortgage deeds, and administrative execution of official instruments via registration bureaus.

10%

Jurisprudence Texts — Tahrir al-Rawdah fi Sharh al-Lum'ah (متون فقه — تحریرالروضة فی شرح اللمعة)

Arabic Shi'ite jurisprudence from the five chapters named in the official booklet: adjudication (القضاء), sale (البیع), marriage (النکاح), divorce (الطلاق), and retribution (القصاص).

Constitutional Law (حقوق اساسی)

Constitutional structure, sovereignty and the Leadership, separation of powers, civil rights, judicial hierarchy, and supervisory institutions in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Preparing for the Iran Judiciary Bar Exam Exam

What You Need to Know

Passing score: 70% of the mean scaled score (نمره تراز) of the top 1% of scorers (60% for sacrifice/veterans quota) under the Business Licensing Facilitation Act
Assessment: Single multiple-choice booklet covering the eight subjects and coefficients published in the official 1404 registration booklet: Civil Law (coeff 3), Civil Procedure (coeff 3), Commercial Law (coeff 2), Criminal Law (coeff 2), Criminal Procedure (coeff 2), Fiqh (coeff 2), Registration Law (coeff 2), and Constitutional Law (coeff 1). The booklet does not restate the item count; the last announced structure carried 135 questions — 20 each in Civil Law, Civil Procedure, Commercial Law and Criminal Law, 15 each in Criminal Procedure, Registration Law and Fiqh Texts, and 10 in Constitutional Law. Answering time is 150 minutes, wrong answers carry a negative mark, and statute books are not permitted.
Time limit: 150 minutes
Exam / certification fees: 9,900,000 IRR for the 1404 sitting, paid electronically via Sanjesh; verify the current cycle fee in the registration prospectus Official sources

Using Our Practice Resources

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Iran Judiciary Bar Exam: Suggested Study Strategy

1Master Deed and Property Registration Law: unlike the SCODA syllabus, this subject carries coefficient 2 and frequently determines the ranking margin. Work from the official source list, which now includes the Law on Mandatory Registration of Immovable-Property Transactions of 1403.

2For Fiqh Texts, work only from the source the booklet names — تحریرالروضة فی شرح اللمعة — and only in its five listed chapters: القضاء، التجارة (البیع)، النکاح، الطلاق و القصاص.

3Focus intensely on Civil Law and Civil Procedure: carrying coefficient 3 each, they constitute over 40% of the total weighted score.

4In Commercial Law, give special attention to the Reformed Cheque Law (قانون اصلاح صدور چک) and the rules on company director liability under the 1347 Joint Stock Amendment.

5In Criminal Procedure, study the jurisdiction of various courts (General Criminal Court 2, Criminal Court 1, Revolutionary Court) and the exact procedural requirements for provisional detention.

6Practice disciplined time management: 135 questions in 150 minutes gives roughly 66 seconds per item, leaving minimal time to deliberate over complex scenario questions.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the Judiciary Lawyers Center (Markaz-e Vokala) Entrance Examination?

It is the statutory entrance examination administered by Sanjesh for the Center of Lawyers, Official Experts and Family Advisors of the Judiciary (established under Article 187 of the 3rd Development Plan). It qualifies law graduates to enter the legal apprenticeship and earn a license as a First-Grade Attorney-at-Law.

How does the Judiciary Bar exam syllabus differ from the SCODA Bar exam?

While both cover core civil, criminal, and commercial law, the Judiciary Bar exam adds Real Estate and Deed Registration Law (حقوق ثبت اسناد و املاک) with a coefficient of 2, and its Fiqh Texts section is tied to one named Arabic source, تحریرالروضة فی شرح اللمعة, restricted to the chapters on adjudication, sale, marriage, divorce, and retribution.

What passing score is required to qualify?

Under the Business Licensing Facilitation Act of 1401, qualification is relative: candidates must score at least 70% of the average scaled score of the top 1% of scorers nationwide (60% for veterans quota).

What is the exam format and time limit?

It is a single-stage multiple-choice booklet answered in 150 minutes, with negative marking and no statute books allowed. The official booklet publishes coefficients rather than an item count; the last announced structure carried 135 questions.

Is this practice question bank an official examination simulation?

No. This question bank is an independent English-language multiple-choice study adaptation prepared by OpenExamPrep. The official examination is administered exclusively in Persian by Sanjesh.