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100+ Free NCA Remedies Practice Questions

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2026 Statistics

Key Facts: NCA Remedies Exam

$500 CAD

Fee Per NCA Exam (plus taxes)

nca.legal costs page; NCA fee advisory (effective April 2025 sittings)

3 hours

Maximum Exam Duration

National Committee on Accreditation

Open-book

Exam Format (problems, short-answer, possible MCQ)

NCA Remedies Syllabus (2024)

50%

Passing Grade (pass/fail)

National Committee on Accreditation

3 attempts

Maximum Attempts Per Subject

National Committee on Accreditation

100+

Practice Questions Here

OpenExamPrep question bank

The NCA Canadian Remedies exam is a substantive subject that internationally trained lawyers may be assigned when qualifying to practise in a Canadian common-law province. Administered by the National Committee on Accreditation under the Federation of Law Societies of Canada, it is open-book and up to three hours, with problem, short-answer, and possibly multiple-choice questions graded pass/fail (50%). Content focuses on civil judicial remedies: compensatory damages interests and quantification, remoteness, mitigation (Southcott), date of assessment (Asamera), punitive damages (Whiten), specific performance (Semelhago), injunctions (Cyanamid/RJR-MacDonald), Mareva freezes (Aetna), and Anton Piller search orders (Celanese). The exam fee is $500 CAD plus taxes. This free OpenExamPrep bank provides 100 multiple-choice knowledge-prep questions grounded in the official 2024 NCA Remedies syllabus.

Sample NCA Remedies Practice Questions

Try these sample questions to test your NCA Remedies exam readiness. Each question includes a detailed explanation. Start the interactive quiz above for the full 100+ question experience with AI tutoring.

1What is the primary compensatory goal of damages in Canadian private law?
A.To punish the defendant for wrongdoing regardless of the plaintiff's loss
B.To restore the plaintiff, so far as money can do it, to the position they would have occupied but for the wrong (restitutio in integrum)
C.To award the plaintiff twice the proven loss as a deterrent
D.To equalize the parties' wealth irrespective of causation
Explanation: Canadian damages law is compensatory at its core. The governing principle is restitutio in integrum: monetary damages aim to put the plaintiff in the position they would have been in had the wrong not occurred, so far as money can do it. Punishment is exceptional and reserved for punitive damages; deterrence is not the ordinary measure of compensatory awards.
2In contract damages, Fuller and Perdue's three interests map onto Canadian remedial analysis. Which statement correctly describes the expectation interest?
A.It aims to put the plaintiff in the position they would have been in if the contract had never been made
B.It aims to strip the defendant of gains obtained from the breach regardless of the plaintiff's loss
C.It aims to put the plaintiff in the position they would have been in if the contract had been performed
D.It aims only to recover out-of-pocket expenses wasted in reliance on the contract
Explanation: The expectation interest measures damages by the value of promised performance: the plaintiff is placed in the position they would have occupied had the contract been performed. Reliance looks backward to the pre-contract position (wasted expenditure), and restitution focuses on reversing enrichment conferred on the defendant, not on the plaintiff's expectation loss.
3A plaintiff sues for wasted expenditure incurred in preparing to perform a contract that the defendant repudiated. Which remedial interest is primarily engaged?
A.The expectation interest alone
B.The reliance interest
C.Punitive damages
D.Equitable tracing
Explanation: Claims for wasted pre-performance expenditure seek to restore the plaintiff to the position as if the contract had not been made — the reliance interest. Expectation would look to the profit or value of completed performance. Punitive damages and tracing serve different purposes and are not the primary characterization of a wasted-expenditure claim.
4Which statement best captures the restitution interest in a breach-of-contract remedies analysis?
A.It measures the plaintiff's lost profits from the bargain
B.It reverses a benefit conferred on the defendant so the defendant is not unjustly enriched by the breach
C.It automatically awards mental distress damages in every commercial contract
D.It replaces mitigation as a duty on the plaintiff
Explanation: The restitution interest focuses on benefits conferred on the defendant (for example, payments or services provided under the contract) and seeks to reverse unjust enrichment arising from the breach. It is analytically distinct from expectation (lost bargain) and from mental-distress or mitigation doctrines.
5Why does the NCA Remedies syllabus treat remedies as a freestanding subject rather than only as an adjunct to contracts or torts?
A.Because Canadian law no longer recognizes substantive causes of action
B.Because the focus is on the nature and scope of court-ordered relief once a substantive right is established, including quantification and equitable relief
C.Because remedies exams never involve fact patterns
D.Because only criminal remedies are tested
Explanation: The official NCA Remedies syllabus states that the course concerns civil judicial remedies — the nature and scope of court-ordered relief available once a plaintiff has made out a substantive cause of action. Remedial analysis (measure, remoteness, mitigation, injunctions, specific performance) is the primary focus, not mere restatement of primary rights.
6In quantifying compensatory damages, which limiting doctrines commonly operate after a prima facie loss is identified?
A.Only the clean-hands maxim, to the exclusion of causation analysis
B.Remoteness (reasonable foreseeability), mitigation, and related causation/date-of-assessment principles
C.Automatic doubling of every commercial loss
D.A fixed statutory cap on all contract damages nationwide
Explanation: Once loss is identified, Canadian private law subjects recovery to remoteness (reasonable foreseeability of the type of loss), the plaintiff's duty to mitigate, and related principles such as causation of loss and the date of assessment. There is no general nationwide fixed cap on contract damages, and clean hands is an equitable maxim, not a substitute for these limiting doctrines.
7A seller repudiates a contract to supply widgets. The buyer's ordinary expectation measure of damages is best expressed as:
A.The full contract price paid in advance, with no deduction for benefits received
B.The difference between the value of the promised performance and the position the buyer is left in because of the breach (commonly market differential or cost of cover, less expenses saved)
C.A fixed penalty of 50% of the contract price
D.Only nominal damages unless fraud is proven
Explanation: Expectation damages aim to secure the economic equivalent of performance. For goods, that typically means the difference between contract and market (or cost of reasonable cover), adjusted for expenses saved and other benefits. Fraud is not a precondition to substantial damages, and there is no automatic 50% penalty measure.
8In Bowlay Logging Ltd v Domtar Ltd, what limit did the court recognize on a reliance claim for wasted expenditure?
A.Reliance damages are unlimited once any expenditure is proven
B.A plaintiff generally cannot recover more in reliance than they would have recovered in expectation if the contract was a losing bargain
C.Reliance damages are available only in tort, never in contract
D.Reliance damages automatically include punitive damages
Explanation: Bowlay Logging is a leading Canadian authority on reliance damages. Where the defendant shows the contract would have been a loss-making venture, the plaintiff's recovery for wasted expenditure is limited so that reliance does not put the plaintiff in a better position than performance would have done. Expectation remains the ceiling in that sense.
9Under the remoteness rules originating in Hadley v Baxendale, which losses are ordinarily recoverable for breach of contract?
A.Only losses expressly listed in a statutory schedule
B.Losses arising naturally from the breach in the ordinary course, and unusual losses if they were within the parties' reasonable contemplation when the contract was made
C.All losses of any kind, however unforeseeable
D.Only losses that the defendant intentionally caused
Explanation: Hadley remoteness divides losses into those arising naturally (first limb) and those arising from special circumstances communicated so as to be within the parties' reasonable contemplation at formation (second limb). Unforeseeable losses are excluded; intention is not required for ordinary compensatory recovery.
10In Hamilton v Open Window Bakery Ltd, how should damages be assessed when the defendant had a contractual right to terminate early by giving notice?
A.Damages assume the defendant would have performed in the way most favourable to the plaintiff
B.Damages are assessed on the basis that the defendant would have performed in the least burdensome lawful manner open to them
C.Damages are always the full unexpired term without regard to termination rights
D.Damages are limited to nominal damages because early termination was possible
Explanation: Hamilton holds that where a contract gives the defendant alternative modes of lawful performance, damages are measured by assuming the defendant would have chosen the least burdensome option (for example, terminating on notice rather than continuing to the full term). The plaintiff is not entitled to damages calculated on the most advantageous assumption.

About the NCA Remedies Exam

Canadian Remedies is a substantive subject examination assessed by the National Committee on Accreditation (NCA) of the Federation of Law Societies of Canada. It is a course in civil judicial remedies: the nature and scope of court-ordered relief once a substantive cause of action is made out. The syllabus covers compensatory principles and contract damages (expectation, reliance, and restitution interests; Hadley remoteness; Hamilton v Open Window; Ruxley; Golden Victory; Fidler mental distress; Callow honest performance), damages for negligence causing economic loss and harm to property (including Rainbow Industrial Caterers and betterment in James Street Hardware), punitive damages (Whiten v Pilot), mitigation and avoided loss (Southcott Estates), date of assessment (Asamera), supervening events, equitable damages, specific performance (Semelhago v Paramadevan), permanent and interlocutory injunctions (American Cyanamid / RJR-MacDonald), Mareva freezing orders (Aetna Financial), and Anton Piller search orders (Celanese Canada). Required materials include Berryman et al., Remedies: Cases and Materials (8th ed.); Cassels & Adjin-Tettey, Remedies: The Law of Damages (3rd ed.); and Berryman, The Law of Equitable Remedies (3rd ed.). The official NCA exam is open-book, up to three hours, and may include problem, short-answer, and multiple-choice questions graded pass/fail (50% to pass). The 100 multiple-choice questions in this OpenExamPrep bank are a knowledge-prep aid built on the official syllabus authorities, not a replica of every exam item type.

Assessment

Question count not published by the exam provider

Time Limit

Up to 3 hours (open-book, online-proctored)

Passing Score

Pass/Fail (50% is a pass)

Exam Fee

$500 CAD (plus taxes) (National Committee on Accreditation (NCA), Federation of Law Societies of Canada)

NCA Remedies Exam Content Outline

26%

Compensatory Principles & Contract Damages

Restitutio in integrum; Fuller-Perdue interests (expectation, reliance, restitution); Hadley remoteness; Hamilton least-burdensome lawful performance; Ruxley cost of cure vs amenity; Golden Victory subsequent events; Fidler peace-of-mind mental distress; Callow duty of honest performance; liquidated damages versus penalties; proof of loss and double-recovery limits

13%

Tort Economic Loss & Property Damages

Reliance measure for negligent misrepresentation (Rainbow Industrial Caterers); commercial economic-loss quantification; repair versus diminution for chattels and structures; betterment fairness (James Street Hardware); replacement and related property-loss measures

14%

Remoteness, Mitigation, Date of Assessment & Supervening Events

Reasonable mitigation and avoided loss (Southcott Estates; Jamal; Erie County); Asamera reasonable-period assessment for shares; Wroth v Tyler and Johnson v Agnew on equitable damages timing; supervening events reducing loss (Sunrise Co; Penner)

6%

Punitive & Aggravated Damages

Whiten v Pilot threshold (malicious, oppressive, high-handed misconduct) and proportionality factors; independent actionable wrong in contract settings; Cassell exemplary-damages background; modern applications (Baker v Blue Cross; McCabe)

16%

Specific Performance & Equitable Damages

Semelhago rejection of automatic SP for land; uniqueness and inadequacy of damages; exceptional SP for scarce goods (Sky Petroleum); ready/willing/able and clean hands; damages in lieu with judgment-date land valuation; Rimes and Inmet equitable damages

16%

Permanent & Interlocutory Injunctions

Final prohibitory and mandatory injunctions (Redland Bricks caution); quia timet relief; inadequacy of damages and equitable discretion; American Cyanamid and RJR-MacDonald three-part test; irreparable harm; balance of convenience; undertakings in damages; CBC expressive-context refinement

9%

Mareva & Anton Piller Orders

Mareva freezing orders to prevent dissipation frustrating judgment (Aetna Financial); Anton Piller search-and-preserve thresholds (extremely strong prima facie case; risk of destruction); Celanese Canada privilege and execution safeguards

How to Pass the NCA Remedies Exam

What You Need to Know

  • Passing score: Pass/Fail (50% is a pass)
  • Assessment: Question count not published by the exam provider
  • Time limit: Up to 3 hours (open-book, online-proctored)
  • Exam fee: $500 CAD (plus taxes)

Keys to Passing

  • Work through all 100 available questions
  • Review every answer and explanation
  • Track weak areas and revisit them
  • Use our AI tutor for tough concepts

NCA Remedies Study Tips from Top Performers

1Build every damages answer around interest + remoteness + mitigation + date of assessment: identify expectation, reliance, or restitution, then apply Hadley contemplation, Southcott-style mitigation, and the correct valuation date (Asamera; Semelhago judgment-date damages in lieu)
2Treat Semelhago as mandatory: do not assume SP for land — argue uniqueness/inadequacy of damages, readiness and willingness, and clean hands; if SP fails, quantify damages in lieu including post-breach market rise where appropriate
3Separate aggravated (compensatory intangible injury) from punitive (Whiten punishment/deterrence with proportionality factors); mere breach is not enough for punitive damages
4For interlocutory injunctions, march through serious question → irreparable harm → balance of convenience (Cyanamid/RJR-MacDonald), note the undertaking in damages, and flag CBC when expressive interests raise the merits threshold
5Keep Mareva (asset freeze for dissipation risk — Aetna) distinct from Anton Piller (search/preserve evidence — Celanese safeguards); both are exceptional and easy to confuse on fact patterns
6Because the real exam is open-book, prepare a concise indexed outline of syllabus cases (Hamilton, Fidler, Whiten, Southcott, Semelhago, Cyanamid/RJR, Aetna, Celanese) and practise quantifying damages on timed problem questions from the NCA sample exam

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the NCA Canadian Remedies examination?

Canadian Remedies is a substantive subject exam assessed by the National Committee on Accreditation (NCA), a committee of the Federation of Law Societies of Canada. It tests civil judicial remedies — damages interests and quantification, remoteness, mitigation, punitive damages, specific performance, injunctions, Mareva freezing orders, and Anton Piller search orders — using the prescribed Canadian casebook and textbooks. Passing it can be a step toward a Certificate of Qualification and then provincial bar admission.

What is the format of the NCA Remedies exam?

The official NCA Remedies syllabus states that the examination includes problem-based questions requiring analysis of fact patterns and application of law, may contain multiple-choice questions, and may include short-answer questions testing remedial principles. It is open-book, online-proctored, and up to three hours, graded pass/fail (50% to pass). This OpenExamPrep bank uses 100 multiple-choice questions as a knowledge-prep aid grounded in the syllabus authorities.

How much does the NCA Remedies exam cost in 2026?

The fee to register for each NCA exam is $500 CAD plus applicable taxes (effective for sittings from April 2025 onward per the NCA fee advisory). This is separate from the one-time NCA assessment fee of $400 CAD plus taxes. Each resit costs the full exam fee plus taxes.

What materials does the NCA Remedies syllabus require?

The March 2024 (August 2024 formatted) syllabus requires three titles: Berryman et al., Remedies: Cases and Materials (Emond Montgomery, 8th edition, 2020); Cassels & Adjin-Tettey, Remedies: The Law of Damages (Irwin Law, 3rd edition, 2014); and Berryman, The Law of Equitable Remedies (Irwin Law, 3rd edition, 2023), plus assigned cases on CanLII where not excerpted in the casebook.

Who has to write the NCA Remedies exam?

The NCA assesses internationally trained lawyers and foreign law graduates, then assigns required examinations. Remedies is listed among additional/substantive subjects (with Family Law, Evidence, Civil Procedure, Commercial Law, and others) and is assigned based on the applicant's prior legal education. Canadian common-law JD graduates generally enter a law society's licensing process without NCA assessment.

What happens after I pass the NCA exams?

After completing the NCA's assigned exams you receive a Certificate of Qualification, which establishes academic equivalency. It does not by itself confer a licence to practise. You must then complete the licensing process of the specific provincial or territorial law society, typically including bar admission examination(s) and articling or equivalent experiential training.