Free IBCLC Exam Flashcards

The first stage of milk production, beginning mid-pregnancy (~16 weeks), when alveolar cells differentiate and begin synthesizing colostrum. High progesterone keeps secretion limited until birth, so only small volumes of colostrum are present.

The onset of copious milk production, typically 30-72 hours postpartum, triggered by the rapid drop in progesterone after placental delivery. Delayed lactogenesis II beyond ~72 hours raises the risk of excess infant weight loss and supplementation.

The maintenance phase of established lactation, governed by autocrine (local supply-and-demand) control rather than hormones alone. Milk removal drives ongoing synthesis, so frequent effective emptying sustains supply.

The pituitary hormone that stimulates alveolar cells to synthesize milk. Levels rise with nipple stimulation and milk removal, peak at night, and are suppressed by dopamine; inadequate stimulation lowers prolactin and reduces synthesis.

Oxytocin released from the posterior pituitary contracts myoepithelial cells around the alveoli, ejecting milk into the ducts. It is a conditioned reflex that can be triggered by the infant or inhibited by pain, stress, or embarrassment.

A whey protein in milk that locally suppresses further synthesis as the breast fills. When the breast is well drained, FIL is removed and production speeds up; when milk accumulates, FIL slows it, explaining supply-and-demand regulation.

Milk production matches the degree and frequency of milk removal: more frequent, complete emptying signals more synthesis, while infrequent or incomplete removal down-regulates supply. This drives most lactation management decisions.

The thick, yellowish first milk present at birth, produced in small volumes that match a newborn's tiny stomach. It is rich in secretory IgA, white cells, and growth factors, and has a laxative effect that helps clear meconium and lower bilirubin.

Transitional milk appears as volume increases (roughly days 3-14), shifting from colostrum toward mature milk with rising lactose, fat, and calories. Mature milk follows and continues to adapt in composition over the course of lactation.

Foremilk is the lower-fat milk available early in a feed; hindmilk is the higher-fat milk released as the breast drains. Fat content rises gradually within a feed, so allowing the baby to finish one breast helps ensure adequate calories.

The dominant antibody in colostrum and milk, it coats the infant's gut and respiratory mucosa to block pathogen attachment. sIgA reflects maternal antigen exposure, providing passive immunity tailored to the infant's environment.

An effective latch where the infant takes in more of the lower areola than the upper, with the nipple drawn toward the junction of the hard and soft palate. The mouth is wide, lips flanged, and chin touches the breast, allowing pain-free milk transfer.

Clicking sounds, dimpled cheeks, pinched or lipstick-shaped nipple after feeds, persistent pain, and little audible swallowing. A shallow latch reduces milk transfer and causes nipple trauma; repositioning to a deeper latch is the first intervention.

A semi-reclined maternal position with the infant prone against the body, using gravity and innate infant reflexes to support self-attachment. It is helpful for latch difficulties, oversupply, and newborn rooting behaviors.

Nutritive sucking is a slow, rhythmic pattern (about one suck per second) with audible swallows and active milk transfer. Non-nutritive sucking is faster and flutter-like with few swallows, used for comfort and to trigger let-down.

A short, tight, or anteriorly attached lingual frenulum that restricts tongue movement and can impair latch and milk transfer. Assessment combines appearance with function (tongue elevation and extension); frenotomy is considered when function is impaired.

Rooting turns the infant's head toward a cheek or lip touch to seek the breast; sucking and swallowing reflexes coordinate intake. Early feeding cues (hand-to-mouth, mouthing, rooting) precede crying, which is a late hunger sign.

Healthy term newborns commonly lose up to about 7-10% of birth weight in the first days, then regain it by around 10-14 days of age. Loss exceeding roughly 10% or failure to regain birth weight warrants close evaluation of feeding.

After day 4-5, an exclusively breastfed infant typically has at least 6 wet diapers and 3 or more yellow, seedy stools daily. Stool transitions from meconium to green to yellow as milk intake increases; low output signals possible underfeeding.

Weighing a clothed infant on a precise digital scale before and after a feed, without changing anything, estimates milk transferred (1 gram ≈ 1 mL). It objectively documents intake when transfer is in question.

Lethargy, fewer than expected wet diapers, dark concentrated urine, dry mucous membranes, sunken fontanelle, poor skin turgor, and excessive weight loss. Dehydration in a breastfed newborn is urgent and requires prompt medical evaluation.

Common, benign newborn jaundice from immature bilirubin clearance, typically appearing after 24 hours, peaking around days 3-5, and resolving without harm. Frequent effective feeding promotes bilirubin excretion through stool.

Jaundice appearing within the first 24 hours of life, rising rapidly, or persisting, often from hemolysis, infection, or blood-group incompatibility. It requires immediate medical assessment because of the risk of dangerously high bilirubin.

Early jaundice in the first week driven by insufficient milk intake and infrequent stooling, which slows bilirubin clearance. Management focuses on improving feeding frequency and effectiveness rather than stopping breastfeeding.

Painful overfilling of the breast from milk plus increased blood flow and edema, often around days 3-5. The breast is firm, swollen, and warm; frequent milk removal, gentle reverse-pressure softening, and comfort measures relieve it.

A localized, tender lump from inflammation and narrowing of milk flow in one area, usually without fever. Management includes continued feeding, gentle care, and avoiding aggressive deep massage; an untreated plug can progress to mastitis.

Inflammation of breast tissue, often with a red, painful, warm wedge-shaped area plus fever, chills, and flu-like symptoms. Management includes continued milk removal, rest, fluids, and antibiotics when bacterial infection is suspected.

A localized collection of pus, often a complication of unresolved mastitis, presenting as a fluctuant, very tender mass. It usually requires drainage (needle aspiration or incision) plus antibiotics; breastfeeding or pumping generally continues.

Cracked, blistered, or bleeding nipples most often result from a shallow or poor latch. Correcting positioning and latch is the primary remedy; persistent damage may also point to infection, vasospasm, or infant oral restriction.

A yeast infection causing burning, itching, or shooting nipple pain, sometimes with shiny or flaky skin, often alongside infant oral thrush. Mother and infant are usually treated together to prevent reinfection.

Vasospasm causing painful blanching of the nipple (white, then blue, then red color changes), often triggered by cold or after feeds. It can mimic thrush; warmth and avoiding cold help, and it should be distinguished from infection.

Underdevelopment of milk-making tissue, sometimes signaled by widely spaced, tubular, or markedly asymmetric breasts and little prenatal breast change. It is a primary cause of low supply and may require supplementation alongside support.

Primary low supply stems from a maternal physiological limitation (such as IGT, retained placenta, or certain endocrine disorders). Secondary low supply results from management factors like poor latch or infrequent removal and is often correctable.

Producing far more milk than the infant needs, causing forceful let-down, frequent unlatching, gulping, gassiness, and green frothy stools. Strategies include block feeding and ensuring the infant reaches higher-fat hindmilk.

Substances (herbal or pharmaceutical) intended to increase milk production, such as fenugreek, or prescription agents like domperidone. They are adjuncts only; effective, frequent milk removal remains the foundation of building supply.

When supplementation is needed, the preferred source order is the mother's own expressed milk, then donor human milk, then formula. At-breast supplementers, cup, spoon, or finger feeding can be chosen to protect breastfeeding.

A device delivering supplement through a thin tube taped at the nipple so the infant feeds at the breast while receiving extra milk. It supports milk transfer, stimulates supply, and is useful in low supply, relactation, and induced lactation.

Relactation rebuilds a supply that has decreased or stopped, while induced lactation establishes milk in someone who has not been pregnant (for example, an adoptive parent). Both rely heavily on frequent nipple stimulation and milk removal.

Holding the infant chest-to-chest against bare skin, which stabilizes temperature, heart rate, and blood glucose, supports breastfeeding initiation, and promotes bonding. It is especially valuable for preterm and at-risk newborns.

Preterm infants may have weak, uncoordinated suck-swallow-breathe patterns and require expressed milk, fortification, or paced support. Maternal expression beginning early protects supply until the infant can feed effectively at the breast.

Twins or higher-order multiples can be breastfed using simultaneous or sequential feeding and tandem positions. Because milk supply responds to demand, frequent removal from both breasts can build enough milk for more than one infant.

A rare inherited disorder of galactose metabolism in which infants cannot tolerate the lactose in human milk. Classic galactosemia is a true contraindication to breastfeeding, requiring a special galactose-free formula.

Few conditions absolutely contraindicate breastfeeding; examples include active untreated tuberculosis (until treated), HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 infection, and certain chemotherapy or radioactive agents. Most maternal illnesses and medications are compatible.

Guidance is setting-dependent: in high-resource settings replacement feeding is generally advised, while in many other settings WHO supports breastfeeding with maternal antiretroviral therapy. The IBCLC follows current regional public-health guidance.

A widely used rating of medication safety in lactation, from L1 (safest) to L5 (contraindicated). They estimate infant exposure risk via milk; resources such as LactMed help clinicians choose breastfeeding-compatible drugs.

Lower molecular weight, high lipid solubility, low protein binding, and a long half-life increase a drug's passage into milk. A high milk-to-plasma ratio and poor oral availability in the infant also shape the actual exposure risk.

Alcohol passes freely into milk and peaks roughly 30-60 minutes after drinking; it does not accumulate, so 'pumping and dumping' does not speed clearance. Waiting about 2 hours per standard drink before nursing limits infant exposure.

A 1981 global public-health framework that restricts marketing of formula, bottles, and teats, prohibits free samples to mothers and gifts to health workers, and bans idealizing images. IBCLCs are expected to uphold and not violate the Code.

IBCLCs provide skilled lactation care within defined limits, document findings, and refer when issues fall outside their scope, such as suspected medical illness, mental-health crises, or the need for prescriptions. Working within scope protects safety and ethics.

Effective lactation counseling uses open-ended questions, reflective listening, affirmation, and acceptance of the parent's choices rather than directive advice. This builds trust and helps families set realistic, autonomous feeding goals.