100+ Free Health Management Specialist (China) Practice Questions

Health Information Management & Monitoring (健康信息管理与健康监测)

Comprehensive evaluation of health information collection, personal/community electronic health records (EHR), anthropometric measurements, clinical monitoring protocols, laboratory biomarker interpretation, and database quality assurance: (1) Health Record Administration: Structuring personal health records (基本信息, 健康体检, 重点人群健康管理, 其他医疗卫生服务记录), problem-oriented medical record (POMR / SOAP framework: Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan), family health records (family genogram, family life cycle stages), and community health information systems; (2) Data Collection & Survey Methods: Questionnaire design, lifestyle surveys (dietary recalls, physical activity logs, smoking/alcohol histories), medical history elicitation, and ethical informed consent; (3) Anthropometric Measurement Protocols: Height measurement using calibrated stadiometers, weight measurement on calibrated scales, Body Mass Index calculation (BMI = weight in kg / height in m²; Chinese standard: <18.5 underweight, 18.5–23.9 normal, 24.0–27.9 overweight, ≥28.0 obese), Waist Circumference (WC / central obesity criteria: male ≥90 cm, female ≥85 cm), Hip Circumference, and Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR); (4) Blood Pressure Monitoring Protocols: Standard auscultatory mercury and validated electronic sphygmomanometers, cuff size selection (cuff bladder width covering at least 40% arm circumference, length covering 80–100%), resting 5 minutes, arm at fourth intercostal / heart level, deflation rate 2–3 mmHg/s, Korotkoff Phase I (systolic SBP) and Phase V (diastolic DBP) identification, 2–3 readings averaged at 1–2 minute intervals, Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM: 24h mean ≥130/80 mmHg, daytime mean ≥135/85 mmHg, nighttime mean ≥120/70 mmHg, nocturnal dipping 10–20%), and Home Blood Pressure Monitoring (HBPM: mean ≥135/85 mmHg); (5) Laboratory & Biochemical Biomarker Monitoring: Fasting plasma glucose (FPG 3.9–6.1 mmol/L normal, 6.1–6.9 mmol/L IFG, ≥7.0 mmol/L diabetes), 2-hour postprandial glucose (2h-PG <7.8 mmol/L normal, 7.8–11.0 mmol/L IGT, ≥11.1 mmol/L diabetes), Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT 75g anhydrous glucose), Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c <5.7% normal, 5.7–6.4% prediabetes, ≥6.5% diabetes), serum lipid panels (Total Cholesterol TC, Triglycerides TG, High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol HDL-C, Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol LDL-C), liver function tests (ALT, AST, GGT, TBIL), renal function indices (serum creatinine, BUN, estimated GFR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio UACR); (6) Data Quality Control & Security: Double data entry verification (双录入核对法), automated range and logical checks, handling missing values and outlier detection, data privacy protection, and HIPAA/PRC Personal Information Protection Law compliance.

Health Risk Assessment & Analysis (健康风险评估与分析)

Methodology, risk calculations, epidemiological modeling, risk report generation, and screening test evaluation: (1) Health Risk Assessment (HRA) Fundamentals: HRA conceptual definitions, historical evolution (Lewis Robbins, CDC/Carter Center), purpose (identifying modifiable behavioral risks, motivating lifestyle changes, resource prioritization), and epidemiological basis (Framingham Study, China MONICA, China-PAR); (2) Epidemiological Risk Metrics: Relative Risk (RR / 相对危险度: ratio of disease incidence among exposed vs unexposed), Absolute Risk (AR / 绝对危险度: probability of developing an event over a specified time interval, e.g., 10-year risk), Attributable Risk (AR / 归因危险度 / Risk Difference: excess risk directly attributable to exposure), Population Attributable Risk (PAR / 人群归因危险度: proportion of total disease incidence in a population eliminated if exposure were removed); (3) Risk Age & Target Indicators: Chronological age (实际年龄) vs Biological/Assessment age (评估年龄) vs Risk age (危险年龄: age of an average person with the same risk level) vs Attainable age (可达到年龄: lowest attainable age if all modifiable risk factors are optimized), Ideal Risk (理想危险度) vs Current Risk (当前危险度) vs Target Risk (目标危险度); (4) Multifactorial Risk Prediction Models: China-PAR (Prediction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in China: incorporating sex, age, SBP, TC, HDL-C, smoking, diabetes, geographic region, urbanization, family history of CVD), Framingham Risk Score, Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease (ICVD) 10-Year Risk Table, China Diabetes Risk Score (中国糖尿病风险评分表: age, BMI, WC, SBP, family history, physical activity; high-risk threshold ≥25 points); (5) Risk Stratification & Report Interpretation: Individual health risk summary reports, population-level health risk profile synthesis, risk tier classification (low, moderate, high, very high risk), tailored action planning, and risk feedback consultation; (6) Screening Test Validity & Reliability: Sensitivity (灵敏度: true positive rate), Specificity (特异度: true negative rate), Positive Predictive Value (PPV / 阳性预测值), Negative Predictive Value (NPV / 阴性预测值), False Positive Rate (假阳性率 / 1 - specificity), False Negative Rate (假阴性率 / 1 - sensitivity), ROC curve analysis, Youden Index (约登指数 = sensitivity + specificity - 1), and screening cut-off selection.

Chronic Disease Management & Lifestyle Intervention (慢性病管理与生活方式干预)

Comprehensive prevention, clinical pathways, staging, lifestyle interventions, and pharmacological management of major non-communicable diseases: (1) Essential Hypertension Management: Blood pressure classification (Normal <120/<80 mmHg, Normal High 120–139/80–89 mmHg, Grade 1 Hypertension 140–159/90–99 mmHg, Grade 2 Hypertension 160–179/100–109 mmHg, Grade 3 Hypertension ≥180/≥110 mmHg, Isolated Systolic Hypertension SBP ≥140 and DBP <90 mmHg); cardiovascular risk stratification (low, moderate, high, very high based on BP grade, cardiovascular risk factors, target organ damage, and clinical comorbidities); management pathways (routine vs standardized management, at least 4 face-to-face follow-ups/year); lifestyle interventions (sodium restriction <5 g/d salt, weight loss BMI <24, alcohol restriction, potassium supplementation, DASH diet, aerobic exercise); antihypertensive drug classes (CCBs, ACEIs, ARBs, Thiazide diuretics, Beta-blockers) and combination principles; hypertensive crisis urgent referral red flags (SBP ≥180 and/or DBP ≥110 with acute organ damage); (2) Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management: Diagnostic criteria (FPG ≥7.0 mmol/L, 2h-PG ≥11.1 mmol/L during 75g OGTT, HbA1c ≥6.5%, or random plasma glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L with classic hyper/hypoglycemic symptoms); Impaired Glucose Regulation (IGR / Prediabetes: IFG 6.1–6.9 mmol/L and/or IGT 7.8–11.0 mmol/L); comprehensive glycemic targets (HbA1c <7.0%, fasting 4.4–7.0 mmol/L, 2h postprandial <10.0 mmol/L, BP <130/80 mmHg, LDL-C <2.6 or <1.8 mmol/L); 'Five Carriages' of diabetes management (健康教育, 饮食治疗, 运动治疗, 药物治疗, 血糖监测 SMBG); oral hypoglycemic drug classes (Metformin / Biguanides, Sulfonylureas, SGLT-2 inhibitors, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors) and insulin regimens; acute hypoglycemia recognition (<3.9 mmol/L) and 15-15 management rule (15g fast-acting carbs, recheck in 15 mins); annual diabetic microvascular/macrovascular screening (diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy UACR, diabetic foot sensory testing with 10g monofilament); (3) Dyslipidemia Management: Lipid profile targets stratified by cardiovascular risk (Extreme High Risk LDL-C <1.4 mmol/L and ≥50% reduction, Very High Risk LDL-C <1.8 mmol/L and ≥50% reduction, High Risk LDL-C <2.6 mmol/L); lifestyle interventions (restricting saturated fat <7% total energy, dietary cholesterol <200 mg/d, eliminating trans fats, soluble fiber ≥10g/d) and statin therapy (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors); (4) Overweight & Obesity Management: Diagnostic criteria (Chinese adult BMI ≥24 overweight, ≥28 obesity; WC male ≥90cm, female ≥85cm); energy deficit strategy (reducing daily intake by 500–750 kcal, target 5%–10% weight loss over 3–6 months), behavioral modification, and weight maintenance; (5) Coronary Heart Disease (CAD) & Cerebrovascular Disease (Stroke): Clinical features of stable angina vs acute coronary syndrome (ACS); FAST stroke recognition protocol (Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulty, Time to call emergency services / 4.5-hour thrombolysis window); primary and secondary prevention ABCDE framework (Aspirin/Antiplatelet & ACEI, Blood pressure control & Beta-blocker, Cholesterol lowering & Cigarette cessation, Diet & Diabetes management, Exercise & Education); (6) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) & Smoking Cessation: Risk factors (tobacco smoke, biomass fuels, occupational dust), spirometric diagnostic criterion (post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC <0.70 indicating persistent airflow limitation); clinical smoking cessation 5A framework (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange); 5R motivational enhancement for reluctant smokers (Relevance, Risks, Rewards, Roadblocks, Repetition); Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT: patches, gums, lozenges), bupropion, varenicline; management of nicotine withdrawal symptoms.

Nutrition & Physical Exercise Guidance (营养与身体活动指导)

Principles of human nutrition, dietary assessment, dietary guidelines, physical activity physiology, metabolic energy expenditure, and exercise prescription: (1) Chinese Dietary Guidelines (2022) & Balanced Diet Pagoda: Six core principles (食物多样合理搭配, 吃动平衡健康体重, 多吃蔬果奶类大豆, 适量吃鱼禽蛋瘦肉, 少盐少油控糖限酒, 规律饮食足量饮水); 5-Tier Pagoda daily portions (Tier 1: Cereals & tubers 200–300g, whole grains 50–150g, tubers 50–100g; Tier 2: Vegetables 300–500g, dark veggies ≥50%, Fruits 200–350g; Tier 3: Fish/poultry/eggs/lean meat 120–200g, aquatic products 300–500g/week, eggs 300–350g/week; Tier 4: Milk & dairy 300–500g, Soybeans & nuts 25–35g; Tier 5: Cooking oil 25–30g, Added salt <5g, Added sugar <25–50g, Daily water 1500–1700 mL); (2) Macronutrients & Energy Balance: Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR: Carbohydrates 50%–65%, Fats 20%–30%, Proteins 10%–15% total energy); energy calculation (Carbs 4 kcal/g, Protein 4 kcal/g, Fat 9 kcal/g, Alcohol 7 kcal/g); Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Total Energy Expenditure (TEE = BMR × Physical Activity Level PAL); dietary fiber recommendation (25–30 g/day); high-quality complete proteins; Glycemic Index (GI: Low ≤55, Medium 56–69, High ≥70) and Glycemic Load (GL = GI × available carbohydrate in grams / 100; Low ≤10, Medium 11–19, High ≥20); (3) Micronutrients & Mineral Nutrition: Calcium (800–1000 mg/d, osteoporosis prevention), Iron (heme vs non-heme, anemia), Zinc, Iodine, Vitamin A, Vitamin D (calcium absorption, bone health), Vitamin C, B-complex vitamins (Folic acid 400 mcg/d neural tube defect prevention, Vitamin B12), Sodium-Potassium balance (increasing dietary potassium to lower blood pressure); (4) Physical Activity Guidelines for Chinese Residents: Aerobic activity standard (at least 150–300 minutes/week of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, or 75–150 minutes/week of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise, or an equivalent combination); muscle-strengthening resistance exercises involving major muscle groups on ≥2 days/week; flexibility and neuromotor balance training for older adults (≥3 days/week fall prevention); minimizing prolonged sedentary behavior; (5) Exercise Intensity Measurement & Prescription: Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET: 1 MET = 3.5 mL O2/kg/min resting oxygen consumption; Light <3.0 METs, Moderate 3.0–5.9 METs, Vigorous ≥6.0 METs); Target Heart Rate calculation (Max Heart Rate HRmax = 220 - age; Moderate intensity = 64%–76% HRmax; Heart Rate Reserve / Karvonen Formula: Target HR = (HRmax - HRrest) × intensity% + HRrest); Rating of Perceived Exertion (Borg RPE Scale: 6–20 scale, moderate intensity 12–14 'somewhat hard'); FITT-VP exercise prescription framework (Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type, Volume e.g. ≥500–1000 MET-min/week, Progression); (6) Pre-Exercise Health Screening & Safety: Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q+), medical clearance indications, absolute/relative exercise contraindications (unstable angina, uncontrolled severe hypertension SBP >180 or DBP >110 mmHg, acute systemic infection), exercise-induced hypoglycemia prevention, and warm-up/cool-down protocols.

Psychological Health & Health Education (心理健康与健康教育)

Psychological assessment, stress management, health behavior change theories, health education program planning, and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) preventive concepts: (1) Psychological Assessment & Mental Well-being: Criteria for adult mental health; screening instruments for common psychological distress: Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7: 5-9 mild, 10-14 moderate, ≥15 severe), Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item scale (PHQ-9: 5-9 mild, 10-14 moderate, 15-19 moderately severe, ≥20 severe depression), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI); somatic symptom screening; (2) Stress Management & Relaxation Techniques: Physiological stress response (HPA axis, sympathetic nervous activation), cognitive appraisal of stress, Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR), diaphragmatic breathing, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), cognitive restructuring for irrational health anxieties; (3) Health Behavior Change Theories: Health Belief Model (HBM: Perceived Susceptibility 知觉到易感性, Perceived Severity 严重性, Perceived Benefits 益处, Perceived Barriers 障碍, Cues to Action 提示因素, Self-Efficacy 自我效能); Transtheoretical Model / Stages of Change (TTM: Precontemplation 无打算, Contemplation 打算, Preparation 准备, Action 行动, Maintenance 维持, Termination 终止; decisional balance, processes of change); Social Cognitive Theory (SCT: reciprocal determinism, observational learning, outcome expectations); Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB: behavioral attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control); (4) Health Education & Program Planning: PRECEDE-PROCEED Model (PRECEDE assessment phases: social, epidemiological, behavioral/environmental, educational/ecological with Predisposing 倾向, Enabling 促成, Reinforcing 强化 factors, administrative/policy; PROCEED implementation and evaluation phases: process, impact, outcome); health communication channels (interpersonal counseling, mass media campaigns, digital e-health interventions); Health Literacy (健康素养: basic health concepts, healthy lifestyles, basic health skills); (5) Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Preventive Health ('Zhi Wei Bing'): Core TCM holistic philosophy of 'Zhi Wei Bing' (治未病: 未病先防 prevention before disease onset, 既病防变 preventing progression once diseased, 瘥后防复 preventing recurrence during convalescence); Yin-Yang and Five Elements balance; Nine TCM Body Constitutions (中医九种体质: 平和质 Balanced, 气虚质 Qi-deficiency, 阳虚质 Yang-deficiency, 阴虚质 Yin-deficiency, 痰湿质 Phlegm-dampness, 湿热质 Damp-heat, 血瘀质 Blood-stasis, 气郁质 Qi-stagnation, 特禀质 Special diathesis); constitution identification questionnaires and tailored lifestyle/dietary conditioning.