100+ Free Registered Civil Engineer — Water Conservancy & Hydropower (China) Practice Questions

water-resources-planning-and-hydrology

Hydrological data series collection, consistency, and representativeness testing; design flood and rainstorm calculation per SL 44; Pearson Type III (P-III) frequency distribution parameters (mean value x̄, coefficient of variation Cv, coefficient of skewness Cs); empirical frequency plotting (Weibull/Hazen); design storm hyetographs, infiltration losses, and runoff hydrograph unit hydrograph convolution; reservoir flood routing (storage-indication curves); long-term runoff regulation, firm output (Nf), storage-yield curves, water balance equations, and basin-wide water resources allocation.

hydraulic-engineering-hydraulics

Open channel steady non-uniform flow and differential energy equations; Chezy and Manning formulas for discharge and velocity (Q = (1/n) A R^(2/3) S^(1/2)); specific energy curve (E = h + α v^2 / (2g)), critical depth (hc = (q^2 / g)^(1/3)), and critical slope (ic); Froude number (Fr) and flow regime transition; water surface profile classification and backwater curve calculation (M1, M2, S1, S2, C1); hydraulic jump conjugate depth equation (h2/h1 = 0.5 * (sqrt(1 + 8 Fr1^2) - 1)); energy dissipation structures: hydraulic jump stilling basin (basin depth, length, baffle blocks, end sill), ski-jump trajectory bucket (jet angle, trajectory distance, plunge pool scour depth), surface roller bucket; pressurized pipeline head losses and siphon hydraulics.

hydraulic-structures-and-dam-engineering

Classification of water conservancy and hydropower projects (Grade I to Grade V) and hydraulic structure grading per SL 252; design flood standards and check flood standards; concrete gravity dam design per SL 319: primary and secondary load combinations, uplift pressure distribution (headwater, tailwater, drainage relief coefficient α = 0.2–0.3), limit equilibrium anti-sliding stability safety factor K = (f ΣW + c A) / ΣP, shear friction formula (f' and c'), base stress distribution (no tension criteria under normal load), transverse joints, temperature control, and mass concrete cracking mitigation; arch dam geometry, cylinder formula, trial load method, and abutment rock block sliding stability; embankment and rockfill dams per SL 274: seepage flow nets, phreatic line calculation, exit hydraulic gradient, piping and contact washout prevention, slope stability (simplified Bishop and Swedish slice methods), concrete face rockfill dams (CFRD) slab deflection and plinth detailing, earth core dams, filter gradation criteria; spillways: standard ogee crest discharge rating Q = C L H^(3/2), pier contraction coefficients, side channel spillways, bottom outlet sluices, penstocks, and surge tanks.

hydropower-stations-and-pumping-stations

Hydropower plant capacity and electrical output formulation (N = 9.81 η Q H); firm power output (Nf), installed capacity (Ninst), and annual energy generation (E); hydro turbine selection (Francis, Kaplan/propeller, Pelton, tubular) based on specific speed (ns) and rated head range; turbine cavitation mechanics, Thomas cavitation coefficient (σ), suction height (Hs), and turbine setting elevation; water hammer theory in penstocks, Joukowsky fundamental formula (ΔP = ρ a Δv), elastic pressure wave velocity (a), direct vs indirect water hammer, valve closure time (Ts); surge tank types (simple, orifice, differential), water level surging oscillations, and Thoma cross-sectional area stability criterion; pumping station design: total dynamic head (Hsys), pump performance curves (Q-H, Q-η, Q-N), operating point graphical determination, pumps in parallel and series, Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH / Δh), and pump sump intake flow conditions.

river-training-flood-control-and-irrigation

River morphology, sediment transport, bend flow secondary circulation, and riverbed equilibrium scour depth; dike engineering design per SL 298: dike grade classification, crest elevation (design flood level + wave runup + wind setup + freeboard), cross-sectional geometry, slope protection revetments (riprap, concrete slabs, gabions), and foundation seepage cutoff trenches; flood detention and retarding basin operational rules; crop evapotranspiration, net irrigation water requirements, and field water duty (q); irrigation canal system conveyance efficiency (η = η_w · η_b · η_d · η_m) and rotational water delivery; canal cross-section hydraulic sizing (non-silting and non-scouring velocity limits); agricultural drainage modulus (qd) computation for rainfall waterlogging elimination; and subsurface drainage pipe/ditch spacing.

engineering-geology-for-water-projects

Dam site engineering geological investigation and rock mass quality classification (BQ system per SL 251); geological discontinuities (joints, bedding planes, fault fracture zones), active fault assessment, and ground stress orientation; rock slope kinematic stability analysis (planar slide, wedge failure, toppling); karst geomorphology, karst hydrogeological conduits, and karst seepage control; dam foundation seepage control measures: grout curtain arrays (curtain depth, single/double row spacing, permeability criterion Lu < 1–5 Lu per Lugeon test), consolidation grouting, and downstream drainage relief hole curtains; soft/alluvial foundation seepage deformation (piping, contact washout, soil liquefaction); and reservoir hydrogeology: reservoir leakage paths, reservoir bank collapse prediction, and reservoir-induced seismicity (RIS).