Free ACSM-CEP Exam Flashcards

A three-step process: (1) current physical activity level, (2) presence of known cardiovascular, metabolic, or renal disease or signs/symptoms suggestive of disease, and (3) desired exercise intensity. Positive findings combined with higher desired intensity trigger a medical clearance recommendation before starting or increasing exercise.

The defined positive risk factors are age (men ≥45, women ≥55), family history of premature CVD, current smoking, physical inactivity, obesity (BMI ≥30 or waist >102 cm men/>88 cm women), hypertension, dyslipidemia, and prediabetes; HDL ≥60 mg/dL counts as one NEGATIVE (protective) risk factor. Note: ACSM retired the old low/moderate/high risk stratification for exercise clearance in 2015 — clearance is now set by the current preparticipation algorithm (activity, known disease/symptoms, desired intensity), not a risk-factor count.

Class I: angina only with strenuous, rapid, or prolonged exertion. Class II: slight limitation of ordinary activity. Class III: marked limitation of ordinary physical activity. Class IV: inability to perform any physical activity without angina, or angina at rest.

Class I: no limitation with ordinary activity. Class II: slight limitation, comfortable at rest. Class III: marked limitation, comfortable at rest, less-than-ordinary activity causes symptoms. Class IV: symptoms present at rest, and any physical activity increases discomfort.

Confirmed by post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio below 0.70, then staged by FEV1 percent predicted: GOLD 1 Mild ≥80%, GOLD 2 Moderate 50-79%, GOLD 3 Severe 30-49%, GOLD 4 Very Severe <30%.

Diabetes is diagnosed by any one of: A1C ≥6.5%, fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour OGTT glucose ≥200 mg/dL, or random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with classic hyperglycemia symptoms. Prediabetes: A1C 5.7-6.4%, fasting glucose 100-125 mg/dL (impaired fasting glucose), or 2-hour OGTT 140-199 mg/dL (impaired glucose tolerance).

Must explain the purpose and nature of the test or exercise program, the procedures involved, risks and discomforts, expected benefits, alternatives, confidentiality of results, the participant's opportunity to ask questions, and the right to stop at any time without penalty.

Drugs like canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin can trigger diabetic ketoacidosis with only mildly elevated or near-normal blood glucose (often well under the usual 250 mg/dL DKA threshold). Risk rises with fasting, dehydration, illness, surgery, or low-carbohydrate intake, so a normal glucose reading does not rule out DKA in a patient taking these drugs — always screen medication history carefully.

Normal: <120/<80 mmHg. Elevated: 120-129 systolic and <80 diastolic. Stage 1 hypertension: 130-139 systolic or 80-89 diastolic. Stage 2 hypertension: ≥140 systolic or ≥90 diastolic. Hypertensive crisis: >180 and/or >120 mmHg, requiring immediate medical attention.

Drop in systolic BP >10 mmHg from baseline with other signs of ischemia, moderate-to-severe angina, increasing CNS symptoms (ataxia, dizziness, near-syncope), signs of poor perfusion (pallor, cyanosis), sustained ventricular tachycardia, ST elevation ≥1.0 mm in leads without diagnostic Q waves, technical failure of ECG/BP monitoring, or the patient's request to stop.

Drop in systolic BP ≥10 mmHg without other evidence of ischemia, excessive ST depression (>2 mm horizontal or downsloping), arrhythmias other than sustained VT (multifocal PVCs, SVT, heart block), fatigue, dyspnea, or claudication, new bundle branch block, increasing chest pain, or a hypertensive response (SBP ≥250 or DBP ≥115 mmHg).

DTS = exercise time in minutes (Bruce protocol) − (5 × ST-segment deviation in mm) − (4 × angina index, where 0 = none, 1 = nonlimiting, 2 = exercise-limiting). Low risk: score ≥5. Moderate risk: −10 to +4. High risk: ≤−11.

A respiratory exchange ratio (VCO2/VO2) of 1.10 or higher is one secondary criterion used to confirm a maximal-effort test and that true VO2max was likely attained, alongside reaching age-predicted HRmax, RPE ≥17, and a plateau in VO2 despite increasing workload.

A modified limb-lead placement that moves arm and leg electrodes onto the torso (near the shoulders and hips) to reduce motion artifact during exercise ECG. It causes a rightward axis shift and can alter QRS morphology compared to standard limb-lead placement, occasionally producing false Q waves.

Lead V5 alone detects roughly 75% of exercise-induced ischemic ST-segment changes. Combining multiple leads (such as II, aVF, and V5) further increases sensitivity for detecting ischemia beyond what any single lead can capture.

Bruce: standard 3-minute stages with large speed/grade increases, commonly used for lower-risk screening. Modified Bruce: adds two low-intensity warm-up stages before standard Bruce workloads, for deconditioned or clinical patients. Naughton: very low, small, steady increments for severely limited patients such as those with advanced heart failure.

RPP = heart rate × systolic blood pressure. It estimates relative myocardial oxygen demand. A patient's reproducible RPP at the onset of angina or ischemic ECG changes defines their ischemic threshold, which is used to set a safe training intensity ceiling.

0 = no pain. 1 = definite discomfort/pain, initial or mild. 2 = moderate pain, attention can be diverted. 3 = intense pain, attention cannot be diverted. 4 = excruciating/unbearable pain — the test is terminated.

Frequency (sessions per week), Intensity (effort level), Time (duration), Type (mode of exercise), Volume (total amount of exercise), and Progression (how the load is advanced over time) — the six variables used to structure every exercise prescription.

Using percent heart rate reserve: Very light <30%, Light 30-39%, Moderate 40-59%, Vigorous 60-89%, Near-maximal to maximal ≥90% HRR.

Target HR = [(HRmax − HRrest) × %intensity] + HRrest, where HRR (heart rate reserve) = HRmax − HRrest. This method accounts for resting fitness level and is generally considered more accurate than using %HRmax alone.

Moderate intensity: the person can talk comfortably but not sing. Vigorous intensity: it becomes difficult to maintain a conversation without pausing for breath. A practical, equipment-free alternative to heart-rate- or RPE-based intensity monitoring.

Beta-blockers blunt the chronotropic (heart rate) response to exercise, so heart-rate-based methods like %HRR underestimate the true physiological effort. Use RPE (Borg scale) or the talk test instead to set and monitor exercise intensity in these patients.

Typically begin at 40-59% HRR (moderate intensity), progressing as tolerated with close symptom monitoring. Emphasize an adequate warm-up and cool-down to reduce the risk of arrhythmia and post-exercise hypotension.

Start at a lower intensity (about 40-50% HRR/VO2R) with gradual progression; interval training is often better tolerated than continuous exercise. RPE-based monitoring is preferred over heart-rate targets because chronotropic incompetence (a blunted HR response) is common in this population.

Interval training benefits severely limited patients by allowing more total work with less dyspnea than continuous exercise. Maintain SpO2 at or above 88-90% during exercise, adding supplemental oxygen if needed, and incorporate pursed-lip breathing technique.

Use an intermittent walking protocol: walk to moderate-to-strong claudication pain, rest until the pain subsides, then repeat. Progress toward a goal of about 30-45 minutes of intermittent walking on most days of the week.

Avoid exercise if blood glucose is above 250 mg/dL with moderate or high ketones; use caution above 300 mg/dL even without significant ketones. If glucose is below 100 mg/dL, give carbohydrate before starting. Combining aerobic and resistance training gives the greatest glycemic benefit.

VO2 (mL/kg/min) = horizontal component (based on speed) + vertical/resistance component (based on grade or work rate) + resting component (3.5 mL/kg/min, equal to 1 MET). Mode-specific equations exist for walking, running, leg ergometry, and stepping.

Class A: apparently healthy, no supervision required. Class B: known stable CVD at low risk (e.g., NYHA I-II), supervision recommended. Class C: moderate-to-high risk (e.g., 2+ prior MIs, NYHA III or higher, ischemic ST depression or angina at ≤6 METs) — requires medical supervision with ECG/BP monitoring during initial sessions. Class D: unstable conditions with activity limitations, requiring individualized, medically supervised programming.

Unstable angina, resting SBP >200 or DBP >110 mmHg, symptomatic orthostatic BP drop, resting HR >120 bpm, uncontrolled arrhythmia, decompensated heart failure, recent MI (within about 2 days), severe aortic stenosis, acute pulmonary embolism, acute myocarditis or pericarditis, or febrile illness — postpone the session and refer as needed.

Maintain SpO2 at or above 88-90% during exercise, especially in pulmonary patients. Titrate supplemental oxygen as needed and stop or modify the session if saturation drops below this range.

Below 100 mg/dL: give carbohydrate and recheck before starting. 100-250 mg/dL: generally safe to exercise. Above 250 mg/dL with ketones, or above 300 mg/dL regardless of ketones: hold exercise or proceed with extreme caution.

Ranges from 6 (no exertion at all) to 20 (maximal exertion). Moderate intensity corresponds to roughly 12-13 ('somewhat hard'); vigorous intensity to roughly 14-16 ('hard'). In healthy adults not on HR-altering medication, RPE × 10 roughly approximates heart rate.

5-10 minutes of low-intensity activity performed before and after the main conditioning bout. Allows gradual cardiovascular adjustment, reducing the risk of exercise-related arrhythmias, ischemia, and post-exercise hypotension.

Chest pain or pressure, unusual or severe shortness of breath, dizziness or lightheadedness, pallor or diaphoresis out of proportion to effort, ataxia or confusion, or a patient request to stop — halt exercise, assess vital signs, and notify supervising staff or the physician.

DKA: usually type 1 diabetes, rapid onset (hours), glucose often >250 mg/dL, significant ketosis and metabolic acidosis, Kussmaul breathing, fruity breath odor. HHS: usually type 2 diabetes, slower onset (days), glucose often >600 mg/dL, minimal ketosis/acidosis, more severe dehydration and altered mental status.

If blood glucose is low (typically <70 mg/dL) during or after exercise, give 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrate, wait 15 minutes, then recheck glucose. Repeat the cycle until glucose normalizes before resuming activity.

Advance only one FITT-VP variable at a time, typically increasing volume by about 5-10% per week, to reduce the risk of overuse injury and allow physiological adaptation, especially in deconditioned or clinical populations.

Start with 1 set of 8-15 repetitions at low-to-moderate intensity, progressing gradually. Instruct patients to breathe continuously throughout each repetition and avoid the Valsalva maneuver, which can cause dangerous blood-pressure spikes, particularly in cardiovascular patients.

Record objective vital signs and symptoms, the specific intervention or action taken, the patient's response to that action, and whether the supervising physician or emergency services were notified. Timely, factual documentation supports continuity of care and liability protection.

Precontemplation (no intent to change within 6 months), Contemplation (intends to change within 6 months), Preparation (planning action within 30 days), Action (changed behavior for less than 6 months), and Maintenance (sustained change for more than 6 months).

Perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy. Behavior change is more likely when a person's perceived benefits outweigh their perceived barriers.

Bandura's four sources of self-efficacy: performance accomplishments (mastery experience — the most influential), vicarious experience (watching similar others succeed), verbal persuasion (encouragement from others), and physiological/emotional states (how bodily sensations are interpreted).

Open-ended questions, Affirmations, Reflective listening, and Summarizing — the core communication skills used to explore and strengthen a patient's own motivation for behavior change.

Ask (about the behavior), Advise (give clear, personalized guidance), Assess (readiness and willingness to change), Assist (help set goals and identify barriers/resources), Arrange (schedule follow-up support).

A 9-item self-report screening tool scored 0-27. A score of 10 or higher suggests clinically significant depressive symptoms and warrants referral to a mental health professional or the supervising physician.

Identify high-risk situations for a lapse, build a specific coping plan in advance, reframe a lapse as a temporary setback rather than a failure, and use self-monitoring tools (logs, apps, wearables) to reinforce accountability and adherence.

30 compressions to 2 breaths for single-rescuer adult CPR, delivered at a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute and a depth of at least 2 inches (5 cm), per AHA/BLS guidelines.

ACSM-CEP works with higher-acuity clinical populations (cardiac, pulmonary, metabolic, and orthopedic disease), typically within physician-directed programs such as cardiac or pulmonary rehab. ACSM-EP (formerly called EP-C) works with apparently healthy individuals and those with medically stable, controlled chronic disease in non-clinical or community settings, without requiring onsite physician oversight.