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100+ Free Facharzt FMH Dermatologie und Venerologie Practice Questions

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2026 Statistics

Key Facts: Facharzt FMH Dermatologie und Venerologie Exam

Written + Oral

Exam Format

SIWF / SGDV Examination Regulations

100

Written MCQs

SGDV Examination Commission

5 Years

Postgraduate Training

SIWF Weiterbildungsprogramm

180 min

Written Exam Duration

SGDV Examination Standard

Lifetime

FMH Title Validity

Swiss Medical Association (FMH)

100

Practice Questions

OpenExamPrep

The Facharzt FMH Dermatologie und Venerologie certifies specialist dermatologists in Switzerland through SIWF and SGDV. Examination comprises a 100-question written MCQ test and a structured oral-practical board examination, covering inflammatory dermatoses, dermato-oncology, venereology, autoimmune bullous diseases, pediatric genetics, and dermatosurgery.

Sample Facharzt FMH Dermatologie und Venerologie Practice Questions

Try these sample questions to test your Facharzt FMH Dermatologie und Venerologie exam readiness. Each question includes a detailed explanation. Start the interactive quiz above for the full 100+ question experience with AI tutoring.

1A 58-year-old male presents with a pigmented lesion on his upper back that has changed in size and color over the past 6 months. Dermoscopy reveals an asymmetric multicomponent pattern with atypical pigment network, irregular brown-black globules, and blue-white veil. An excisional biopsy is performed with 2 mm clinical margins. Histopathology confirms an invasive Superficial Spreading Melanoma with a Breslow thickness of 1.6 mm, presence of ulceration, and 2 mitoses/mm². According to current SGDV / EORTC / AJCC (8th edition) guidelines, what is the mandatory next step in surgical management?
A.Re-excision with a 1 cm radial surgical safety margin down to deep fascia and concurrent Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy (SLNB)
B.Re-excision with a 3 cm radial surgical safety margin and immediate radical elective regional lymph node dissection
C.Immediate initiation of adjuvant therapy with oral dabrafenib and trametinib without further surgery
D.Narrow re-excision with a 0.5 cm margin and clinical ultrasound monitoring every 3 months
Explanation: According to the AJCC 8th edition and Swiss Society of Dermatology and Venereology (SGDV) / EORTC guidelines, for primary cutaneous melanoma with a Breslow thickness of 1.01 to 2.0 mm (pT2a/b), the recommended wide local re-excision safety margin is 1 to 2 cm (1 cm is standard for pT2a/b). Furthermore, for all intermediate-thickness melanomas (>1.0 mm or >0.8 mm with ulceration/mitoses, Stage pT1b–pT4b), Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy (SLNB) is standard of care for precise nodal staging and determining eligibility for adjuvant systemic checkpoint inhibitor or targeted therapy. Elective radical lymphadenectomy is obsolete.
2A 64-year-old female presents with multiple flaccid bullae on normal-appearing and erythematous skin of the trunk and scalp, along with painful, non-healing erosions of the oral buccal mucosa and hard palate. Gentle lateral tangential pressure on normal-appearing perilesional skin causes intraepidermal shearing and epidermal detachment (positive Nikolsky sign). Direct immunofluorescence (DIF) of perilesional skin reveals intercellular IgG and C3 deposition in a 'fishnet-like' (net-like) pattern throughout the epidermis. What is the target autoantigen in this autoimmune bullous disease?
A.BP180 (Collagen XVII) and BP230 in Bullous pemphigoid
B.Desmoglein 3 (and Desmoglein 1) in Pemphigus vulgaris
C.Collagen VII in Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
D.Epidermal transglutaminase (eTG) in Dermatitis herpetiformis
Explanation: Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune intraepidermal blistering disease characterized by flaccid bullae, severe mucosal erosions, and a positive Nikolsky sign. Autoantibodies (predominantly IgG1 and IgG4) target Desmoglein 3 (mucosal-dominant form) or both Desmoglein 3 and Desmoglein 1 (mucocutaneous form), which are transmembrane cadherin adhesion proteins in desmosomes. Disruption of desmosomal adhesion causes suprabasal acantholysis. Direct immunofluorescence (DIF) demonstrates characteristic intercellular, intraepidermal 'fishnet' IgG/C3 staining.
3A 78-year-old male with a history of Parkinson's disease presents with severe, generalized pruritus and tense, non-tender bullae on an urticarial erythematous base on his lower abdomen, inner thighs, and flexor aspects of the arms. Oral mucosa is completely spared. Nikolsky sign is negative. Direct immunofluorescence of perilesional skin demonstrates linear deposition of IgG and C3 along the dermal-epidermal basement membrane zone (BMZ). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is strongly positive for antibodies targeting which specific molecular domain?
A.Desmocollin 1 in Subcorneal pustular dermatosis
B.Laminin-332 (Laminin-5) in Anti-laminin mucous membrane pemphigoid
C.NC16A non-collagenous domain of BP180 (Type XVII Collagen) in Bullous pemphigoid
D.Alpha-6 / Beta-4 integrin in Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid
Explanation: Bullous Pemphigoid (BP) is the most common autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease of the elderly, characterized by tense bullae on urticarial plaques, intense pruritus, negative Nikolsky sign, and linear BMZ IgG/C3 deposition. The predominant autoantigen is BP180 (Type XVII collagen, a transmembrane hemidesmosomal glycoprotein), with the vast majority of pathogenic autoantibodies targeting the extracellular NC16A (non-collagenous 16A) domain. Serum anti-BP180 NC16A ELISA titers correlate directly with clinical disease activity.
4A 42-year-old male presents with severe, chronic plaque psoriasis covering 22% of his body surface area (Psoriasis Area and Severity Index, PASI = 24) and concomitant severe psoriatic arthritis with dactylitis. He has a history of severe latent tuberculosis (completed 3 months of rifampin/isoniazid) and moderate Crohn's disease. Which class of biologic therapeutics is STRICTLY CONTRAINDICATED due to the risk of exacerbating or triggering inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease)?
A.Interleukin-23 (IL-23) p19 inhibitors (e.g., Guselkumab, Risankizumab)
B.Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) inhibitors (e.g., Infliximab, Adalimumab)
C.Interleukin-12/23 p40 inhibitors (e.g., Ustekinumab)
D.Interleukin-17 (IL-17) inhibitors (e.g., Secukinumab, Ixekizumab, Bimekizumab)
Explanation: Interleukin-17 (IL-17A/F) plays an essential physiological role in maintaining intestinal epithelial barrier integrity and mucosal homeostasis. Neutralizing IL-17 with anti-IL-17 monoclonal antibodies (secukinumab, ixekizumab, bimekizumab, brodalumab) disrupts intestinal barrier function and can trigger new-onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or induce severe, life-threatening flares of pre-existing Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. In patients with concurrent psoriasis and Crohn's disease, IL-23 inhibitors (guselkumab, risankizumab), IL-12/23 inhibitors (ustekinumab), or anti-TNF agents (adalimumab, infliximab) are preferred.
5A 32-year-old sexually active male presents with a solitary, painless, indurated ulcer with clean base and sharply demarcated, raised, cartilaginous borders on the coronal sulcus of the glans penis, accompanied by bilateral non-tender inguinal lymphadenopathy of 2 weeks' duration. Treponema pallidum particle agglutination (TPPA) and non-treponemal RPR are positive. What is the definitive first-line treatment for primary Syphilis according to European (IUSTI/EDF) and Swiss guidelines?
A.Benzathine Penicillin G 2.4 million units intramuscularly as a single dose
B.Oral Doxycycline 100 mg twice daily for 28 consecutive days
C.Intravenous Ceftriaxone 2 g daily for 14 days
D.Oral Azithromycin 500 mg daily for 3 days
Explanation: According to international (IUSTI/WHO/CDC) and Swiss (SGDV/SSI) sexually transmitted infection guidelines, the gold standard first-line treatment for early syphilis (primary, secondary, and early latent <1 year) is a single intramuscular injection of Benzathine Penicillin G 2.4 million units (administered as two 1.2 million unit injections in each buttock). Doxycycline (100 mg PO bid for 14 days) is a secondary alternative reserved strictly for non-pregnant penicillin-allergic patients.
6A 36-year-old female presents with extremely pruritic, violaceous, flat-topped, polygonal papules on the flexor surfaces of her wrists and ankles. Close dermoscopic inspection under immersion oil reveals delicate, reticular white striae on the surface of the lesions (Wickham's striae). Examination of the oral cavity reveals asymptomatic lacy white reticular patches on the bilateral buccal mucosa. What histopathological feature is characteristic of Lichen planus?
A.Subcorneal neutrophilic microabscesses of Munro with regular psoriasiform acanthosis and hypogranulosis
B.Band-like (lichenoid) lymphocytic infiltrate at the dermo-epidermal junction, basal keratinocyte liquefactive degeneration, hypergranulosis, and saw-toothed rete ridge pattern with apoptotic colloid/Civatte bodies
C.Intraepidermal acantholytic suprabasal clefting with tombstone basal keratinocytes
D.Extensive dermal mucin deposition with perivascular mast cell infiltrates
Explanation: Lichen planus is a classic T-cell mediated inflammatory dermatosis following the '6 Ps' (Planar, Polygonal, Pruritic, Purple, Papules, Plaques) and Wickham's striae. The pathognomonic histopathological triad consists of: 1) dense, band-like (lichenoid) T-lymphocytic infiltrate hugging the dermo-epidermal junction; 2) basal layer vacuolar degeneration with apoptotic keratinocytes forming Civatte/colloid bodies; 3) wedge-shaped hypergranulosis; and 4) irregular 'saw-toothed' acanthosis with compact orthohyperkeratosis without parakeratosis.
7A 72-year-old male organ transplant recipient (renal transplant 10 years ago on lifelong tacrolimus and mycophenolate) presents with multiple hyperkeratotic, erythematous, rough, sandpapery macules and confluent scaly plaques on his bald scalp and face (field cancerization). Biopsy of a suspicious indurated nodule reveals atypical squamous cells infiltrating through the basement membrane into the deep reticular dermis with keratin pearl formation. What is the approximate relative increase in risk of developing Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (cSCC) in solid organ transplant recipients compared to the immunocompetent population?
A.2-fold increased risk
B.No increased risk
C.65- to 100-fold increased risk (with higher risk of metastasis and aggressive recurrence)
D.Decreased risk due to immunosuppressive suppression of inflammatory cytokines
Explanation: Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) on chronic immunosuppressive therapy (especially calcineurin inhibitors and azathioprine) have a dramatically elevated incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer: cSCC risk is increased by 65- to 100-fold (and BCC risk by 10- to 16-fold), completely reversing the normal BCC:SCC ratio (4:1 becomes 1:3 in SOTRs). Furthermore, cSCC in transplant recipients exhibits substantially higher rates of local recurrence, perineural invasion, in-transit metastases, and nodal metastasis, requiring aggressive field-directed therapies and surveillance.
8A 28-year-old female presents with intensely pruritic, grouped, polymorphic erythematous papules, excoriations, and tiny vesicles symmetrically distributed over the extensor surfaces of her elbows, knees, buttocks, and upper back. Direct immunofluorescence (DIF) of normal-appearing perilesional skin demonstrates granular IgA deposits clustered in the dermal papillary tips. What systemic autoimmune condition is invariably associated with this dermatological disorder?
A.Crohn's Disease
B.Primary Biliary Cholangitis
C.Pernicious Anemia / Autoimmune gastritis
D.Celiac Disease (Gluten-sensitive enteropathy / Zöliakie), associated with anti-tissue and anti-epidermal transglutaminase (eTG/TG3) IgA antibodies
Explanation: Dermatitis herpetiformis (Duhring's disease) is the cutaneous manifestation of gluten-sensitive enteropathy (Celiac disease). Ingestion of gluten triggers production of IgA autoantibodies targeting tissue transglutaminase (tTG / TG2) and epidermal transglutaminase (eTG / TG3). Circulating IgA-TG3 immune complexes deposit in the dermal papillae, recruiting neutrophils that form papillary microabscesses and subepidermal micro-vesicles. The hallmark DIF finding is granular IgA deposits in dermal papillary tips. Treatment requires a strict lifelong gluten-free diet and oral dapsone for rapid symptomatic pruritus control.
9A 68-year-old male presents with an asymptomatic, pearly translucent nodule with fine overlying arborizing telangiectasias and rolled borders on his right nasal ala. Dermoscopic examination reveals blue-gray ovoid nests, arborizing vessels, and shiny white structures (chrysalis lines). What is the primary molecular signaling pathway aberrantly activated in the pathogenesis of Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)?
A.Sonic Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway (due to inactivating mutations in PTCH1 or activating mutations in SMO)
B.Wnt / Beta-catenin degradation pathway
C.Notch receptor signaling pathway
D.Jak / STAT signaling pathway
Explanation: Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) is driven almost universally (>90% of cases) by constitutive, aberrant activation of the Sonic Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Under physiological conditions, the transmembrane receptor Patched-1 (PTCH1) tonically inhibits Smoothened (SMO). Inactivating loss-of-function mutations in PTCH1 (or activating mutations in SMO, or germline PTCH1 mutations in Gorlin-Goltz syndrome) release SMO from inhibition, leading to nuclear translocation of GLI transcription factors that drive oncogenic keratinocyte proliferation. Targeted SMO inhibitors (vismodegib, sonidegib) are approved for advanced/metastatic BCC.
10A 24-year-old male presents with a 2-day history of high fever, dysuria, and copious, thick, purulent urethral discharge. Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) confirms Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Given emerging global and European antimicrobial resistance (specifically the spread of ciprofloxacin resistance and rising azithromycin/ceftriaxone MICs), what is the current European (IUSTI/EDF) and Swiss first-line empiric treatment regimen for uncomplicated urogenital gonorrhea?
A.Oral Ciprofloxacin 500 mg single dose
B.Ceftriaxone 1 g intramuscularly as a single dose (or Ceftriaxone 500 mg IM monotherapy when co-infection with Chlamydia is ruled out)
C.Oral Doxycycline 100 mg twice daily for 3 days
D.Intramuscular Spectinomycin 2 g combined with oral penicillin V
Explanation: Current European (IUSTI 2020/2024 update) and Swiss guidelines recommend high-dose Ceftriaxone 1 g IM as a single dose for uncomplicated anogenital gonococcal infection (or Ceftriaxone 500 mg IM if local susceptibility data permits and Chlamydia is excluded). Dual therapy with azithromycin 2 g has been de-emphasized in recent guidelines due to widespread macrolide resistance selection, leaving high-dose intramuscular ceftriaxone monotherapy as the primary standard of care.

About the Facharzt FMH Dermatologie und Venerologie Exam

The Facharzt FMH für Dermatologie und Venerologie (Specialist in Dermatology and Venereology FMH) is the Swiss Federal postgraduate specialist title granting full independent clinical practice rights in dermatology and venereology throughout Switzerland. Governed by the SIWF and the SGDV/SSDV, board certification requires completion of a mandatory 5-year structured curriculum, logbook procedure verification, passing the written SGDV examination (100 MCQs), and passing the multi-station oral-practical board examination. The syllabus covers inflammatory and papulosquamous dermatoses, autoimmune and bullous disorders, dermato-oncology, infectious diseases and tropical dermatology, venereology and sexually transmitted infections, pediatric and genetic dermatoses, dermatosurgery, laser/phototherapy, and allergy/severe drug reactions. Note on format and language: While the official SGDV examination is administered primarily in Swiss national languages (German and French) or English, this question bank is an English-language multiple-choice study adaptation created by OpenExamPrep—not an official SGDV/SIWF past paper release—specifically designed to train diagnostic acumen, dermatopathological correlation, and guideline-adherent management.

Assessment

Two-part qualifying examination: 1) The written SGDV Examination consisting of 100 multiple-choice questions (testing inflammatory diseases, oncology, venereology, genetics, pathology, and therapy), and 2) The structured SGDV oral-practical board examination evaluated across multiple clinical vignette and image stations.

Time Limit

180 minutes written examination plus approximately 60–90 minutes structured oral examination

Passing Score

Criterion-referenced standard passing score on the written MCQ examination (typically ≥60%) and passing evaluation across all clinical stations in the oral-practical examination

Exam Fee

Written Exam: CHF 500 (SGDV members) / CHF 600 (non-members); Oral Exam: CHF 800 (SGDV members) / CHF 1,200 (non-members); SIWF FMH Title Application fee: CHF 1,000–2,500 (Schweizerisches Institut für ärztliche Weiter- und Fortbildung (SIWF / FMH) and Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Dermatologie und Venerologie (SGDV / SSDV))

Facharzt FMH Dermatologie und Venerologie Exam Content Outline

20%

Inflammatory & Papulosquamous Dermatoses

Pathogenesis, immunomodulatory therapies, and clinical management of psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, pityriasis rosea, seborrheic dermatitis, rosacea, acne vulgaris, and hidradenitis suppurativa.

16%

Autoimmune & Bullous Skin Diseases

Direct and indirect immunofluorescence, target antigens, and therapeutic algorithms for pemphigus vulgaris/foliaceus, bullous pemphigoid, mucous membrane pemphigoid, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, dermatitis herpetiformis, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, scleroderma/morphea, and cutaneous vasculitides.

20%

Dermato-Oncology & Cutaneous Neoplasms

AJCC 8th edition staging, surgical margins, sentinel node biopsy, targeted therapies (BRAF/MEK inhibitors, Hedgehog inhibitors), and immunotherapies (anti-PD-1, anti-CTLA-4) for melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, cutaneous lymphomas (Mycosis fungoides, Sézary syndrome), Merkel cell carcinoma, and Kaposi sarcoma.

14%

Infectious Skin Diseases & Infestations

Diagnosis, microbiology, and antimicrobial management of bacterial infections (erysipelas, impetigo, necrotizing fasciitis, Lyme borreliosis, cutaneous tuberculosis), viral infections (HSV, VZV, HPV, poxviruses), fungal infections (dermatophytosis, candidiasis, deep mycoses), and parasitic infestations (scabies, leishmaniasis, larva migrans).

12%

Venereology & Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

Epidemiology, serology, and guideline-directed antimicrobial therapy for syphilis (Treponema pallidum staging and neurosyphilis), gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae), Chlamydia trachomatis (LGV vs genital), Mycoplasma genitalium, genital herpes, chancroid, and trichomoniasis.

10%

Pediatric & Genetic Dermatology

Infantile hemangiomas (propranolol protocols), vascular malformations (Sturge-Weber), genodermatoses (ichthyoses, epidermolysis bullosa), neurocutaneous syndromes (neurofibromatosis type 1, tuberous sclerosis complex), and mastocytosis.

8%

Dermatosurgery, Laser, Phototherapy & Severe Drug Eruptions

Local anesthetics (maximum doses, LAST rescue protocols), surgical flap geometry, Mohs micrographic surgery, laser physics (selective photothermolysis), phototherapy modalities (NB-UVB, PUVA), and severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SJS/TEN, DRESS, AGEP).

How to Pass the Facharzt FMH Dermatologie und Venerologie Exam

What You Need to Know

  • Passing score: Criterion-referenced standard passing score on the written MCQ examination (typically ≥60%) and passing evaluation across all clinical stations in the oral-practical examination
  • Assessment: Two-part qualifying examination: 1) The written SGDV Examination consisting of 100 multiple-choice questions (testing inflammatory diseases, oncology, venereology, genetics, pathology, and therapy), and 2) The structured SGDV oral-practical board examination evaluated across multiple clinical vignette and image stations.
  • Time limit: 180 minutes written examination plus approximately 60–90 minutes structured oral examination
  • Exam fee: Written Exam: CHF 500 (SGDV members) / CHF 600 (non-members); Oral Exam: CHF 800 (SGDV members) / CHF 1,200 (non-members); SIWF FMH Title Application fee: CHF 1,000–2,500

Keys to Passing

  • Work through all 100 available questions
  • Review every answer and explanation
  • Track weak areas and revisit them
  • Use our AI tutor for tough concepts

Facharzt FMH Dermatologie und Venerologie Study Tips from Top Performers

1Master Biologic & Small Molecule Targets: Understand the specific cytokine targets and signaling cascades for contemporary therapies, such as anti-IL-17A (secukinumab, ixekizumab), anti-IL-17A/F (bimekizumab), anti-IL-23p19 (guselkumab, risankizumab, tildrakizumab), anti-IL-4Rα (dupilumab), anti-IL-13 (tralokinumab), and oral JAK1/JAK2 inhibitors (upadacitinib, abrocitinib, baricitinib).
2Memorize Melanoma Staging and Surgical Margins: Be exact on AJCC 8th edition melanoma margins (0.5 cm in situ, 1.0 cm for ≤1.0 mm Breslow, 1.0–2.0 cm for 1.01–2.0 mm, 2.0 cm for >2.0 mm) and sentinel lymph node biopsy indications (clinically node-negative melanoma ≥0.8 mm Breslow depth, or <0.8 mm with ulceration).
3Differentiate Autoimmune Bullous Direct Immunofluorescence: Clearly differentiate intercellular intraepidermal 'chicken-wire / fishnet' IgG/C3 pattern (pemphigus vulgaris/foliaceus) from linear continuous basement membrane zone IgG/C3 (bullous pemphigoid, EBA) and granular IgA in dermal papillae (dermatitis herpetiformis).
4Know STI Diagnostics & Antimicrobial Regimens: Master CDC/IUSTI European guidelines for primary/secondary/latent syphilis (benzathine penicillin G IM) vs neurosyphilis (IV aqueous penicillin G), ceftriaxone monotherapy for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and doxycycline for Chlamydia trachomatis / Lymphogranuloma venereum.
5Recognize Dermatosurgical Pearls & Emergency Dosing: Learn maximum safe doses of lidocaine (4.5 mg/kg plain, 7 mg/kg with epinephrine), early signs of LAST, bilobed flap and transposition flap geometry, and primary vs split-thickness skin graft indications.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the Facharzt FMH für Dermatologie und Venerologie title?

The Facharzt FMH für Dermatologie und Venerologie is the federally accredited specialist medical title awarded by the SIWF / FMH (Swiss Medical Association) upon completion of 5 years of accredited postgraduate training in dermatology and venereology, passing both the written SGDV examination and the oral-practical board examination, and satisfying all e-logbook procedural requirements.

How is the Swiss Dermatology specialist examination structured?

The qualification consists of two separate examination parts: 1) A written examination featuring 100 multiple-choice questions covering clinical vignettes, dermatopathology, dermatosurgery, and therapeutics, and 2) A structured oral-practical examination evaluated across clinical patient cases, dermatoscopic images, and histopathological specimens before a panel of senior SGDV examiners.

When can Swiss dermatology trainees sit the SGDV examinations?

Trainees typically sit the written SGDV examination in their 4th or 5th year of postgraduate training, usually held in autumn (e.g., at Inselspital Bern). The oral-practical examination is usually conducted shortly thereafter (e.g., at Kantonsspital St. Gallen or other Swiss university centers) for candidates who meet the training prerequisites confirmed by their clinical director.

What clinical guidelines form the primary basis of the SGDV examination?

The examination is based on the official SIWF Weiterbildungsprogramm, Swiss SGDV consensus statements, European Dermatology Forum (EDF) guidelines, European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV) recommendations, and international standard guidelines (such as AJCC 8th edition staging for melanoma).

Why is this practice bank presented in English?

While the official SGDV examination may be taken in Swiss national languages (German/French) or English, contemporary dermatological literature, clinical trials, EADV/EBDV board materials, and scientific terminology are predominantly English. This practice bank adapts the Swiss SGDV curriculum into 100 high-yield English-language questions.

What are the common high-yield emergency conditions tested on the board?

Key emergencies frequently tested include severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs: SJS/TEN with SCORTEN assessment, DRESS, AGEP), necrotizing fasciitis (LRINEC score and urgent debridement), staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS), acute angioedema / anaphylaxis, meningococcemia / purpura fulminans, and local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST).