Free RRB Pharmacist Exam Flashcards

Excess paracetamol produces the reactive metabolite NAPQI; glutathione depletion permits hepatic injury. N-acetylcysteine supplies cysteine for glutathione and supports detoxification. Benefit is greatest when started early, but a late presentation is not a reason to withhold indicated treatment. Assess the ingestion pattern, concentration, liver tests and product-specific treatment guidance; an acute-ingestion nomogram is not valid for every exposure.

Atropine blocks muscarinic effects, especially dangerous bronchial secretions and bronchospasm. Pralidoxime can reactivate inhibited acetylcholinesterase before agent-dependent aging and may improve nicotinic weakness. Protect staff, decontaminate safely, and support ventilation. Atropine response is assessed mainly by respiratory secretions and ventilation, not by achieving dilated pupils or a particular pulse rate.

ACE also degrades bradykinin; ACE inhibition can increase bradykinin and provoke cough. An ARB blocks angiotensin II AT1 receptors without directly inhibiting bradykinin breakdown. An ARB may be considered by the prescriber when ACE-inhibitor cough is established, but other causes of cough and contraindications still require assessment.

Isoniazid interferes with pyridoxine metabolism and can cause vitamin B6-related peripheral neuropathy. CDC guidance uses pyridoxine 25–50 mg orally daily for people at risk, including pregnancy, HIV, diabetes, malnutrition, alcoholism, renal failure and advanced age. This is risk-based guideline advice, not a universal dose for every population or a claim that all neuropathy during TB treatment has this cause.

Phenytoin metabolism is capacity-limited: as its enzymes approach saturation, clearance is no longer proportional to concentration. Small dose increases can produce large concentration increases. Total levels are affected by albumin and renal disease, so free concentrations may be more informative. Do not model a sharp, universal “first-order to zero-order switch” at one plasma concentration.

Powder grades are defined by a specified sieve aperture and, where stated, the proportion passing another sieve. The applicable pharmacopoeia and edition control the exact numbers. A sieve number is not itself a universal particle diameter; mesh systems and aperture specifications differ. Verify the monograph rather than transferring an unverified coarse/fine table between editions.

In the Griffin HLB approach, a lower value suggests greater lipophilicity and a higher value greater hydrophilicity. Values around 3–6 often suit water-in-oil emulsification and around 8–18 oil-in-water applications. These are formulation heuristics; matching the oil’s required HLB and confirming stability matter more than a universal numerical rule.

Capping is separation of a tablet’s top or bottom crown; lamination is separation into two or more layers. Entrapped air, elastic recovery, inadequate binding, moisture and compression settings can contribute. The same visible defect can have several causes, so do not assume adding more compression force or binder always solves it.

Type I borosilicate glass has high hydrolytic resistance; Type II is surface-treated soda-lime glass; Type III is soda-lime glass with lower hydrolytic resistance. Suitability depends on the formulation, contact conditions and applicable container/compatibility requirements. Route alone does not select the glass type, and a glass classification does not prove compatibility or freedom from delamination.

Freezing establishes the frozen product structure; primary drying removes ice mainly by sublimation under reduced pressure; secondary drying removes more tightly bound water by desorption. Product temperature, collapse/eutectic behavior and the validated cycle govern product quality. “Below the water triple-point temperature” alone is not a complete operating specification.

A test preparation and a reference containing a known allowed amount are developed under the specified monograph conditions, and the signal or color is compared. A classical thioglycolic-acid iron method develops a colored ferrous complex in alkaline conditions. Exact reagents, interference controls and acceptance criteria are method-specific; one textbook recipe does not replace the current pharmacopoeial procedure.

Many ester anesthetics, such as procaine, are hydrolyzed by plasma esterases; many amides, such as lidocaine, undergo hepatic metabolism. Procaine can form PABA-related metabolites; true allergy and metabolism vary by molecule. Articaine is an amide with an additional ester group. Heat tolerance and sterilization depend on the actual licensed formulation, not simply “amide equals autoclavable.”

The phenothiazine tricyclic nucleus contains sulfur and nitrogen; classical antipsychotic derivatives carry a side chain at ring nitrogen. Side-chain type and ring substitution affect receptor activity, potency and adverse effects. A structure–activity trend summarizes a studied series; it does not prove that every compound outside one preferred substituent pattern has no activity.

Aluminum salts tend to cause constipation and magnesium salts diarrhea; a combination may partly offset these effects. The balance is not guaranteed. Magnesium and aluminum accumulation can be dangerous in renal impairment, and antacids can reduce absorption of other medicines through binding or altered gastric pH.

They are general alkaloid precipitation reagents, conventionally associated with orange-red, creamy-white, reddish-brown and yellow precipitates respectively. They are screening reactions with possible interferences, not proof of a specific alkaloid’s identity, purity, clinical effect or safety. Confirmatory identification uses the applicable analytical method.

It is a classical color test associated with anthraquinone derivatives, producing a colored alkaline phase after the specified preparation. Some C-glycosides resist the ordinary hydrolysis step and need a modified method. A positive screening color is not a quantitative assay or proof that a herbal sample is safe to consume.

Digitalis lanata is the principal plant association for digoxin; Digitalis purpurea is associated with digitoxin and related glycosides. Current botanical placement is Plantaginaceae; older texts used Scrophulariaceae. Cardiac glycosides inhibit Na+/K+-ATPase and have a narrow therapeutic margin. Do not interchange plant extracts, purified drugs or doses.

Vinca alkaloids such as vincristine bind tubulin and inhibit microtubule assembly; taxanes stabilize microtubules and impair their normal disassembly. Both interfere with mitosis through microtubule dynamics, but their mechanisms are not identical. Clinical toxicity and administration precautions remain drug-specific.

Under Drugs Rules rule 65, Schedule H1 supply is entered in a separate register retained for 3 years. Retail Schedule X prescriptions are in duplicate, with one copy retained by the licensee for 2 years. H, H1 and X are statutory lists, not synonyms for every antibiotic or every narcotic; other controlled-drug laws can apply concurrently.

Schedule G: specified medical-supervision caution; Schedule M: pharmaceutical GMP requirements; Schedule P: listed life periods/storage; Schedule T: GMP for Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani medicines. New Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules, 2019 govern their defined new-drug/clinical-trial scope; do not present historical Schedule Y as the sole current clinical-trial regime.

Where a State Government directs annual renewal under Pharmacy Act section 34, the prescribed renewal fee is due before 1 April of the relevant year. The provision concerns retention after the specified initial-registration period; removal and restoration follow the Act and prescribed conditions. State Pharmacy Council instructions control current fees and payment methods. A degree certificate alone is not current registration or automatic nationwide renewal.

Under rule 61, Form 20 is the ordinary retail licence and Form 20B the ordinary wholesale licence for drugs other than Schedules C, C(1) and X. Form 21 is retail and Form 21B wholesale for Schedule C/C(1) drugs excluding Schedule X. Schedule X has separate licensing requirements. A licence category does not replace registered-pharmacist supervision requirements where applicable.

Distinguish historical pharmacy-jurisprudence terminology, including bonded and non-bonded manufacture, from current law. Central GST Act, 2017 section 174(1) repealed the 1955 Act, subject to statutory savings for prior matters. Do not describe its historical excise scheme as an unchanged current national levy; current GST, state excise and other applicable rules require their own legal basis.

Troponin above the assay’s reference limit indicates myocardial injury. Myocardial infarction requires evidence that the acute injury is ischemic, using clinical findings, ECG, imaging or other accepted criteria. High-sensitivity troponin with serial change is preferred for acute chest-pain assessment; routine CK-MB adds no benefit where contemporary troponin is available. ALT and AST are not cardiac-specific substitutes.

Benedict’s test detects reducing substances, not glucose alone. Nitroprusside ketone methods mainly detect acetoacetate and do not adequately measure beta-hydroxybutyrate, which can predominate in DKA. A negative or improving urine ketone result must not substitute for clinical assessment and the appropriate laboratory tests.

Pernicious anemia is autoimmune loss of intrinsic-factor-dependent B12 absorption, commonly associated with autoimmune gastritis. B12 deficiency also has dietary, intestinal, surgical and medication-related causes. Both B12 and folate deficiency can cause megaloblastic anemia, but B12 deficiency can also produce neurologic injury; folate alone can obscure the anemia while neurologic disease progresses.

Its spontaneous depolarization usually reaches threshold faster than subsidiary pacemakers, so it overdrives them. Common adult teaching ranges are sinus 60–100/min, junctional escape 40–60/min and ventricular escape roughly 20–40/min, but physiology, drugs and disease alter rates. These approximate rhythm ranges are not proof of the site or the need for treatment on their own.

Filtration moves water and small solutes from glomerular blood into Bowman’s space; proximal reabsorption returns most filtered sodium/water and normally nearly all filtered glucose and amino acids to blood. Glucose reabsorption is saturable, so glycosuria can occur when filtered load exceeds capacity. GFR varies with age, body size and disease; 125 mL/min is a teaching approximation for a healthy young adult, not a universal normal value.

Cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X and sacral segments S2–S4. Acetylcholine acts at nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia and mainly muscarinic receptors at parasympathetic target organs. The vagus supplies many thoracic and abdominal viscera; sacral outflow supplies pelvic structures. “All acetylcholine is parasympathetic” is false.

Patient-specific, individually packaged doses are supplied through a controlled dispensing process, often for a limited period such as 24 hours. The exact supply interval is institutional. Unit-dose packaging supports identification, traceability and checking but does not eliminate prescribing, selection or administration errors.

It oversees formulary policy, safe and effective medicine use, medication-use evaluation and related institutional policies. Membership and officer roles vary locally. Automatic stop orders need an approved, drug-specific policy, notification and timely clinical review; abruptly stopping a critical medicine because a generic time limit elapsed can harm patients.

D is demand in units per time period, S is ordering cost per order, and H is holding cost per unit for the same period. The basic model assumes stable known demand, fixed costs, replenishment assumptions and no shortages. For D=10,000 units/year, S=₹50/order and H=₹2/unit/year, EOQ=sqrt(500,000)≈707 units. ABC classification uses annual consumption value; its percentage bands are illustrative, not universal laws.

Current ratio = current assets/current liabilities. Quick ratio uses liquid current assets, commonly excluding inventory and prepayments, divided by current liabilities. Liabilities must be nonzero for the ratios to be defined. Traditional benchmarks are context-dependent; cash-flow timing, asset quality, sector and contingent obligations matter, so no fixed ratio guarantees solvency.

Sodium chloride 2.6 g, anhydrous glucose 13.5 g, potassium chloride 1.5 g and trisodium citrate dihydrate 2.9 g in the correctly prepared 1 L solution. The resulting concentrations are sodium 75, glucose 75, chloride 65, potassium 20 and citrate 10 mmol/L: total 245 mOsm/L. Use the sachet’s specified water volume; a smaller volume makes the solution too concentrated.

Pulmonary TB is mainly airborne; polio and typhoid mainly spread by fecal–oral routes; dengue is mainly transmitted by infected Aedes mosquitoes. Wild poliovirus types 2 and 3 have been certified eradicated, while type 1 and vaccine-derived polioviruses remain distinct public-health concerns. “All three wild types still circulate” and “all polio has been eradicated” are both inaccurate.

Thin lens: 1/f = 1/v − 1/u. Spherical mirror: 1/f = 1/v + 1/u. Use one consistent convention for object and image distances and the appropriate optical element. Magnification is v/u for a thin lens and −v/u for a spherical mirror; signs describe orientation within that convention.

Series: resistances add and the same current passes through each element. Parallel: conductances add, so 1/R = sum(1/Ri), and each branch has the same voltage. For two 6-ohm resistors, series gives 12 ohms and parallel gives 3 ohms. P=VI applies with consistent units; household supply is alternating, not direct, current.

Gypsum is CaSO4·2H2O; plaster of Paris is the hemihydrate CaSO4·½H2O. Controlled heating removes part of gypsum’s water of crystallization; adding water to plaster reforms hydrated calcium sulfate as it sets. The half-water notation is a stoichiometric ratio, not a free half-molecule in isolation.

pH is logarithmic: a fall from 6 to 5 corresponds to ten times the hydrogen-ion activity. Tooth-enamel dissolution is often taught around pH 5.5, but the threshold varies with calcium/phosphate activity, fluoride and saliva. “Below 5.5 always means identical decay in every mouth” is not a precise physiological rule.

ATP yield depends on cell type, shuttle systems, proton coupling and accounting assumptions; modern eukaryotic estimates are commonly around 30–32 per glucose rather than one universal total. Glycolysis itself nets 2 ATP per glucose. Xylem mainly conducts water/minerals; phloem transports assimilates from sources to sinks, which need not always be downward.

Fundamental Rights: Part III, principally Articles 12–35. Directive Principles: Part IV, Articles 36–51. Fundamental Duties: Part IVA, Article 51A. Rights and duties have different enforcement structures; Article 37 states that Directive Principles are not enforceable by a court but are fundamental in governance.

Southern Railway: Chennai; South Central Railway: Secunderabad; Central Railway: Mumbai; Northern Railway: New Delhi. Distinguish a zonal headquarters from a particular passenger terminal and check current official Railway notices if boundaries or administrative arrangements change.

Article 279A provides for the GST Council. The 73rd and 74th Amendments concern Panchayats and Municipalities respectively, with the Eleventh and Twelfth Schedules. GST is a separate fiscal reform; it did not create the constitutional local-government system.

Narmada and Tapi are major west-flowing rivers entering the Arabian Sea through estuarine systems. Many major peninsular rivers flow east toward the Bay of Bengal. Rainfall, groundwater and storage affect flow; “every Himalayan river is perennial and every peninsular river dries up” is an overgeneralization.

Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY provides eligible families up to ₹5 lakh per year for covered secondary and tertiary hospitalization under scheme rules. The 70-and-above senior-citizen expansion has its own implementation/benefit conditions. The headline cover is not cash paid to every resident and does not establish that every treatment or hospital is covered.

Net rate = 1/6 − 1/9 = 1/18 tank per hour, so 18 hours from empty under constant independent rates. In general, ab/(b−a) applies only when the filling time a and emptying time b satisfy b>a. If b=a the net rate is zero; if b<a, an empty tank cannot fill under that simple model.

Combined length = 300 m. Relative speed = 90 km/h ×5/18 = 25 m/s. Time = 300/25 = 12 s. In the same direction use the positive speed difference; equal speeds give no relative passing under the constant-speed model.

Two years: CI=₹2,100 and SI=₹2,000, difference ₹100. Three years: CI=₹3,310 and SI=₹3,000, difference ₹310. The rates, duration and compounding period must match; the two-year shortcut Pr²/10,000 does not apply unchanged to monthly compounding.

For cost ₹100, marked price is ₹125. A 20% discount leaves ₹100, so profit is zero before other costs. The markup is based on cost; the discount is based on marked price. Adding 25−20 to infer a 5% profit uses the wrong bases.

“All S are P” contradicts “Some S are not P”; “No S are P” contradicts “Some S are P.” Keep the same subject and predicate and opposite truth conditions. “All S are P” does not by itself prove that any S exist, and merely pairing an affirmative with a negative sentence is insufficient.