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Practice Finland Ylioppilastutkinto Biology with 100 original study MCQs covering core lukio knowledge, application, and exam strategy. Official test is a 6-hour digital paper (up to 7/11 tasks, max 120 points).
Sample Biology Practice Questions
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1Which organelle is the primary site of ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotic cells?
A.Chloroplast
B.Golgi apparatus
C.Mitochondrion
D.Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Explanation: Mitochondria carry out the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain that drive oxidative phosphorylation, producing most of a respiring cell's ATP.
2Which macromolecule stores hereditary information in most cellular organisms?
A.Polysaccharide
B.DNA
C.Triglyceride
D.Steroid hormone
Explanation: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) encodes genetic information in the sequence of nucleotide bases and is the hereditary material of bacteria, archaea, plants, animals and most other cellular life.
3Which structure is present in plant cells but absent from animal cells?
A.Mitochondrion
B.Plasma membrane
C.Ribosome
D.Cell wall made largely of cellulose
Explanation: Plant cells have a rigid cell wall rich in cellulose outside the plasma membrane. Animal cells lack this wall and rely on the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix for support.
4Enzymes increase reaction rates mainly by
A.raising the temperature of the reaction mixture
B.lowering the activation energy of the reaction
C.providing activation energy to the substrate
D.changing the equilibrium constant toward products
Explanation: Enzymes are biological catalysts that stabilize the transition state and thereby lower activation energy, speeding both forward and reverse reactions without shifting the equilibrium position.
5In aerobic respiration, which molecule is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain?
A.NAD+
B.Oxygen
C.Pyruvate
D.Carbon dioxide
Explanation: Molecular oxygen accepts electrons (and protons) at the end of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, forming water. This continuous acceptance allows the chain to keep oxidizing NADH and FADH2.
6Which process builds polymers from monomers by removing water?
A.Hydrolysis
B.Facilitated diffusion
C.Dehydration synthesis (condensation)
D.Osmosis
Explanation: Dehydration (condensation) reactions join monomers—such as amino acids or monosaccharides—by removing a water molecule, forming peptide or glycosidic bonds.
7Where does the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis occur in a chloroplast?
A.Stroma only
B.Thylakoid membrane
C.Outer chloroplast envelope only
D.Mitochondrial matrix
Explanation: Photosystems, electron carriers and ATP synthase of the light reactions are embedded in the thylakoid membrane, where light energy drives electron flow and a proton gradient.
8A phospholipid bilayer is amphipathic because each phospholipid molecule has
A.two hydrophobic heads and one hydrophilic tail
B.only hydrophobic regions
C.a hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty-acid tails
D.only hydrophilic regions
Explanation: Phospholipids have a polar (hydrophilic) head group containing phosphate and nonpolar (hydrophobic) fatty-acid tails. In water they spontaneously form bilayers with heads outward and tails inward.
9During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is converted into
A.two molecules of acetyl-CoA
B.six molecules of CO2
C.one molecule of lactate only
D.two molecules of pyruvate
Explanation: Glycolysis in the cytosol splits glucose (6C) into two pyruvate molecules (3C each), with a net yield of 2 ATP and 2 NADH under standard aerobic teaching models.
10Which statement best describes facilitated diffusion?
A.It moves solutes against their concentration gradient using ATP
B.It requires vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane
C.It is passive movement of solutes down their gradient via membrane proteins
D.It only transports water through aquaporins
Explanation: Facilitated diffusion is passive: channel or carrier proteins allow specific solutes to cross the membrane down their electrochemical gradient without direct ATP use.
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