99+ Free Senior Statistician Practice Questions

Advanced Statistical Survey Design & Methodology (高级统计调查设计与抽样方法)

Survey scheme design principles, census vs sampling vs administrative registers, complex sampling schemes (stratified sampling with Neyman optimal allocation and proportional allocation, cluster sampling, multi-stage sampling, PPS sampling with Horvitz-Thompson and Hansen-Hurwitz estimators), sampling error metrics (variance, standard error, coefficient of variation CV, design effect Deff, finite population correction FPC), non-sampling error control and estimation (coverage errors, unit nonresponse, item nonresponse), calibration and post-stratification weighting (raking ratio / iterative proportional fitting), missing data mechanisms (MCAR, MAR, MNAR) and imputation methods (hot deck, predictive mean matching, multiple imputation Rubin's rules), Warner's randomized response technique for sensitive variables, multi-source big data fusion (administrative tax records, VAT invoices, record linkage), web-scraped scanner price data aggregation (multilateral GEKS and TPD indices), mobile signaling population estimation, and statistical remote sensing spatial sampling with Moran's I spatial autocorrelation and spatial lag/error econometric models.

Advanced Statistical Modeling & Multivariate Analysis (多元统计分析与高级计量建模)

Multiple linear regression diagnostics and remedies: Multicollinearity diagnostics (Variance Inflation Factor VIF, Condition Index, variance decomposition), regularized regression (Ridge L2 shrinkage, LASSO L1 sparsity, Elastic Net), Heteroskedasticity tests (White general test, Breusch-Pagan) and remedies (Weighted Least Squares WLS, Eicker-Huber-White HC0/HC1/HC2/HC3 robust standard errors), Serial correlation diagnostics (Durbin-Watson, Breusch-Godfrey LM test, Newey-West HAC standard errors), Endogeneity and instrumental variables (Two-Stage Least Squares 2SLS, Stock-Yogo weak instrument F-test, Hausman endogeneity test, Sargan-Hansen J overidentification test), Principal Component Analysis (PCA: covariance/correlation matrix spectral decomposition, eigenvalues, Kaiser-Guttman rule, scree plot, cumulative variance threshold), Exploratory Factor Analysis (Varimax orthogonal vs Promax oblique rotation, factor loadings, communality vs uniqueness), Cluster Analysis (Hierarchical Ward's minimum variance, K-Means, distance metrics), Fisher's Linear Discriminant Analysis (Rayleigh quotient, between/within-class scatter), Time series econometrics (ADF unit root test, KPSS stationarity, Box-Jenkins ARIMA identification via ACF/PACF, Johansen cointegration trace and maximum eigenvalue tests, Vector Autoregression VAR, Granger causality, Cholesky impulse response functions IRF, NBS-SA and X-13ARIMA-SEATS seasonal adjustment), Static panel data models (Fixed Effects FE within estimator vs Random Effects RE GLS, Hausman test), and Dynamic panel models (Arellano-Bond Difference GMM, Blundell-Bond System GMM, Arellano-Bond AR(1)/AR(2) serial correlation tests, Hansen J instrument validity).

Modern System of National Accounts (CSNA) & Macroeconomic Analysis (中国国民经济核算体系与宏观经济分析)

China's System of National Accounts (CSNA 2016) comprehensive framework: Production and asset boundaries (R&D capitalization as gross fixed capital formation, owner-occupied housing imputed rent, illegal economy boundaries), Three GDP measurement approaches (Production approach: gross output minus intermediate consumption, FISIM allocation; Income approach: compensation of employees, net taxes on production, consumption of fixed capital, operating surplus; Expenditure approach: household and government final consumption, gross fixed capital formation, changes in inventories, net exports), Constant price GDP calculation (Double deflation with PPI deflators vs single volume extrapolation, implicit GDP deflator), Input-Output (I-O) table theory and modeling (Direct input coefficient matrix A, Leontief inverse total requirement matrix B = (I - A)^(-1), backward influence coefficient and forward induction coefficient, supply chain bottleneck identification, input-output price pass-through cost-push models), Flow of Funds Accounts (Physical transactions: gross saving, capital formation, net lending/borrowing across 5 institutional sectors; Financial transactions: financial assets and liabilities, financing gaps, macro leverage ratio calculation by BIS/NBS standards across corporate, household, and government sectors), Balance of Payments (BPM6: Current account, goods, services, primary income, secondary income; Macroeconomic identity CA = S - I; Financial account: FDI, portfolio, other investment, reserve assets; Net errors and omissions NEO), International Investment Position (IIP vs BOP stock-flow relationship, valuation adjustments, NIIP), National Balance Sheet (Produced assets, non-produced land/mineral assets, financial claims, National Net Worth estimation), Local government explicit and implicit debt accounting (LGFVs, contingent liabilities), Perpetual Inventory Method (PIM) for capital stock estimation, household wealth composition, and Green GDP / SEEA environmental accounting.

High-Quality Development & Specialized Statistical Indicator Systems (高质量发展综合绩效与专项统计指标体系)

High-quality development comprehensive evaluation: Five New Development Concepts (Innovation, Coordination, Green, Openness, Shared development — 创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享) indicator hierarchy, Objective weighting methods (Information Entropy Weight Method, dispersion coefficient, CRITIC method), Data normalization techniques (Min-max range standardization for positive and reverse indicators, z-score, linear ratio), Subjective and combination weighting (Analytic Hierarchy Process AHP, consistency index CI, consistency ratio CR < 0.10, Lagrange multiplier distance minimization combination weights), New Quality Productive Forces (新质生产力) statistical measurement system (technological innovation, industrial upgrading, green digital synergy), Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth accounting (Solow residual model, capital and labor output elasticity shares), Non-parametric DEA-Malmquist Productivity Index decomposition (Technical Efficiency Change EC catch-up vs Technological Change TC frontier shift), China's Statistical Classification of the Digital Economy and Its Core Industries (《数字经济及其核心产业统计分类》: 01 Digital technology application, 02 Digital product manufacturing, 03 Digital product service, 04 Digital element drive, 05 Digitization efficiency improvement), Digital economy core industry value-added accounting principles and GDP share, Data element (数据要素) capitalization and assetization under MOF accounting provisions (intangible assets vs inventory), Strategic emerging industries and high-tech manufacturing statistical criteria (R&D intensity >= 2.5%), Energy and carbon statistics (Energy consumption per unit of GDP 万元GDP能耗, reduction rate formula, standard coal equivalent tce), IPCC carbon emission accounting (Activity Data, Emission Factors, Oxidation Rate, Carbon Intensity CO2/GDP), Energy balance table (supply, transformation, final consumption), Common prosperity statistical indicators (Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient formula G = 1 - sum (p_i - p_{i-1})(y_i + y_{i-1}), Palma ratio, middle-income population standards), and Theil index regional inequality decomposition (within-region vs between-region disparity).

Macroeconomic Monitoring, Forecasting & Policy Evaluation (宏观经济运行监测预警与政策评估)

Macroeconomic monitoring and early-warning systems (监测预警系统): Traffic light signal system (Red = Overheated, Yellow = Upper Warning, Green = Normal/Stable, Light Blue = Lower Warning, Blue = Recession/Cold), threshold determination methods (standard deviation intervals, percentile distributions), Diffusion Index (DI: expanding, unchanged, contracting indicators, 50% critical threshold and turning point interpretation), Composite Index (CI: Leading, Coincident, and Lagging composite indices, phase shift, peak/trough cross-correlation analysis), Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI: Manufacturing PMI 5-component weighted formula: New Orders 30%, Production 25%, Employment 20%, Supplier Deliveries 15% inverted, Raw Material Inventories 10%; Non-Manufacturing Business Activity Index), Industrial Capacity Utilization Rate (工业产能利用率: actual output divided by designed capacity for the reporting period), Potential GDP and Output Gap estimation (Hodrick-Prescott HP filter lambda parameter selection: 1600 quarterly / 100 annual, endpoint bias, production function method), Policy evaluation and microeconometric causal inference: Difference-in-Differences (DID: Two-Way Fixed Effects TWFE specification, Average Treatment Effect on the Treated ATT), DID core Parallel Trends Assumption and event-study pre-treatment lead tests, Staggered multi-period DID (Goodman-Bacon decomposition, negative weighting bias, Callaway-Sant'Anna robust estimator), Propensity Score Matching (PSM: Logit propensity score, common support condition, standardized mean difference SMD < 10% covariate balance), Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD: Sharp RDD vs Fuzzy RDD Local Average Treatment Effect LATE via 2SLS, optimal bandwidth selection), RDD validity diagnostics (McCrary running variable density test for threshold manipulation, predetermined covariate continuity), and Synthetic Control Method (SCM: optimal convex combination weighting of untreated units, in-space and in-time placebo permutation tests).

Statistical Governance, Data Quality & Legal Enforcement (统计现代化改革、数据质量与统计法治)

Statutory legal framework, governance modernizations, and quality enforcement: PRC Statistical Law (中华人民共和国统计法) fundamental principles (independent reporting, freedom from administrative interference, prohibition of tampering), Classification and statutory approval of statistical surveys (National statistical surveys, Departmental surveys, Local surveys; approval vs record-filing jurisdiction), Mandatory confidentiality protection of individual statistical respondents' trade secrets and personal data (prohibition of using microdata for administrative penalties or taxation), Legal accountability system for preventing and punishing statistical falsification (防范和惩治统计造假弄虚作假责任制: primary leadership responsibility, direct investigator responsibility, lifetime accountability tracking), National Statistical Inspection Mechanism (国家统计督察制度: inspection cycles, discovery of violation clues, mandatory public rectification, transfer of cases to discipline inspection and supervisory agencies), Administrative penalties and disciplinary sanctions for statistical violations (enterprise fines up to RMB 200,000 / RMB 500,000, credit blacklisting on Credit China), Enterprise Electronic Direct Reporting System (企业一套表联网直报系统: direct data transmission to NBS central servers, eliminating local truncation, digital audit logs), Generic Statistical Business Process Model (GSBPM) applied in end-to-end official data quality management, Macro-micro data reconciliation and cross-validation (reconciling survey data with VAT invoices, electricity consumption, and transport freight data), Statistical data security, classification, and privacy-preserving computing (k-anonymity, l-diversity, t-closeness, epsilon-differential privacy, secure multi-party computation in statistical data labs), and Statistical Modernization Reform strategic objectives.