Free TSIA2 ELAR Exam Flashcards

A fact or idea the text states directly. The reader should be able to point to exact wording that supports it without adding an assumption.

It follows from specific textual evidence plus a logical connection. An inference should not depend on details the passage never suggests.

It controls what information the reader receives and how events are filtered. Ask who perceives the events and what that perspective may limit or emphasize.

The effect the author mainly seeks, such as revealing a character, creating tension, criticizing an idea, or exploring a theme.

Use the surrounding sentence, nearby contrasts or examples, and the passage's tone. Choose the meaning that fits this use, not merely the most familiar dictionary meaning.

The order of scenes, shifts, or reflections shows relationships among events and ideas. A structural change often marks a new conflict, perspective, or insight.

It creates a comparison or image that shapes meaning and tone. Explain the effect of the comparison rather than translating only its literal words.

The central point the author develops across the passage. It must cover the text as a whole rather than one vivid example or minor detail.

It explains, proves, illustrates, or qualifies the central point. A relevant detail has a clear role in developing that point.

A claim is a position the author wants accepted; evidence is the information offered to support it, such as facts, examples, data, or expert findings.

Relevant evidence directly bears on the claim being evaluated. Accurate information can still be irrelevant if it does not help establish that claim.

There is enough credible support to justify the claim's scope. One narrow example usually cannot establish a broad universal conclusion.

Check whether multiple details make the conclusion likely and whether any statement contradicts it. Prefer the smallest conclusion fully supported by the text.

It explains why something happened, what resulted, or both. Signal words can help, but the logical relationship matters more than any single word.

It organizes similarities and differences between subjects. The author may use the comparison to evaluate options or clarify an unfamiliar idea.

It presents a position that challenges the main claim. An author may acknowledge, qualify, or rebut it to strengthen the argument.

An admission that part of an opposing view has merit. A concession can make the writer appear fair while preserving the main claim.

Topic is what the passage discusses; tone is the author's attitude toward it, conveyed through word choice, emphasis, and qualification.

Loaded or one-sided wording can frame a subject positively or negatively before evidence is considered. Compare the connotations of possible neutral alternatives.

It signals the logical relationship between ideas, such as contrast, continuation, example, cause, or conclusion.

Identify exactly what the graph measures, then decide whether its pattern supports, qualifies, or contradicts the author's statement.

Combining their ideas to identify a meaningful relationship, such as agreement, disagreement, qualification, or different reasoning about the same issue.

They may reach the same conclusion from different evidence, assumptions, or priorities. Compare both the claim and the path used to support it.

The way one argument responds to or reframes the other, such as rebutting a claim, supplying a missing condition, or applying a shared principle differently.

Use a shared issue and compare each author's claim, evidence, assumptions, tone, and purpose. Do not compare isolated details with different functions.

One controlling idea. Every sentence should explain, support, illustrate, or connect to that idea without introducing an unrelated branch.

When a claim is asserted but not adequately explained or supported. Add reasoning or specific evidence that addresses the exact gap.

It is specific, relevant, and followed by an explanation of how it supports the paragraph's point.

An arrangement readers can follow, such as chronological, general-to-specific, cause-to-effect, or claim-evidence-explanation order.

It accurately names the relationship between surrounding ideas. A polished transition cannot fix ideas that are logically disconnected.

Writing that expresses the complete meaning without repetition, empty phrases, or needless qualification. Concision removes waste, not necessary detail.

Bring the essay's reasoning to a meaningful close by reinforcing the central insight or implication, not merely repeating the introduction word for word.

A word group punctuated as a sentence but missing a complete independent clause, often because it lacks a subject, a finite verb, or a complete thought.

Two or more independent clauses joined without correct punctuation or a coordinating/subordinating structure.

Use a comma followed by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, nor, for, so, or yet.

When both sides are closely related independent clauses. The semicolon replaces the period between two complete thoughts.

A singular subject takes a singular verb form and a plural subject takes a plural form. Ignore interrupting phrases when identifying the true subject.

A pronoun must match the noun it replaces in number and person, while remaining clear about which noun is its antecedent.

A descriptive phrase placed so that it appears to modify the wrong word. Move it next to the word it logically describes.

An opening modifier whose intended subject is missing from the main clause. Supply that doer as the clause's subject.

Using the same grammatical form for items with equal roles, especially in a list or comparison.

Use it after an introductory dependent clause and generally after an introductory phrase when it clarifies where the main clause begins.

Set them off with paired commas because the sentence's core meaning and grammar remain complete without them.

Ownership or association. Place the apostrophe according to whether the possessing noun is singular or plural, not according to the object possessed.

Keep the time frame consistent unless the meaning requires a real shift between past, present, or future.

It compares equivalent things and makes both terms explicit. Avoid comparing a person or object with another person's possession or an entire group containing it.

A conventional word combination accepted in standard English, especially a verb, adjective, or noun paired with its customary preposition.

It preserves the original meaning, shows the ideas' relationship, avoids repetition, and produces a complete, readable sentence.

After a complete independent clause that sets up a list, explanation, or example. Do not place it directly after a verb or preposition that already introduces the material.

Use a semicolon before it and a comma after it, as in: the evidence was limited; therefore, the claim was revised.