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100+ Free ЦТ Biology Practice Questions

Prepare for the ЦТ/ЦЭ Biology (Belarus Centralized Testing / Centralized Exam) exam with instant access — no signup required.

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2026 Statistics

Key Facts: ЦТ Biology Exam

38

total tasks (16 Part A + 22 Part B)

РИКЗ Specification 2026

120 min

exam duration (2 hours)

РИКЗ

0–100

score scale

Ministry of Education of Belarus

4.50 BYN

fee per subject (0.1 base amount)

РИКЗ 2026

20 / 10

admission threshold points (1st / 2nd profile)

Ministry of Education Rules

The Belarus ЦТ/ЦЭ Biology exam features 38 tasks (16 Part A + 22 Part B) completed in 120 minutes. Scored on a 0–100 scale with admission thresholds of 20 points (1st profile) and 10 points (2nd profile), registration costs 0.1 base amount (4.50 BYN in 2026). Practice with 100 questions covering cell biology, genetics, anatomy, and biodiversity.

Sample ЦТ Biology Practice Questions

Try these sample questions to test your ЦТ Biology exam readiness. Each question includes a detailed explanation. Start the interactive quiz above for the full 100+ question experience with AI tutoring.

1Which physical property of water accounts for its critical role in cellular thermoregulation and evaporative cooling during sweating and plant transpiration?
A.High heat of vaporization
B.Low dielectric constant
C.Maximum density at 0 °C
D.Low surface tension
Explanation: Water has a high heat of vaporization due to extensive hydrogen bonding between water molecules. As water evaporates from body surfaces or leaves during transpiration, a significant amount of heat energy is absorbed and dissipated, cooling the organism.
2Which carbohydrate serves as the primary storage polysaccharide in the cells of animals and fungi, being stored predominantly in the liver and skeletal muscles in humans?
A.Starch
B.Glycogen
C.Cellulose
D.Chitin
Explanation: Glycogen is a highly branched polymer of alpha-D-glucose that serves as the reserve polysaccharide in animals and fungi. In human physiology, it is stored mainly in hepatocytes (liver) and skeletal muscle fibers.
3Phospholipids self-assemble into a continuous lipid bilayer in aqueous cellular environments primarily because of which structural characteristic?
A.High molecular weight and unbranched peptide bonds
B.Complete hydrophobicity of all fatty acid tails and head groups
C.Amphipathic nature with hydrophilic phosphate heads and hydrophobic fatty acid tails
D.Presence of covalent disulfide bridges between adjacent glycerol backbones
Explanation: Phospholipids are amphipathic (bipolar) molecules consisting of a polar hydrophilic head (phosphate group attached to glycerol/alcohol) and two non-polar hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails (fatty acids). In an aqueous medium, they spontaneously orient heads outward toward water and tails inward, forming the stable core of biological membranes.
4Which level of protein structural organization is characterized by regular spatial conformations, such as the alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheet, maintained predominantly by hydrogen bonds between peptide backbone groups?
A.Primary structure
B.Tertiary structure
C.Quaternary structure
D.Secondary structure
Explanation: The secondary structure of a protein refers to local folding patterns of the polypeptide backbone, predominantly alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets, stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl oxygen (C=O) of one peptide bond and the amino hydrogen (N-H) of another.
5According to Chargaff's rules, if a double-stranded DNA fragment contains 28% Cytosine (C), what percentage of Adenine (A) and what percentage of total purine bases are present in this DNA molecule?
A.22% Adenine and 50% total purines
B.28% Adenine and 28% total purines
C.22% Adenine and 22% total purines
D.44% Adenine and 56% total purines
Explanation: In double-stranded DNA, Chargaff's rules state that %G = %C and %A = %T. If Cytosine is 28%, then Guanine is also 28%, making G + C = 56%. The remaining 44% corresponds to A + T, meaning Adenine = 44% / 2 = 22%. Furthermore, total purines (A + G) always equal total pyrimidines (T + C), so total purines = 22% + 28% = 50%.
6How much free energy is typically released under standard physiological conditions upon the hydrolytic cleavage of a single terminal macroergic phosphoanhydride bond of ATP (converting ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate)?
A.Approximately 8.4 kJ/mol
B.Approximately 30.5 kJ/mol
C.Approximately 120.0 kJ/mol
D.Approximately 686 kJ/mol
Explanation: The hydrolysis of the terminal high-energy (macroergic) phosphoanhydride bond of ATP: ATP + H2O -> ADP + Pi releases approximately 30.5 kJ/mol (or 7.3 kcal/mol) of free energy under standard biochemical conditions (and up to ~40-50 kJ/mol under physiological cellular conditions).
7Which scientist expanded the classical Cell Theory in 1855 by formulating the fundamental tenet 'Omnis cellula e cellula' (all cells arise only from pre-existing cells)?
A.Matthias Schleiden
B.Theodor Schwann
C.Rudolf Virchow
D.Robert Hooke
Explanation: Rudolf Virchow added the critical third principle to the classical cell theory in 1855: 'Omnis cellula e cellula' (all living cells arise only from the division of pre-existing living cells), disproving the spontaneous generation of cells from non-cellular blastema.
8Which structural feature definitively distinguishes a prokaryotic bacterial cell from any eukaryotic plant or animal cell?
A.Presence of a plasma membrane composed of a phospholipid bilayer
B.Presence of double-stranded DNA as the carrier of genetic information
C.Ability to synthesize proteins using cytoplasmic ribosomes
D.Absence of membrane-bound organelles and a nucleoid lacking a nuclear envelope
Explanation: Prokaryotes lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus and all membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes). Their circular DNA is located in an unenclosed region called the nucleoid, and they possess 70S ribosomes rather than 80S cytosolic eukaryotic ribosomes.
9In the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane, what is the structure and function of the glycocalyx found on the outer surface of animal cells?
A.A network of oligosaccharide chains attached to membrane lipids and proteins involved in cell-cell recognition and adhesion
B.A dense layer of peptidoglycan protecting the cell against osmotic lysis
C.An internal meshwork of actin filaments that provides mechanical support to the lipid bilayer
D.A crystalline layer of cholesterol that prevents any lateral movement of membrane proteins
Explanation: The glycocalyx is a carbohydrate-rich zone located on the outer surface of the plasma membrane in animal cells, consisting of oligosaccharide chains of glycolipids and glycoproteins. It plays vital roles in cell-cell recognition, immune compatibility, and cellular adhesion.
10The primary active transport performed by the electrogenic sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+-ATPase) across the plasma membrane of an animal cell is characterized by which stoichiometric ratio per molecule of ATP hydrolyzed?
A.Pumping 3 Na+ ions into the cell and 2 K+ ions out of the cell
B.Pumping 3 Na+ ions out of the cell and 2 K+ ions into the cell
C.Pumping 2 Na+ ions out of the cell and 3 K+ ions into the cell
D.Pumping 1 Na+ ion and 1 K+ ion in equal directions down their concentration gradients
Explanation: The Na+/K+-ATPase pump undergoes conformational changes driven by ATP phosphorylation to transport 3 Na+ ions out of the cell and 2 K+ ions into the cell against their respective electrochemical gradients, maintaining low intracellular Na+ and high intracellular K+.

About the ЦТ Biology Exam

The Biology Centralized Testing (ЦТ) and Centralized Exam (ЦЭ) is the core admissions examination administered by RIKZ for medical, biological, psychological, and agricultural university programs in Belarus. The exam consists of 38 tasks (16 closed-ended Part A items and 22 open-ended Part B items) completed in 120 minutes. This practice bank offers 100 high-yield questions with detailed explanations covering cytology, genetics, botany, zoology, human anatomy, and ecology.

Questions

38 scored questions

Time Limit

120 minutes

Passing Score

20/100 (1st profile) or 10/100 (2nd profile)

Exam Fee

4.50 BYN (Republican Institute for Knowledge Control (РИКЗ))

ЦТ Biology Exam Content Outline

~25%

Cell & Molecular Biology

Organelles, membrane transport, DNA replication, transcription, translation, ATP synthesis, and cell division.

~20%

Genetics & Breeding

Monohybrid/dihybrid crosses, Morgan's laws, chromosomal theory, genetic code problems, and artificial selection.

~20%

Botany & Microbiology

Plant tissues, organs, life cycles (mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms), fungi, and bacteria.

~15%

Zoology

Comparative morphology and evolutionary advances across protozoa, helminths, arthropods, mollusks, and chordates.

~15%

Human Anatomy & Physiology

Organ systems, homeostasis, neurohumoral regulation, immunity, blood groups, and first aid basics.

~5%

Ecology & Evolutionary Theory

Food webs, population ecology, microevolution, natural selection, and biogeography.

How to Pass the ЦТ Biology Exam

What You Need to Know

  • Passing score: 20/100 (1st profile) or 10/100 (2nd profile)
  • Exam length: 38 questions
  • Time limit: 120 minutes
  • Exam fee: 4.50 BYN

Keys to Passing

  • Work through all 100 available questions
  • Review every answer and explanation
  • Track weak areas and revisit them
  • Use our AI tutor for tough concepts

ЦТ Biology Study Tips from Top Performers

1Practice solving genetic problems involving monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked inheritance, and blood group inheritance.
2Review the genetic code table and practice DNA-mRNA-tRNA-amino acid translation and codon-anticodon mapping.
3Compare life cycles of spore-bearing and seed plants (sporophyte vs gametophyte dominance).
4Study human physiology regulation loops (sympathetic vs parasympathetic, insulin vs glucagon, humoral vs reflex control).

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the format of the ЦТ Biology test in Belarus?

The official RIKZ exam consists of 38 tasks: 16 multiple-choice/matching items in Part A and 22 short-answer items in Part B, administered over 120 minutes.

What is the minimum score needed for medical university admission?

For degree programs where Biology is the 1st profile subject (such as medical university faculties and biological faculties), the minimum threshold is 20 points out of 100. As a 2nd profile subject, the threshold is 10 points.

How much does registration cost for ЦТ Biology?

The registration fee is 0.1 of a base amount (4.50 BYN in 2026) per subject for ЦТ. The Centralized Exam (ЦЭ) for secondary school graduates is free.

Are calculators allowed during the ЦТ Biology exam?

No, calculators are not allowed on the Biology examination in Belarus.

Is this bank the same language and format as the real ЦТ Biology paper?

No. The official RIKZ paper is sat in Belarusian or Russian and mixes Part A items that offer five answer options with 22 open-response Part B tasks. This bank is an English-language MCQ study adaptation with four options per question: it is a study aid for the official Программа вступительных испытаний content, not an official translation or a simulation of the exam format.