Free Practice Questions for Iran Judgeship Exam (Ghazavvat)

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Sample Iran Judgeship Exam (Ghazavvat) Practice Questions

Try these sample questions to review concepts for the Iran Judgeship Exam (Ghazavvat) exam. Each question includes a detailed explanation. Start the interactive quiz above for the full 100+ question experience with AI tutoring.

1Under Article 190 of the Civil Code of Iran, which of the following is an essential condition for the validity of all contracts, the absence of which renders the contract void (باطل) rather than merely uncompleted (غیرنافذ)?

A.Registration of the agreement in an official notary bureau (دفتر اسناد رسمی)

B.Intention to create legal relations (قصد انشاء) of both parties

C.Consent (رضا) free from any external duress or coercion

D.Payment of at least earnest money (بیعانه) at the time of agreement

Explanation: Under Article 190 and general principles of Iranian contract law, intention (قصد انشاء) is the constitutive element of a contract; without intention (e.g., in cases of sleep, intoxication, insanity, or jest), the contract is absolutely null and void (باطل). Lack of free consent (رضا) due to duress (اکراه) makes a contract merely uncompleted/inoperative (غیرنافذ), allowing subsequent ratification, while registration or payment are not universal substantive validity requirements.

2Under Article 201 of the Iranian Civil Code, when does a mistake (اشتباه) regarding the person of the other contracting party affect the validity of a contract?

A.In all bilateral contracts regardless of subject matter

B.Only when the personality of the counterparty was the primary cause and essential motive of the transaction

C.Only in commercial sales contracts between registered merchants

D.A mistake regarding the person never affects contract validity, giving only a right to damages

Explanation: Article 201 of the Civil Code provides that a mistake regarding the person of the counterparty does not affect validity unless the personality of that party was the principal cause and ground (علت عمده) for concluding the contract (such as in gratuitous contracts like gifts, or personal service/agency agreements). In such cases, the mistake prevents mutual agreement and renders the contract null and void (باطل).

3A homeowner, facing severe financial distress and urgent need to pay for life-saving medical surgery for his child, sells his property at 40% below market value. Under Article 206 of the Civil Code of Iran, what is the legal status of this sale?

A.The contract is uncompleted (غیرنافذ) due to duress and requires court confirmation

B.The contract is valid (صحیح) because economic necessity (اضطرار) does not vitiate consent like unlawful duress (اکراه)

C.The contract is void (باطل) ab initio for lack of genuine consent

D.The contract is automatically converted into a temporary mortgage (بیع شرط)

Explanation: Article 206 of the Civil Code explicitly establishes that if a person enters into a transaction as a result of necessity or emergency conditions (اضطرار), the transaction is valid (صحیح) and operative. Unlike duress (اکراه) which involves an unlawful external coercive threat by another person, internal or objective economic distress does not impair legal intention or consent.

4An unauthorized agent (فضول) sells an orchard belonging to the owner without authority. Before the owner discovers the sale and ratifies (تنفیذ) it, the fruit trees yield a substantial harvest. Under the Civil Code of Iran, who is entitled to the separated fruits (منافع منفصله) produced between the sale date and ratification?

A.The true owner, because on the transfer theory (نظریه نقل) the sale only takes effect from the date of ratification

B.The purchaser, because Article 258 makes ratification operate from the date of the contract (نظریه کشف)

C.The unauthorized agent, as compensation for managing the orchard during the interim period

D.The proceeds must be divided equally between the owner and the purchaser

Explanation: Article 258 settles the point in the Civil Code's own words: «نسبت به منافع مالی که مورد معامله فضولی بوده است و همچنین نسبت به منافع حاصله از عوض آن، اجازه یا رد از روز عقد مؤثر خواهد بود» — ratification or rejection operates from the day of the contract, not from the day it is given. Iranian law therefore follows the کشف (discovery) theory rather than نقل (transfer), and the fruits produced in the interval belong to the purchaser once the owner ratifies.

5Under Articles 232 and 233 of the Civil Code of Iran, which of the following collateral conditions (شروط ضمن عقد) is both void in itself AND renders the underlying contract void (شرط باطل و مبطل)?

A.A condition that is physically impossible to perform (شرط غیرمقدور)

B.A condition in which there is no legitimate benefit or utility (شرط بی‌فایده)

C.A condition that is contrary to the essential requirement of the contract (شرط خلاف مقتضای ذات عقد)

D.A condition that commits an unlawful or criminal act (شرط نامشروع)

Explanation: Under Article 233 of the Civil Code, two categories of conditions are both void and invalidate the underlying contract (باطل و مبطل): (1) a condition contrary to the essential requirement/essence of the contract (خلاف مقتضای ذات عقد, such as selling a property on condition that ownership shall never transfer to the buyer), and (2) a condition that creates uncertainty (جهل) that infects the two considerations (عوضین). Conditions in Article 232 (impossible, useless, unlawful) are void but do not invalidate the contract itself.

6Under Article 416 and 417 of the Civil Code of Iran, what constitutes gross lesion/imbalance (غبن فاحش) entitling an aggrieved party to exercise the option of lesion (خیار غبن)?

A.Any price variation exceeding exactly 10% of market value

B.A price disparity that is customary and tolerated in ordinary commercial bargaining

C.A price disparity so substantial that ordinary prudent persons would not overlook or tolerate it

D.A disparity caused solely by post-contract fluctuations occurring within 6 months after delivery

Explanation: Article 417 of the Civil Code defines gross lesion (غبن فاحش) as a disparity that is not customary or negligible, meaning a price divergence that prudent people in ordinary commercial transactions would not overlook. Furthermore, lesion must exist at the exact moment of contract execution, and the deceived party must have been ignorant of the true value at that time.

7Under Article 429 of the Iranian Civil Code, in which of the following circumstances is a buyer who discovers a pre-existing defect barred from rescinding (فسخ) the sale and restricted exclusively to claiming compensation for the defect (ارش)?

A.When the seller acted in good faith and was unaware of the latent defect

B.When the purchased object has perished or undergone a material alteration or transformation while in the buyer's hands

C.When the purchase price was paid via deferred promissory notes rather than cash

D.When the defect decreases the market value by less than 20%

Explanation: Under Article 429 of the Civil Code, the buyer's right to rescind (رد مبیع) under Khiyar al-Ayb is extinguished and replaced solely by the right to claim price reduction/differential (ارش) if: (1) the object is destroyed while in the buyer's possession, (2) the buyer transfers or changes the property, or (3) an additional new defect occurs while in the buyer's custody.

8Under Articles 328, 331, and 332 of the Iranian Civil Code, when both a direct destroyer (مباشر) and an indirect causer (سبب) concur in producing damage to another person's property, who bears primary civil liability to the injured party?

A.The indirect causer (سبب) is always primarily liable regardless of the strength of the direct actor

B.The direct actor (مباشر) is primarily liable, unless the cause is substantially stronger than the direct actor such that the damage is customary attributed to the causer

C.Both parties are strictly liable jointly and severally in all circumstances in equal 50% shares

D.The property owner must bear the loss if neither actor acted with criminal intent

Explanation: Under Article 332 of the Civil Code, whenever a direct actor (مباشر) and an indirect causer (سبب) combine to produce harm, liability rests upon the direct actor (مباشر ضامن است نه سبب), unless the cause is so overwhelming and strong that the act is customarily attributed entirely to the causer (مگر اینکه سبب اقوی از مباشر باشد, such as an unwitting child or innocent third party used as a tool).

9Under Article 35 of the Civil Code of Iran, what is the legal presumption regarding a person who holds factual possession (تصرف) of a movable or immovable asset?

A.Possession creates an absolute, irrebuttable presumption of legitimate title that cannot be challenged

B.Possession constitutes a legal presumption of ownership (اماره تصرف), unless the adverse party proves prior legitimate ownership or unlawful usurpation

C.Possession provides no evidentiary weight unless corroborated by an official deed of title

D.Possession creates only a temporary leasehold presumption under the Tenant Protection Act

Explanation: Article 35 of the Civil Code codifies the Rule of Possession (قاعده ید / اماره تصرف): factual possession as owner is proof of ownership unless the contrary is judicially proven (e.g., proof of prior ownership by claimant combined with lack of lawful conveyance, or proof of usurpation). It is a rebuttable presumption.

10Under Article 808 of the Iranian Civil Code, which of the following conditions is required for the statutory right of pre-emption (اخذ به شفعه) to arise?

A.The immovable property must be shared between three or more co-owners

B.The shared property must be an indivisible movable asset such as a registered vehicle

C.The shared property must be an inherently divisible immovable held exclusively by two partners, one of whom sells his entire undivided share to a third party

D.The pre-emption right may be exercised at any time within five years following knowledge of the transfer

Explanation: Under Article 808 of the Civil Code, the right of pre-emption (اخذ به شفعه) strictly requires: (1) immovable property (مال غیرمنقول), (2) that is legally and physically divisible (قابل تقسیم), (3) owned jointly by exactly two partners (بین دو نفر مشترک باشد), and (4) one partner sells his undivided share to a third party by a contract of sale (بیع). Furthermore, under Article 821, the right is immediate (فوری).

About the Iran Judgeship Exam (Ghazavvat) Exam

The Iran Judgeship General Recruitment Examination (آزمون تصدی منصب قضا — آزمون قضاوت) is the competitive national entrance examination administered by the Judiciary of the Islamic Republic of Iran (قوه قضاییه) through the Jihad Daneshgahi Examination Center (مرکز آزمون جهاد دانشگاهی — HRTC / hrtc.ir) for selecting new trainee judges (قضات دادگستری). Governed by the statutory regulations on judicial appointment and recruitment approved by the Head of the Judiciary, the examination is open to graduates holding a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Law or Islamic Jurisprudence & Law (فقه و مبانی حقوق اسلامی), as well as seminary graduates (سطح دو حوزوی). Candidates must be Iranian citizens, adhere to Islam and the Constitution, fall within the statutory age range (typically 22 to 36 years, extendable for advanced degrees and veterans), and possess exemplary moral and physical fitness. The competitive recruitment pipeline runs in stages. The written stage is conducted solely in multiple-choice form — the 1404 announcement put registration at 29 Mordad to 7 Shahrivar 1404 for an examination on 23 Aban 1404, and the 1405 cycle opened registration from 27 to 31 Tir 1405. Candidates who reach the announced threshold go on to a descriptive stage and an oral scientific interview before senior judges, then a personality assessment (a 567-item yes/no inventory of up to 180 minutes plus a 240-item scaled inventory of up to 120 minutes), ideological and background vetting (گزینش), and a judicial traineeship (دوره کارآموزی قضایی). This question bank is an independent English-language multiple-choice study adaptation developed by OpenExamPrep. It contains 100 practice questions distributed across the seven official subjects. The official examination is administered exclusively in Persian; this bank is not an official translation or product of the Iranian Judiciary or HRTC.

Exam sponsor: Judiciary Human Resources and Cultural Affairs Directorate & Jihad Daneshgahi Examination Center (HRTC). The requirements and fees below concern the certification or admission exam, separate from our free practice resources.

Assessment

A single multiple-choice paper. The announcement for university-track candidates lists six legal subjects — Civil Law (named chapters from general contract rules through marriage and divorce), Civil Procedure (all topics except arbitration), Commercial Law (companies and commercial instruments), General Criminal Law (offences and criminal responsibility, punishments and security measures), Specific Criminal Law (offences against property, public interests, bodily integrity, and moral personality), and Criminal Procedure (all topics) — plus an intelligence and occupational-aptitude test sat by university and seminary candidates alike. Seminary candidates sit Sharh al-Lum'ah, Usul al-Fiqh, and legal maxims in place of the six legal subjects. Statute books and notes are prohibited in the hall.

Time Limit

Not published in the Judiciary's recruitment announcement

Passing Score

Competitive cutoff set by the Judiciary to advance to the later stages; the 1405 announcement required 60% of total marks in the multiple-choice stage to be called to the descriptive stage

Exam / Certification Fees

20,000,000 IRR for the 1405 cycle (8,000,000 IRR at the 1404 sitting), paid through the Jihad Daneshgahi examination portal at hrtc.ir

Exam sponsor website

Fees, eligibility, and exam policies can change. Confirm them with the exam sponsor before applying or paying.

Official sources

Our practice resources: topics covered

We aim to reflect publicly available exam outlines and topic information in our study resources. Coverage, format, and difficulty may differ from the actual exam, and we cannot guarantee that every detail is accurate or current. Confirm exam requirements, fees, and policies with the official exam sponsor.

20%

Civil Law (حقوق مدنی)

General theory of obligations, contractual breach and remedies, tortious liability, property rights, leases, mortgages, guarantees, agency, and family law under the Iranian Civil Code.

15%

Civil Procedure and Enforcement (آیین دادرسی مدنی و اجرای احکام)

Judicial competence, claims and incidental motions, service of process, evidence and proof, interim relief, appeals, cassation, third-party objections, retrial, and the Civil Judgments Enforcement Act.

15%

Commercial Law (حقوق تجارت)

Commercial traders, Joint Stock Companies Act, commercial partnerships, negotiable instruments (drafts, cheques under the Reformed Cheque Act, promissory notes), and insolvency.

15%

General Criminal Law (حقوق جزای عمومی)

Elements of criminal offenses, grounds of justification, criminal responsibility, attempt, complicity, sentencing tiers, mitigation, suspension, and judicial clemency under the Islamic Penal Code.

15%

Specific Criminal Law (حقوق جزای اختصاصی)

Crimes against physical integrity (Qisas and Diyah), property crimes (theft, fraud, breach of trust), forgery, bribery, and offenses against public peace and state security.

10%

Criminal Procedure (آیین دادرسی کیفری)

Police inquiry protocols, prosecutorial investigation, judicial detention and bail, trial proceedings in criminal courts, appeals, and execution of criminal judgments.

10%

Professional Aptitude and Judicial Reasoning (استعداد شغلی)

Logical deduction, verbal comprehension, judicial scenario analysis, and analytical problem-solving designed for evaluating judicial decision-making capacity.

Preparing for the Iran Judgeship Exam (Ghazavvat) Exam

What You Need to Know

Passing score: Competitive cutoff set by the Judiciary to advance to the later stages; the 1405 announcement required 60% of total marks in the multiple-choice stage to be called to the descriptive stage
Assessment: A single multiple-choice paper. The announcement for university-track candidates lists six legal subjects — Civil Law (named chapters from general contract rules through marriage and divorce), Civil Procedure (all topics except arbitration), Commercial Law (companies and commercial instruments), General Criminal Law (offences and criminal responsibility, punishments and security measures), Specific Criminal Law (offences against property, public interests, bodily integrity, and moral personality), and Criminal Procedure (all topics) — plus an intelligence and occupational-aptitude test sat by university and seminary candidates alike. Seminary candidates sit Sharh al-Lum'ah, Usul al-Fiqh, and legal maxims in place of the six legal subjects. Statute books and notes are prohibited in the hall.
Time limit: Not published in the Judiciary's recruitment announcement
Exam / certification fees: 20,000,000 IRR for the 1405 cycle (8,000,000 IRR at the 1404 sitting), paid through the Jihad Daneshgahi examination portal at hrtc.ir Official sources

Using Our Practice Resources

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Iran Judgeship Exam (Ghazavvat): Suggested Study Strategy

1Master the substantive elements of crimes in the Islamic Penal Code: pay meticulous attention to the statutory conditions distinguishing Ta'zir theft from Hadd theft, and intentional homicide from semi-intentional homicide.

2Understand the procedural timeline and competencies of Criminal Court 1 (crimes carrying capital punishment, life imprisonment, or severe amputations) versus Criminal Court 2.

3In Civil Law, focus deeply on the general principles of contracts (قواعد عمومی قراردادها) in Articles 190 through 231 of the Civil Code, especially conditions attached to contracts (شروط ضمن عقد).

4Thoroughly review the Civil Judgments Enforcement Act (قانون اجرای احکام مدنی), including property attachment, third-party objections to enforcement (مواد ۱۴۶ و ۱۴۷), and eviction proceedings.

5In Commercial Law, study the Joint Stock Companies Amendment thoroughly, focusing on shareholder general assemblies, board of directors duties, and legal capital reserves.

6Practice the aptitude section: the announcement confirms an intelligence and occupational-aptitude test for every candidate, and speed on deductive reasoning and statutory logic is cheap to build compared with the legal subjects.

7Work from the announced chapter list rather than a whole textbook. Civil Procedure excludes arbitration, and Commercial Law is limited to companies and commercial instruments, so time spent elsewhere in the Commercial Code earns little.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the Iran Judgeship (Ghazavvat) Recruitment Examination?

It is the competitive national entrance examination administered by the Judiciary of the Islamic Republic of Iran via HRTC (Jihad Daneshgahi) to recruit and select candidates for appointment as judges in the national court system.

Who is eligible to participate in the Judgeship Recruitment Exam?

Candidates must be Iranian citizens aged between 22 and 36 years (with statutory extensions for master's/doctoral degree holders and veterans), hold at least a Bachelor's degree in Law or Islamic Jurisprudence & Law (or level 2 seminary qualification), have completed military service or hold an exemption, and pass strict character and background vetting.

What stages follow after passing the multiple-choice examination?

Candidates who reach the announced threshold in the multiple-choice stage go on to a descriptive stage and an oral scientific interview before senior judges, then a psychological personality assessment, security and ideological vetting (Gozinesh), and a judicial traineeship.

What subjects are examined in Stage 1?

For university-track candidates the announcement names Civil Law, Civil Procedure (all topics except arbitration), Commercial Law (companies and commercial instruments), General Criminal Law, Specific Criminal Law, and Criminal Procedure, plus an intelligence and occupational-aptitude test taken by every candidate. The Judiciary does not publish a per-subject item count.

Is this practice question bank an official examination simulation?

No. This question bank is an independent English-language multiple-choice study adaptation prepared by OpenExamPrep. The official examination is administered exclusively in Persian.