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Which Operator must you install from the OpenShift OperatorHub to enable OpenShift Virtualization on a cluster?

KubeVirt HyperConverged Cluster Operator

OpenShift Virtualization Operator

Container-native Virtualization (CNV) Operator

Virt-Manager Operator

to track

2026 Statistics

Key Facts: EX316 Exam

210/300

Passing Score

Red Hat

4 hours

Exam Duration

Red Hat

OCP 4.18

Product Version

Red Hat

$500

Exam Fee (varies)

Red Hat

60-100 hrs

Study Time

Recommended

3 years

Cert Validity

Red Hat

EX316 is Red Hat's specialty exam covering OpenShift Virtualization on OpenShift Container Platform 4.18. The 4-hour, performance-based test requires 210/300 (70%) to pass. Candidates are evaluated on installing the Virtualization Operator, creating and managing VMs from YAML and templates, configuring DataVolumes/PVCs, networking with Multus and NMState, live-migrating VMs, snapshotting/cloning, and exposing VMs via Services and Routes. RHCSA-level Linux and OpenShift admin experience are strongly recommended. Certification is valid for 3 years.

Sample EX316 Practice Questions

Try these sample questions to test your EX316 exam readiness. Each question includes a detailed explanation. Start the interactive quiz above for the full 100+ question experience with AI tutoring.

1Which Operator must you install from the OpenShift OperatorHub to enable OpenShift Virtualization on a cluster?

A.KubeVirt HyperConverged Cluster Operator

B.OpenShift Virtualization Operator

C.Container-native Virtualization (CNV) Operator

D.Virt-Manager Operator

Explanation: On OpenShift Container Platform, the supported product is installed by subscribing to the 'OpenShift Virtualization Operator' from OperatorHub. This Operator provisions the underlying HyperConverged Cluster Operator (HCO) which in turn deploys KubeVirt, CDI, and supporting components. The single namespace-scoped subscription installs to the openshift-cnv namespace.

2After subscribing to the OpenShift Virtualization Operator, which custom resource must be created to actually deploy the virtualization components?

A.KubeVirt

B.HyperConverged

C.VirtualMachine

D.VirtualizationCluster

Explanation: The OpenShift Virtualization Operator watches for a HyperConverged custom resource in the openshift-cnv namespace. Creating the HyperConverged CR (typically named 'kubevirt-hyperconverged') triggers the Operator to deploy KubeVirt, CDI, the SSP Operator, and other components. Without this CR, only the Operator itself runs.

3In which namespace are the OpenShift Virtualization Operator and HyperConverged CR installed by default?

A.kube-system

B.openshift-virtualization

C.openshift-cnv

D.default

Explanation: The OpenShift Virtualization Operator and its HyperConverged custom resource are installed in the openshift-cnv namespace by default. Cluster administrators interact with the Operator there, while VMs themselves can be created in any user namespace with the right permissions.

4Which prerequisite is REQUIRED on the worker nodes that will run virtual machines in OpenShift Virtualization?

A.Hardware-assisted virtualization extensions (Intel VT-x or AMD-V) enabled in the BIOS/firmware

B.ESXi hypervisor installed

C.Hyper-V role enabled

D.QEMU 2.0 or earlier

Explanation: OpenShift Virtualization runs KVM-based VMs inside container-managed virt-launcher pods on worker nodes, so each node that will host VMs must have hardware virtualization extensions (Intel VT-x or AMD-V) enabled. Without /dev/kvm, virt-launcher cannot start VMs.

5Which custom resource type defines a virtual machine and stores its desired configuration in OpenShift Virtualization?

A.VirtualMachine

B.VirtualMachineInstance

C.Pod

D.VirtualMachineDefinition

Explanation: A VirtualMachine (VM) custom resource stores the desired specification of a virtual machine, including a template for the VirtualMachineInstance and a 'running' state. The VM controller creates and manages the corresponding VirtualMachineInstance based on this spec.

6What is the relationship between a VirtualMachine (VM) and a VirtualMachineInstance (VMI) in KubeVirt?

A.A VM is a stateless one-shot object; a VMI is its template

B.A VM defines the desired state and lifecycle; the VMI is the running instance created when the VM is started

C.VMI is an older API that has been removed in OpenShift Virtualization 4.18

D.They are different names for the same custom resource

Explanation: The VirtualMachine (VM) CR holds the desired state, including a 'running' flag and a VMI template. When the VM is started, the controller creates a VirtualMachineInstance (VMI) representing the live, running guest backed by a virt-launcher pod. Stopping the VM deletes the VMI but preserves the VM CR.

7Which command-line tool is provided specifically by KubeVirt/OpenShift Virtualization to perform VM-specific operations such as starting, stopping, console access, and VNC?

A.virsh

B.virt-manager

C.virtctl

D.kvmctl

Explanation: virtctl is the KubeVirt command-line client. It supports VM-specific subcommands such as 'virtctl start', 'virtctl stop', 'virtctl restart', 'virtctl console', 'virtctl vnc', 'virtctl ssh', and 'virtctl migrate'. It is distributed alongside OpenShift Virtualization and complements oc/kubectl.

8Which virtctl subcommand starts a stopped virtual machine named 'web01' in the current namespace?

A.virtctl run web01

B.virtctl start web01

C.virtctl up web01

D.virtctl power-on web01

Explanation: 'virtctl start <vm-name>' sets the VM's spec.running field to true (or spec.runStrategy appropriately), which causes the controller to create a new VMI and start the VM. The VM must already exist as a VirtualMachine CR.

9How do you open a serial console session to a running VirtualMachineInstance named 'db01' from a workstation that has virtctl and oc configured?

A.oc exec db01 -- bash

B.virtctl console db01

C.virtctl ssh db01

D.virsh console db01

Explanation: 'virtctl console <vmi-name>' attaches to the serial console of the running VMI through the KubeVirt API, similar to attaching to a hypervisor's serial port. This works even when networking is not yet configured inside the guest.

10Which virtctl command opens a graphical VNC session to a running VM named 'desktop01'?

A.virtctl vnc desktop01

B.virtctl gui desktop01

C.virtctl x11 desktop01

D.virtctl display desktop01

Explanation: 'virtctl vnc <vm-name>' tunnels a VNC connection through the KubeVirt API server to the VM's QEMU VNC port and launches a local VNC viewer. This is commonly used for graphical OS installation or troubleshooting Windows guests.

About the EX316 Exam

Performance-based certification for engineers who deploy and manage virtual machines on OpenShift Virtualization. EX316 validates skills with the OpenShift Virtualization Operator, KubeVirt CRDs (VirtualMachine, VirtualMachineInstance, DataVolume), virtctl, live migration, VM templates, and integrating VMs with OpenShift workloads.

Assessment

Performance-based hands-on tasks (no fixed question count)

Time Limit

4 hours

Passing Score

210/300 (70%)

Exam Fee

$500 USD (varies by region) (Red Hat)

EX316 Exam Content Outline

10%

Install and Configure OpenShift Virtualization

Subscribe to the Operator, deploy the HyperConverged CR, validate node KVM support and console plugin

20%

Manage Virtual Machines

Create, modify, start, stop, and delete VMs; runStrategy; cloud-init; lifecycle and troubleshooting

10%

VM Templates, Boot Sources, Instancetypes

Common Templates, DataSources, DataImportCron, and the instancetype/preference API

20%

VM Storage

DataVolumes, hot-plug disks, VirtualMachineSnapshot/Restore, smart clone, StorageProfile

15%

VM Networking

Multus, NetworkAttachmentDefinition, masquerade/bridge bindings, NMState, hot-plug NICs

10%

Live Migration

VirtualMachineInstanceMigration, evictionStrategy, MigrationPolicy, RWX storage requirements

10%

virtctl and CLI Tools

virtctl start/stop/restart, console, vnc, ssh, image-upload, addvolume, expose

OCP Integration

Services, Routes, RBAC, Prometheus monitoring, MTV/Forklift VM imports

How to Pass the EX316 Exam

What You Need to Know

Passing score: 210/300 (70%)
Assessment: Performance-based hands-on tasks (no fixed question count)
Time limit: 4 hours
Exam fee: $500 USD (varies by region)

Keys to Passing

Complete 500+ practice questions
Score 80%+ consistently before scheduling
Focus on highest-weighted sections
Use our AI tutor for tough concepts

EX316 Study Tips from Top Performers

1Build a real lab with OpenShift 4.18 and OpenShift Virtualization — there is no substitute for hands-on practice on a live cluster

2Memorize core virtctl subcommands: start, stop, restart, console, vnc, ssh, pause, image-upload, addvolume, removevolume, expose, migrate

3Practice DataVolume sources (http, registry, pvc, blank, upload) and dataVolumeTemplates so VM disks are owned by the VM

4Master VirtualMachineSnapshot and VirtualMachineRestore — and verify your StorageClass has a VolumeSnapshotClass

5Configure secondary networks end-to-end: NMState bridge -> NetworkAttachmentDefinition -> bridge interface binding on the VM

6Understand live-migration requirements: RWX storage, compatible CPU model, evictionStrategy: LiveMigrate

7Know the difference between VirtualMachine and VirtualMachineInstance and the role of virt-launcher pods

8Practice exposing VMs via 'virtctl expose' and Services + Routes; understand label propagation to virt-launcher pods

9Get comfortable with cloud-init via cloudInitNoCloud and userDataSecretRef for sensitive payloads

10Time yourself in 4-hour scenario blocks so that you can stay efficient under exam time pressure

Frequently Asked Questions

What does EX316 actually test?

EX316 is a 4-hour performance-based exam on a live OpenShift Virtualization environment. You install/verify the Operator, create and manage VMs from YAML and templates, configure DataVolumes and storage, set up VM networking with Multus, perform live migrations, snapshot and restore VMs, and expose VMs via Services. The exam evaluates the final cluster state, not the specific commands you use.

What is the passing score for EX316?

The passing score is 210 out of 300 (70%). Each task contributes to the total based on the success criteria. Partial credit is generally not given — a task either meets the required behavior or it does not — so it is important to verify your work end-to-end before submitting.

Which OpenShift version does EX316 cover?

EX316 is currently aligned with OpenShift Container Platform 4.18 plus OpenShift Virtualization (the supported, KubeVirt-based product). Red Hat updates the exam version periodically — confirm the exact version on the official EX316 page before scheduling.

Are RHCSA or other certifications required to take EX316?

EX316 has no formal prerequisites, but Red Hat strongly recommends RHCSA-level Linux skills and prior OpenShift administration experience. The exam assumes comfort with oc/kubectl, YAML manifests, basic Linux troubleshooting, and conceptual familiarity with KVM and KubeVirt.

How should I study for EX316?

Set up a lab with OpenShift 4.18 (e.g., an SNO cluster or a small UPI install) and OpenShift Virtualization. Practice every objective: install the Operator, create VMs from YAML and from Common Templates, work with DataVolumes (registry, http, pvc, upload), configure NMState bridges and NADs, perform live migrations, take and restore snapshots, and expose VMs via Services. Use virtctl extensively. Plan 60-100 hours of focused lab time.

Does EX316 expire?

Yes. Red Hat certifications are valid for 3 years. You can renew by re-taking EX316, by passing a higher Red Hat certification, or via other recognized renewal paths defined by Red Hat at renewal time.

How does OpenShift Virtualization relate to KubeVirt?

OpenShift Virtualization is Red Hat's supported product based on the upstream KubeVirt project plus the Containerized Data Importer (CDI), the SSP Operator, and additional integrations. The custom resources (VirtualMachine, VirtualMachineInstance, DataVolume, etc.) and the virtctl CLI come from KubeVirt; OpenShift Virtualization adds the HyperConverged Cluster Operator, Common Templates, and console plugin on top.