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Sample Philosophy Practice Questions
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1In epistemology, what is knowledge traditionally defined as (the classical tripartite definition)?
A.Justified true belief
B.True opinion without reasons
C.Belief that feels certain
D.Information stored in memory
Explanation: Plato's classical analysis (often attributed via the Theaetetus tradition) treats knowledge as justified true belief (JTB): the proposition must be true, believed, and adequately justified. Gettier cases later challenged whether JTB is sufficient.
2Empiricism holds that the primary source of knowledge is:
A.Innate ideas present from birth
B.Sense experience
C.Pure mathematical deduction alone
D.Religious revelation
Explanation: Empiricists (e.g. Locke, Berkeley, Hume) hold that knowledge of the world derives fundamentally from sense experience. Rationalists emphasise reason and innate ideas instead.
3Rationalism claims that some knowledge is gained primarily through:
A.Trial-and-error laboratory experiments only
B.Social consensus in scientific communities
C.Reason, independent of sensory experience
D.Emotional intuition alone
Explanation: Rationalism holds that reason can yield knowledge (including a priori truths and, for some, innate ideas) without depending on sense experience as the sole source.
4Scepticism in epistemology is best characterised as:
A.The belief that science is always correct
B.The claim that only mathematics is false
C.The denial that language can refer to anything
D.Doubt about whether we can have certain or justified knowledge
Explanation: Epistemic scepticism questions whether knowledge (especially certain or adequately justified knowledge of the external world) is attainable. Forms range from local scepticism to global Cartesian doubt.
5Descartes' method of doubt aims primarily to:
A.Find indubitable foundations for knowledge by suspending uncertain beliefs
B.Prove that sense experience is the only source of knowledge
C.Show that ethics has no rational basis
D.Establish that animals have immortal souls
Explanation: In the Meditations, Descartes uses methodological (hyperbolic) doubt to strip away fallible beliefs and locate something certain (the cogito) as a foundation for rebuilding knowledge.
6What does Descartes claim he cannot doubt in the cogito argument?
A.That physical objects exactly match his perceptions
B.That he exists as a thinking thing while he is thinking
C.That other minds always share his beliefs
D.That God does not exist
Explanation: Cogito, ergo sum: even if an evil demon deceives him about everything else, the very act of doubting/thinking shows that he, as a thinking subject, exists.
7A priori knowledge is knowledge that:
A.Is always false until tested in a lab
B.Exists only after scientific consensus forms
C.Can be justified independently of particular sensory experience
D.Is based solely on eyewitness testimony
Explanation: A priori justification does not depend on particular empirical observations (e.g. pure mathematics, some logical truths). A posteriori knowledge depends on experience.
8According to correspondence theories of truth, a statement is true when:
A.It is useful for practical success only
B.It coheres with whatever most people currently believe
C.It is approved by political authority
D.It correctly matches or corresponds to reality or facts
Explanation: Correspondence theory holds that truth consists in a relation of fitting or matching between a proposition and the way the world is (facts/reality).
9Gettier cases are designed to show that:
A.Justified true belief may not be sufficient for knowledge
B.Truth is never part of knowledge
C.Belief is unnecessary for knowledge
D.Only mathematical knowledge counts as knowledge
Explanation: Edmund Gettier (1963) presented cases where someone has a justified true belief that intuitively is not knowledge, because the truth is accidental relative to the justification. This challenged the sufficiency of the JTB analysis.
10Coherence theories of truth hold that a belief is true insofar as it:
A.Matches mind-independent atoms one-to-one
B.Fits consistently within a comprehensive system of beliefs
C.Maximises the believer's pleasure
D.Is unverifiable in principle
Explanation: Coherence theories (associated with some idealists and holistic epistemologists) take truth to consist in mutual support and consistency within a web or system of beliefs rather than a direct world-matching relation alone.
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