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100+ Free Facharzt FMH Kinderchirurgie Practice Questions

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2026 Statistics

Key Facts: Facharzt FMH Kinderchirurgie Exam

Basisexamen + Oral Board

Exam Format

SIWF / SGKC Examination Regulations

120

Written MCQs (Part 1)

EBPS / Core Surgical Committee

6 Years

Postgraduate Training

SIWF Weiterbildungsprogramm

180 min

Written Exam Duration

EBPS / SIWF Standard

Lifetime

FMH Title Validity

Swiss Medical Association (FMH)

100

Practice Questions

OpenExamPrep

The Facharzt FMH Kinderchirurgie credential certifies specialist paediatric surgeons in Switzerland through SIWF and SGKC / SSCP. Assessment encompasses the written Basisexamen / EBPS Part 1 (120 MCQs) and the structured SGKC / EBPS Part 2 oral-practical clinical board, covering neonatal anomalies, pediatric abdominal surgery, urology, surgical oncology, and pediatric trauma.

Sample Facharzt FMH Kinderchirurgie Practice Questions

Try these sample questions to test your Facharzt FMH Kinderchirurgie exam readiness. Each question includes a detailed explanation. Start the interactive quiz above for the full 100+ question experience with AI tutoring.

1A full-term male newborn presents immediately after birth with excessive frothing, drooling of saliva from the mouth, and choking episodes during his first attempt at feeding. A 10-French Replogle tube is passed through the nose but arrests firmly at 9 cm from the nares. A chest and abdominal radiograph confirms the curled catheter in the upper blind esophageal pouch and shows normal gas distribution throughout the stomach and intestines. What is the most crucial initial preoperative management step prior to definitive surgical repair of this Gross Type C esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula?
A.Continuous low-intermittent suction to the upper esophageal pouch via a double-lumen Replogle catheter, head-of-bed elevation to 30–45 degrees, and an urgent echocardiogram to evaluate aortic arch anatomy and associated anomalies
B.Immediate emergent endotracheal intubation with positive pressure ventilation and placement of a surgical gastrostomy tube within 2 hours of birth
C.Administration of high-volume water-soluble contrast through the nasogastric tube under fluoroscopy to define the exact distance to the carina
D.Aggressive bag-valve-mask manual ventilation to maintain alveolar expansion while transferring the infant to the operating theater
Explanation: Initial preoperative management of esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) centers on preventing pulmonary aspiration and preparing for surgical repair. A continuous suction Replogle sump tube in the upper pouch prevents salivary aspiration, while elevating the head of the bed to 30–45 degrees reduces gastroesophageal reflux through the distal fistula into the tracheobronchial tree. An urgent echocardiogram is mandatory to rule out life-threatening congenital heart defects and determine whether the aortic arch is left- or right-sided, which dictates the surgical approach (standard right thoracotomy vs left thoracotomy).
2A 2-day-old infant with Gross Type C esophageal atresia and distal tracheoesophageal fistula is scheduled for open repair. The surgical plan includes a right muscle-sparing posterolateral thoracotomy via the 4th intercostal space. The pediatric surgical team deliberately utilizes an extrapleural approach rather than entering the pleural space. What is the primary surgical advantage of the extrapleural technique in neonatal esophageal atresia repair?
A.It significantly eliminates the risk of postoperative anastomotic stricture formation at the esophageal reconstruction site
B.It contains any potential postoperative anastomotic leak within the extrapleural space, preventing a catastrophic tension pneumothorax or empyema
C.It allows complete visualization of the contralateral left bronchus and thoracic duct without vascular dissection
D.It completely eliminates the necessity for identifying and dividing the azygos vein during mediastinal exposure
Explanation: The extrapleural approach in EA/TEF repair separates the parietal pleura intact from the thoracic wall and mediastinum. If a postoperative anastomotic leak occurs, the saliva and secretions remain confined to the retropleural space and drain harmlessly along the chest tube, transforming a potentially fatal tension pneumothorax or total lung collapse with empyema into a manageable controlled extrapleural salivary fistula.
3A 4-month-old infant presents with a history of recurrent coughing, choking, and cyanotic episodes during liquid feedings, accompanied by two hospital admissions for right upper lobe aspiration pneumonia. Abdominal distension during crying is also noted. A high-index suspicion for an isolated H-type (Gross Type E) tracheoesophageal fistula is raised. What is the diagnostic investigation of choice, and what is the standard definitive surgical approach for this condition?
A.Upper gastrointestinal contrast swallow in the supine position; median sternotomy with cardiopulmonary bypass
B.Chest computed tomography angiography; left 5th intercostal posterolateral thoracotomy
C.Prone pull-back tube esophagogram or simultaneous tracheobronchoscopy/esophagoscopy; right cervical incision for fistula division
D.Blind nasogastric dye injection with methylene blue; exploratory laparotomy and transdiaphragmatic transhiatal ligation
Explanation: Isolated H-type TEF is notoriously difficult to diagnose. The most sensitive diagnostic modalities are dynamic prone high-pressure tube esophagography (pull-back technique) and rigid tracheobronchoscopy combined with esophagoscopy, which can directly visualize the fistula orifice on the posterior tracheal wall (often canulated with a ureteric catheter). Because the vast majority of H-type fistulas lie high in the lower cervical or upper thoracic region (at the C7–T2 vertebral level), surgical repair is typically performed via a right cervical collar incision, avoiding thoracotomy.
4A newborn is diagnosed with isolated pure esophageal atresia without tracheoesophageal fistula (Gross Type A). Plain radiography shows a coiled Replogle catheter in the upper mediastinum and a completely gasless, scaphoid abdomen. Fluoroscopic and endoscopic assessment reveals an esophageal gap of 4 vertebral bodies (long-gap esophageal atresia). What is the contemporary evidence-based primary management strategy to achieve native esophageal preservation before contemplating stomach or colon interposition?
A.Immediate emergency cervical esophagostomy (spit fistula) and permanent Roux-en-Y jejunal transposition within 48 hours of birth
B.Urgent high-tension primary end-to-end anastomosis over a rigid metal bougie at 24 hours of life
C.Transdiaphragmatic gastric transposition (gastric pull-up) performed during the first week of life
D.Placement of a feeding gastrostomy with continuous upper pouch suction, allowing spontaneous somatic elongation and delayed primary anastomosis at 2–3 months (or staged dynamic traction via the Foker technique)
Explanation: In pure long-gap esophageal atresia (gap >3 cm or >2–3 vertebral bodies), immediate primary anastomosis carries prohibitive tension, high leak rates, and ischemia. The international standard for native esophageal preservation is initial placement of a feeding gastrostomy and continuous upper pouch sump suction, allowing the blind pouches to undergo natural somatic elongation over 8–12 weeks, or using staged internal traction sutures (Foker technique) followed by delayed primary anastomosis. Esophageal replacement (gastric transposition or colonic interposition) is reserved strictly for failed elongation.
5A 38-week male infant is born following a pregnancy complicated by an antenatal diagnosis of left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). In the delivery room, he exhibits severe respiratory distress, cyanosis, and a scaphoid abdomen with bowel sounds auscultated over the left hemithorax. What is the fundamental principle of immediate neonatal delivery room resuscitation for this patient?
A.Immediate endotracheal intubation avoiding bag-mask ventilation, gentle lung-protective ventilation (peak inspiratory pressure <25 cmH2O, permissive hypercapnia), and placement of a wide-bore nasogastric sump tube
B.Vigorous high-pressure bag-mask ventilation with 100% oxygen to force open the collapsed left lung before attempting intubation
C.Emergent bedside thoracostomy tube placement in the left 5th intercostal space to decompress the herniated bowel
D.Immediate emergency transfer to the operating theater for subcostal laparotomy within the first 60 minutes of life
Explanation: Immediate delivery room resuscitation of CDH mandates prompt endotracheal intubation while strictly avoiding bag-valve-mask ventilation, which forces gas into the intrathoracic stomach and bowel, exacerbating mediastinal shift and contralateral lung compression. A large-bore nasogastric tube decompresses the stomach. Ventilatory strategy focuses on gentle lung-protective ventilation (avoiding barotrauma by capping peak pressures at <25 cmH2O, accepting permissive hypercapnia PaCO2 45–60 mmHg, and targeting pre-ductal SpO2 85–95%) rather than hyperventilation.
6A neonate with left-sided Bochdalek congenital diaphragmatic hernia is being managed in the neonatal intensive care unit. The pediatric surgical team is discussing the timing of surgical repair. According to the CDH EURO Consortium guidelines, which clinical parameter confirms sufficient cardiorespiratory stability to proceed with elective surgical repair?
A.Complete radiologic re-expansion of the hypoplastic left lung to full thoracic volume on chest X-ray
B.Resolution of severe pulmonary hypertension with estimated right ventricular systolic pressure <50% of systemic pressure, pre-ductal SpO2 >85% on FiO2 <0.50, and normal serum lactate for at least 24 hours
C.Immediate achievement of arterial blood gas PaO2 >100 mmHg and PaCO2 <30 mmHg under deep paralysis
D.Successful extubation to room air prior to any surgical intervention
Explanation: CDH is no longer treated as a surgical emergency; modern outcomes depend on physiological stabilization of pulmonary hypertension and cardiac dysfunction. According to CDH EURO Consortium guidelines, surgical repair is delayed until the infant demonstrates stable hemodynamics, normal serum lactate (<2.0 mmol/L), urine output >1 mL/kg/h, pre-ductal saturation >85% on FiO2 <0.50, and echocardiographic confirmation that estimated pulmonary arterial pressure is less than systemic arterial pressure (typically after 24–48 hours of medical optimization).
7During open subcostal repair of a left-sided CDH in a 3-day-old infant, the surgical team encounters a massive diaphragmatic defect with total absence of the posterior and lateral muscular rim (CDH Study Group Type D defect). Primary tension-free closure is impossible. What is the most appropriate reconstruction technique to prevent recurrence and avoid abdominal compartment syndrome?
A.Forced high-tension direct approximation of the anterior muscle remnant to the lateral ribs using interrupted steel wire sutures
B.Immediate transposition of the spleen into the left hemithorax to act as an autologous plug
C.Reconstruction using a non-absorbable/composite prosthetic cone-shaped patch (e.g., PTFE/Gore-Tex) anchored around the rib cage, combined with temporary abdominal wall patch/silo closure if intra-abdominal pressure is elevated
D.Primary closure of the skin only, leaving the diaphragmatic defect completely untreated until 5 years of age
Explanation: For large diaphragmatic defects (CDHSG Types C and D) where primary closure is unachievable, a prosthetic patch (such as polytetrafluoroethylene [PTFE / Gore-Tex] or composite mesh) fashioned into a slight cone or dome shape is the standard reconstruction technique. It is securely anchored to the ribs laterally and posterior prevertebral fascia. If returning the viscera to the underdeveloped abdominal cavity causes excessive intra-abdominal hypertension (>15–20 mmHg), a temporary abdominal wall patch or silo closure is employed to avoid abdominal compartment syndrome.
8A pregnant woman at 24 weeks of gestation undergoes fetal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after an ultrasound shows fetal left-sided diaphragmatic hernia. Which combination of prenatal imaging markers is most predictive of severe pulmonary hypoplasia, high mortality, and the potential need for fetal endoluminal tracheal occlusion (FETO) or immediate neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)?
A.Observed-to-expected lung-to-head ratio (o/e LHR) >50% and intrathoracic spleen herniation
B.Right renal agenesis and amniotic fluid index >25 cm with normal stomach position
C.Fetal stomach entirely located below the level of the pelvic brim
D.Observed-to-expected lung-to-head ratio (o/e LHR) <25% and intrathoracic herniation of the liver ('liver up')
Explanation: The two most robust prenatal predictors of extreme pulmonary hypoplasia and severe pulmonary hypertension in CDH are an observed-to-expected lung-to-head ratio (o/e LHR) <25% (or total fetal lung volume <25% on MRI) and intrathoracic herniation of the liver ('liver up'). These findings correlate with poor survival (<20–30% without intervention) and define the cohort evaluated for fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion (FETO) and planned delivery at tertiary centers with neonatal ECMO capabilities.
9A 1-day-old infant with features of Down syndrome (Trisomy 21) develops persistent bilious vomiting shortly after birth without abdominal distension. A plain abdominal radiograph demonstrates a classic 'double bubble' sign consisting of gas in the stomach and proximal duodenum, with a complete absence of gas throughout the distal intestinal tract. Following fluid resuscitation, what is the surgical procedure of choice?
A.Diamond-shaped duodenoduodenostomy (Kimura technique)
B.Loop duodenostomy with distal mucous fistula
C.Gastrojejunostomy bypassing the entire duodenum
D.Division of the ligament of Treitz with extensive longitudinal duodenal tapering
Explanation: Duodenal atresia presents with bilious emesis (in 85% of cases where the obstruction is post-ampullary) and the pathognomonic radiologic 'double bubble' sign. It is strongly associated with Trisomy 21 (in ~30–40% of cases). The definitive surgical standard of care is a diamond-shaped duodenoduodenostomy (Kimura procedure), which aligns a transverse incision on the proximal dilated duodenum with a longitudinal incision on the distal collapsed duodenum, creating a wide, non-obstructing anastomosis.
10A male neonate born at 36 weeks gestation develops progressive abdominal distension and bilious vomiting on his second day of life. An exploratory laparotomy is performed, revealing a proximal jejunal atresia, absence of the superior mesenteric artery distal to the middle colic branch, and distal small bowel wrapped in a spiral, helical coil around a single retrograde perfusion vessel originating from the ileocolic artery. What type of intestinal atresia does this represent, and what is its underlying vascular etiology?
A.Type I mucosal web atresia resulting from failure of endodermal recanalization at week 6 of embryogenesis
B.Type IIIb ('apple peel' / 'Christmas tree') atresia caused by an intrauterine mesenteric vascular accident involving the main trunk of the superior mesenteric artery
C.Type II fibrous cord atresia resulting from primary autonomic neural crest migration arrest
D.Type IV multiple atresias caused by generalized congenital microvascular hypoplasia
Explanation: Jejunoileal atresia is classified according to the Grosfeld classification. Type IIIb atresia (also termed 'apple peel' or 'Christmas tree' atresia) results from an intrauterine ischemic accident caused by occlusion of the distal superior mesenteric artery. The distal small bowel is foreshortened and coils in a helical spiral around a single retrograde blood vessel supplied by the ileocolic or right colic artery, carrying a high risk of short bowel syndrome.

About the Facharzt FMH Kinderchirurgie Exam

The Facharzt FMH für Kinderchirurgie (Specialist in Paediatric Surgery FMH) is the Swiss Federal specialist title granting full independent practice rights in pediatric and neonatal surgery across Switzerland. Governed by the SIWF (Swiss Institute for Postgraduate and Continuous Medical Training) and the SGKC / SSCP (Swiss Society of Paediatric Surgery), certification requires completion of a comprehensive 6-year postgraduate curriculum, passing the written Basisexamen Chirurgie / EBPS Part 1, and succeeding in the SGKC / EBPS Part 2 structured oral-practical board examination. The syllabus covers neonatal congenital malformations (esophageal atresia, CDH, intestinal atresia, NEC, abdominal wall defects, Hirschsprung disease, anorectal malformations), pediatric general and abdominal surgery (pyloric stenosis, intussusception, appendicitis, malrotation, biliary atresia, choledochal cysts), pediatric urology (hypospadias, cryptorchidism, UPJ obstruction, VUR, posterior urethral valves, DSD), pediatric surgical oncology (neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, hepatoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, teratomas), pediatric trauma and burns (ATLS/APLS, blunt solid organ injury, airway foreign bodies, burns), and minimally invasive thoracic and laparoscopic surgery. Note on format and language: While the official Swiss examination and European Board assessments are conducted in Swiss national languages (German/French) or English, this question bank is an English-language multiple-choice study adaptation created by OpenExamPrep—not an official SGKC/EBPS examination release—specifically designed to train high-yield clinical decision-making, operative rationale, and guideline-based management.

Assessment

Two-part qualifying pathway: 1) The written knowledge assessment consisting of 120 multiple-choice questions covering surgical principles, embryology, anatomy, and pediatric surgical pathophysiology, and 2) The SGKC / EBPS Part 2 structured oral-practical board examination consisting of 4 clinical stations (General Paediatric Surgery/Oncology, Urology, Neonatal Surgery, Trauma) before panels of expert pediatric surgeons.

Time Limit

180 minutes written examination plus approximately 120 minutes structured oral-practical case examination

Passing Score

Criterion-referenced passing score on the written MCQ paper (~60–65% raw score) and structured passing consensus across all oral clinical stations assessed by the SGKC examination committee

Exam Fee

Basisexamen fee CHF 500–800; SGKC / EBPS Examination fee CHF 1,000–1,500; SIWF FMH Title Application fee CHF 1,000–2,500 (Schweizerisches Institut für ärztliche Weiter- und Fortbildung (SIWF / FMH) and Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Kinderchirurgie (SGKC / SSCP) / European Board of Paediatric Surgery (EBPS))

Facharzt FMH Kinderchirurgie Exam Content Outline

22%

Neonatal Surgery & Congenital Anomalies

Pathophysiology, emergency stabilization, and definitive operative management of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF), congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), duodenal and jejunoileal atresia, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), abdominal wall defects (gastroschisis, omphalocele), Hirschsprung disease, and anorectal malformations (ARM).

20%

Pediatric General & Gastrointestinal Surgery

Diagnosis, perioperative management, and surgical techniques for infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, ileocolic intussusception, acute and complicated appendicitis, malrotation with midgut volvulus (Ladd procedure), Meckel's diverticulum, biliary atresia (Kasai portoenterostomy), choledochal cysts, and pediatric inguinal/umbilical hernias.

20%

Pediatric Urology & Genitourinary Surgery

Assessment and surgical reconstruction of hypospadias and chordee, cryptorchidism (timing, diagnostic laparoscopy, Fowler-Stephens orchidopexy), acute scrotum (testicular torsion vs torsion of hydatid), pelviureteric junction obstruction (dismembered pyeloplasty), vesicoureteral reflux (Deflux vs ureteral reimplantation), posterior urethral valves (PUV), disorders of sex development (DSD), and duplex kidneys with ectopic ureterocele.

16%

Pediatric Surgical Oncology

Multimodal oncologic staging, risk stratification, and operative strategies for neuroblastoma (INRGSS staging, IDRFs, MYCN), nephroblastoma / Wilms tumor (SIOP neoadjuvant vs COG upfront nephrectomy, nephron-sparing surgery), hepatoblastoma (PRETEXT staging, resection vs liver transplant), rhabdomyosarcoma, sacrococcygeal teratoma (Altman classification, coccygectomy), and pediatric germ cell tumors.

12%

Pediatric Trauma, Burns & Critical Care

Pediatric Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS/APLS principles), non-operative vs operative management of blunt splenic, hepatic, and pancreatic trauma, hollow viscus seatbelt injuries, pediatric burn resuscitation (Lund-Browder chart, modified Parkland formula) and non-accidental trauma patterns, caustic/foreign body ingestions (button batteries, multiple magnets), and tracheobronchial aspiration.

10%

Pediatric Thoracic, Head & Neck, Minimally Invasive & Vascular Anomalies

Congenital lung malformations (CPAM, bronchopulmonary sequestration, congenital lobar emphysema), chest wall deformities (pectus excavatum Nuss procedure vs pectus carinatum bracing), thyroglossal duct cysts (Sistrunk procedure) and branchial cleft anomalies, vascular anomalies (infantile hemangiomas vs lymphatic malformations), and physiological principles of pediatric minimally invasive surgery (laparoscopy/thoracoscopy).

How to Pass the Facharzt FMH Kinderchirurgie Exam

What You Need to Know

  • Passing score: Criterion-referenced passing score on the written MCQ paper (~60–65% raw score) and structured passing consensus across all oral clinical stations assessed by the SGKC examination committee
  • Assessment: Two-part qualifying pathway: 1) The written knowledge assessment consisting of 120 multiple-choice questions covering surgical principles, embryology, anatomy, and pediatric surgical pathophysiology, and 2) The SGKC / EBPS Part 2 structured oral-practical board examination consisting of 4 clinical stations (General Paediatric Surgery/Oncology, Urology, Neonatal Surgery, Trauma) before panels of expert pediatric surgeons.
  • Time limit: 180 minutes written examination plus approximately 120 minutes structured oral-practical case examination
  • Exam fee: Basisexamen fee CHF 500–800; SGKC / EBPS Examination fee CHF 1,000–1,500; SIWF FMH Title Application fee CHF 1,000–2,500

Keys to Passing

  • Work through all 100 available questions
  • Review every answer and explanation
  • Track weak areas and revisit them
  • Use our AI tutor for tough concepts

Facharzt FMH Kinderchirurgie Study Tips from Top Performers

1Master Neonatal Resuscitation & Gentle Ventilation in CDH: Memorize the physiologic rationale for delayed surgical repair in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), prioritizing lung-protective gentle ventilation (permissive hypercapnia, pre-ductal SpO2 >85%, avoiding barotrauma) and pulmonary hypertension management before elective repair.
2Know Detailed Operative Steps for Malrotation & Volvulus: Be completely fluent in all four components of Ladd's procedure: counterclockwise detorsion of the volvulus, division of peritoneal Ladd's bands across the duodenum, widening of the mesenteric base, and incidental appendectomy with non-rotation bowel placement.
3Differentiate Pediatric Solid Tumor Protocols (SIOP vs COG): Understand the fundamental difference in Wilms tumor approaches—SIOP (predominant in Switzerland/Europe: pre-operative chemotherapy without upfront biopsy to downstage and reduce capsular rupture) versus COG (upfront radical nephrectomy)—and master INRGSS image-defined risk factors (IDRFs) in neuroblastoma.
4Memorize Stepwise Pediatric Urology Algorithms: Understand the Fowler-Stephens staged laparoscopic orchidopexy for high intra-abdominal testes, relying on the deferential and cremasteric collateral blood supply after testicular vessel division, and the timing of hypospadias and cryptorchidism repairs (6–12 months).
5Review Lund-Browder Charts & Modified Pediatric Burn Formulas: Calculate pediatric burn fluid resuscitation accurately using the Lund-Browder chart (accounting for the larger pediatric head surface area: 18% in infants vs 9% in adults) and add maintenance fluids containing 5% dextrose to prevent life-threatening hypoglycemia.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the Facharzt FMH für Kinderchirurgie title?

The Facharzt FMH für Kinderchirurgie is the federally recognized medical specialist title in paediatric surgery awarded in Switzerland by the SIWF / FMH upon completion of a structured 6-year postgraduate curriculum, passing both the written Basisexamen / EBPS Part 1 and the SGKC / EBPS Part 2 oral-practical examinations, and satisfying all surgical logbook requirements.

How is the Swiss Paediatric Surgery specialist examination structured?

The examination pathway comprises two main components: 1) A comprehensive written MCQ examination (Basisexamen Chirurgie or EBPS Part 1 with 120 questions) testing core surgical sciences, embryology, pathology, and clinical scenarios; and 2) The SGKC / EBPS Part 2 structured oral-practical clinical examination consisting of 4 clinical stations (Neonatal Surgery, General Paediatric Surgery/Oncology, Urology, and Trauma/Critical Care).

When can Swiss paediatric surgery trainees sit the specialist examinations?

The written Basisexamen Chirurgie can be taken early during residency (typically years 1–3). The European Board Part 1 MCQ exam can be taken during senior training, while the final SGKC / EBPS Part 2 oral-practical board examination is attempted in the final year of residency or upon completing clinical logbook requirements.

What clinical guidelines and societies define the curriculum?

The curriculum is governed by the Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Kinderchirurgie (SGKC / SSCP) and SIWF, closely harmonized with the European Board of Paediatric Surgery (EBPS / UEMS), the European Paediatric Surgeons' Association (EUPSA), SIOP (pediatric oncology), and ESPU (pediatric urology).

Why is this practice bank presented in English?

The official European Board of Paediatric Surgery (EBPS) Part 1 and Part 2 examinations, the annual European in-training exam (EPSITE), and international paediatric surgical literature are primarily conducted in English. This practice bank adapts Swiss and European core curriculum requirements into 100 high-yield English-language clinical vignette questions.

What are the most critical neonatal and emergency topics on the examination?

Essential topics include the management of esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula, congenital diaphragmatic hernia (gentle ventilation, delayed repair), duodenal and jejunoileal atresia, NEC staging and operative indications, Ladd procedure for malrotation with volvulus, Kasai portoenterostomy for biliary atresia (<60 days), Fowler-Stephens orchidopexy, and emergency removal of esophageal button batteries.