Free Practice Questions for Greek Bar Exam

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Key Facts: Greek Bar Exam Exam

18 months

Statutory traineeship required prior to sitting the Bar Examination (Law 4194/2013).

5 papers

Written subject examinations covering civil, criminal, commercial, public law, and ethics.

6.00 / 10

Minimum overall general average required to pass under Article 21 of Law 4194/2013.

€85

Participation payment for the A' 2026 sitting, set by the Plenary's Coordinating Committee.

The Greek Bar Examination is the statutory licensing contest for trainee lawyers under Law 4194/2013. Following an 18-month traineeship, candidates sit 5 written practical exams across Greek civil, criminal, commercial, public, and deontology law. This 100-question bank is an English-language MCQ study adaptation.

Sample Greek Bar Exam Practice Questions

Try these sample questions to review concepts for the Greek Bar Exam exam. Each question includes a detailed explanation. Start the interactive quiz above for the full 100+ question experience with AI tutoring.

1Under Article 138 of the Greek Civil Code (Αστικός Κώδικας - ΑΚ), what is the legal status of an apparent or simulated legal transaction (εικονική δικαιοπραξία) between contracting parties?

A.It is void (άκυρη), but if another underlying transaction is concealed under it, that underlying transaction is valid if lawful requirements are met.

B.It is valid unless challenged by third-party creditors within two years.

C.It is automatically converted into a preliminary agreement (προσύμφωνο) with binding executory effect.

D.It remains voidable (ακυρώσιμη) exclusively by filing an action for rescission within six months.

Explanation: According to Article 138 § 1 of the Greek Civil Code, a declaration of intent that is not made in earnest but only ostensibly (simulation / εικονικότητα) is void. However, under Article 138 § 2 ΑΚ, if the simulated transaction conceals another intended transaction, the concealed transaction is valid provided that the statutory requirements for its formation and validity are satisfied.

2In Greek property law, which condition is mandatory under Article 1033 of the Greek Civil Code (ΑΚ) to effect a valid derivative transfer of ownership of immovable property?

A.A private written contract registered with the local municipal tax registry.

B.Physical handover of possession witnessed by two licensed Greek attorneys-at-law.

C.A notarial deed (συμβολαιογραφικό έγγραφο) followed by transcript or registration in the competent public register (Υποθηκοφυλακείο or Κτηματολόγιο).

D.A judicial confirmation decree issued under the voluntary jurisdiction procedure.

Explanation: Under Article 1033 ΑΚ, the transfer of ownership of immovable property requires an agreement between the owner and the acquirer that ownership is transferred for lawful cause. This agreement must be drafted as a notarial document (συμβολαιογραφικό έγγραφο) and completed by transcript (μεταγραφή) in the public Land Registry / Mortgage Office or registration in the Hellenic Cadastre (Κτηματολόγιο).

3A debtor fails to perform a contractual monetary obligation on the agreed calendar maturity date. Under Article 341 § 1 of the Greek Civil Code (ΑΚ), what is required for the debtor to fall into default (υπερημερία οφειλέτη)?

A.A formal written reminder (όχληση) served via judicial bailiff.

B.Notification to the debtor's commercial chamber and banking institution.

C.An out-of-court demand served on the debtor together with a fresh grace period.

D.The passage of the agreed calendar date alone, without any requirement for a reminder (όχληση).

Explanation: Under Article 341 § 1 ΑΚ (dies interpellat pro homine), if a fixed calendar day has been agreed upon for performance, the debtor falls into default automatically by the mere expiry of that designated day, without any need for prior judicial or extrajudicial reminder (όχληση).

4Under Greek succession law (Article 1825 of the Greek Civil Code - ΑΚ), which relatives are entitled to a statutory forced share (νόμιμη μοίρα) in the decedent's estate if excluded by will?

A.Descendants, parents, and the surviving spouse, provided they would have been called as intestate heirs.

B.Descendants, siblings, and the surviving spouse unconditionally.

C.All collateral relatives up to the fourth degree and the surviving spouse.

D.Descendants and dependent grandparents exclusively.

Explanation: According to Article 1825 § 1 ΑΚ, the descendants (κατιόντες) and parents (γονείς) of the deceased, as well as the surviving spouse (σύζυγος), who would be called to inherit under the rules of intestate succession, are entitled to a statutory forced share (νόμιμη μοίρα), which equals one-half of their intestate portion.

5Under Article 914 of the Greek Civil Code (ΑΚ), which combination of elements must be established by the plaintiff to substantiate a claim for damages in tort (αδικοπραξία)?

A.An unlawful act or omission (παράνομη πράξη ή παράλειψη), fault (υπαιτιότητα), damage (ζημία), and an adequate causal link (πρόσφορος αιτιώδης σύνδεσμος).

B.Strict liability, property ownership, and lack of good faith.

C.Pre-existing contractual privity, deliberate malice, and criminal indictment.

D.Unjust enrichment, commercial detriment, and formal extrajudicial warning.

Explanation: Under Article 914 ΑΚ, whoever unlawfully and culpably causes damage to another is bound to indemnify them. Greek jurisprudence requires four cumulative prerequisites: an unlawful act or omission, fault (dolus or negligence), pecuniary or non-pecuniary damage, and adequate causation between the act and the damage.

6Under Article 1400 of the Greek Civil Code (ΑΚ), what is the statutory presumption regarding a spouse's contribution to the increase of the other spouse's property during marriage upon dissolution?

A.The spouse's contribution is presumed to be one-half (1/2) of the property increase.

B.No presumption exists; the claimant must produce documentary invoices for every euro claimed.

C.The spouses are automatically deemed equal co-owners of all assets acquired during marriage.

D.The spouse's contribution is presumed to be one-third (1/3) of the property increase, unless proven to be greater or lesser.

Explanation: Article 1400 § 1 ΑΚ establishes the claim for participation in acquisitions (αξίωση συμμετοχής στα αποκτήματα). Under Article 1400 § 2 ΑΚ, the contribution of the claimant spouse is rebuttably presumed to amount to one-third (1/3) of the net increase in the other spouse's estate, unless a greater, lesser, or zero contribution is proven.

7Under Article 281 of the Greek Civil Code (ΑΚ), when is the exercise of a substantive civil right legally prohibited as abusive (καταχρηστική άσκηση δικαιώματος)?

A.Whenever the right is exercised after more than six months of inaction.

B.Only where the right holder acted with the sole purpose of harming the other party (chicane), with no interest of their own.

C.When the exercise manifestly exceeds the bounds dictated by good faith (καλή πίστη), morality (χρηστά ήθη), or the social or economic purpose of the right.

D.Whenever the counterparty suffers financial hardship as a result of lawful enforcement.

Explanation: Article 281 ΑΚ establishes the fundamental general clause prohibiting abuse of rights: the exercise of a right is forbidden if it manifestly exceeds the limits imposed by good faith, good morals, or the social or economic purpose of that right.

8In the Greek law of obligations, what is the legal effect when a creditor accepts another performance in lieu of the originally due performance (δόση αντί καταβολής - datio in solutum) under Article 419 of the Civil Code?

A.The original obligation is extinguished immediately upon receipt of the substitute performance.

B.The debtor is granted a moratorium while the substitute asset is liquidated at public auction.

C.The original debt is suspended, and the creditor becomes an involuntary pledgee.

D.The agreement constitutes a penalty clause that must be ratified by court decree.

Explanation: Under Article 419 ΑΚ (δόση αντί καταβολής), if the creditor accepts another performance in place of the one originally owed, the obligation is extinguished immediately upon receipt. This differs from performance for the purpose of satisfaction (δόση χάριν καταβολής under Article 421 ΑΚ), where extinguishment occurs only when the creditor is actually satisfied.

9Under Article 1045 of the Greek Civil Code (ΑΚ), what are the statutory requirements to acquire ownership of an immovable property through extraordinary adverse possession (έκτακτη χρησικτησία)?

A.Good faith possession with lawful title for at least 10 consecutive years.

B.Registration of an exploratory declaration in the National Cadastre for 5 uninterrupted years.

C.Payment of property taxes for 15 years and written consent of adjacent boundary owners.

D.Continuous and uninterrupted proprietary possession (νομή) for twenty (20) years, without requiring lawful title or good faith.

Explanation: Article 1045 ΑΚ provides that whoever has possessed an object (movable or immovable) for twenty years with animus domini (proprietary possession / νομή) acquires ownership through extraordinary adverse possession (έκτακτη χρησικτησία). Neither good faith nor a legal title is required.

10Under Article 178 of the Greek Civil Code (ΑΚ), what is the sanction for a legal transaction that offends accepted moral standards (χρηστά ήθη)?

A.It is absolutely void (άκυρη) by operation of law.

B.It is voidable (ακυρώσιμη) only if an action is brought within five years.

C.It remains valid between the parties but unenforceable against the State.

D.It is reduced by court order to an equitable financial compensation.

Explanation: Article 178 ΑΚ explicitly provides that a legal transaction which offends bonos mores (contrary to morality / χρηστά ήθη) is void (άκυρη). The nullity is absolute and can be invoked by anyone having a legitimate legal interest.

About the Greek Bar Exam Exam

The Greek Bar Examination (Πανελλήνιος Διαγωνισμός Υποψηφίων Δικηγόρων) is the mandatory national qualifying examination administered under Law 4194/2013 (Code of Lawyers / Κώδικας Δικηγόρων) for law graduates seeking appointment as licensed attorneys-at-law (Δικηγόροι). Following graduation from a recognized law faculty and completion of the statutory 18-month traineeship (άσκηση) registered with a local Bar Association (such as the Athens Bar Association - DSA or Thessaloniki Bar Association - DSTH), trainee lawyers sit for this centralized written competition. Held twice yearly across Greece's Courts of Appeal (Εφετεία), the examination tests five core legal pillars: Civil Law and Civil Procedure, Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure, Commercial Law, Public Law and Administrative Procedure, and the Code of Lawyers and Professional Ethics. To pass under Article 21 of Law 4194/2013, candidates must achieve an overall general average of at least 6.00 out of 10, receiving no grade of 3 or below on any paper, and no more than one grade of 4. Note on format and language: the official examination consists of written essay problems in Greek analyzed using primary legislation. This 100-question practice bank is an English-language MCQ study adaptation designed for conceptual mastery, statutory recall, and procedural rule review. It is not an official translation, format simulation, or substitute for written drafting practice in Greek.

Exam sponsor: Plenary of Presidents of Greek Bar Associations (proclaims and runs the competition); Ministry of Justice (appoints successful candidates). The requirements and fees below concern the certification or admission exam, separate from our free practice resources.

Assessment

Five written practical case papers sat over three consecutive days at the Courts of Appeal: Paper 1 (Civil Law & Civil Procedure), Paper 2 (Criminal Law & Criminal Procedure), Paper 3 (Commercial Law), Paper 4 (Public Law, Administrative Procedure & Administrative Litigation), and Paper 5 (Code of Lawyers & Professional Deontology).

Time Limit

2 hours per paper over 3 days

Passing Score

Minimum general average of 6.00/10 with no grade <= 3.00 and at most one grade of 4.00

Exam / Certification Fees

€85 participation payment (A' 2026 sitting), set per sitting by the Plenary's Coordinating Committee

Exam sponsor website

Fees, eligibility, and exam policies can change. Confirm them with the exam sponsor before applying or paying.

Official sources

Our practice resources: topics covered

We aim to reflect publicly available exam outlines and topic information in our study resources. Coverage, format, and difficulty may differ from the actual exam, and we cannot guarantee that every detail is accurate or current. Confirm exam requirements, fees, and policies with the official exam sponsor.

20%

Civil Law & Civil Procedure (Αστικό Δίκαιο & Πολιτική Δικονομία)

General principles of the Civil Code (ΑΚ), Law of Obligations, Property Law, Family and Succession Law, along with the Code of Civil Procedure (ΚΠολΔ) regarding jurisdiction, regular procedure, payment orders, evidence, and enforcement.

20%

Criminal Law & Criminal Procedure (Ποινικό Δίκαιο & Ποινική Δικονομία)

General part of the Penal Code (ΠΚ: criminal liability, defenses, attempts, complicity, sentencing), Special part offenses (crimes against property, life, administration of justice), and the Code of Criminal Procedure (ΚΠΔ: pretrial investigation, jurisdiction, remedies).

20%

Commercial Law (Εμπορικό Δίκαιο)

Company law (Law 4548/2018 on S.A. / Α.Ε., Law 4072/2012 on Private Companies / Ι.Κ.Ε., general and limited partnerships), commercial contracts, negotiable instruments (bills of exchange and checks), intellectual property, and the Bankruptcy Code (Law 4738/2020).

20%

Public Law & Administrative Procedure (Δημόσιο Δίκαιο & Διοικητική Δικονομία)

Constitutional law, fundamental rights, the Code of Administrative Procedure (Law 2690/1999: administrative acts, hearings, revocations), and the Code of Administrative Court Procedure (applications for annulment, substantive administrative disputes).

20%

Code of Lawyers & Legal Ethics (Κώδικας Δικηγόρων & Δεοντολογία)

Statutory rights, duties, and incompatibilities of lawyers under Law 4194/2013, disciplinary offenses and proceedings, bar association governance, professional secrecy, and the Code of Deontology of the Legal Profession.

Preparing for the Greek Bar Exam Exam

What You Need to Know

Passing score: Minimum general average of 6.00/10 with no grade <= 3.00 and at most one grade of 4.00
Assessment: Five written practical case papers sat over three consecutive days at the Courts of Appeal: Paper 1 (Civil Law & Civil Procedure), Paper 2 (Criminal Law & Criminal Procedure), Paper 3 (Commercial Law), Paper 4 (Public Law, Administrative Procedure & Administrative Litigation), and Paper 5 (Code of Lawyers & Professional Deontology).
Time limit: 2 hours per paper over 3 days
Exam / certification fees: €85 participation payment (A' 2026 sitting), set per sitting by the Plenary's Coordinating Committee Official sources

Using Our Practice Resources

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Greek Bar Exam: Suggested Study Strategy

1Familiarize yourself with the exact structure and cross-references of the Greek Civil Code (ΑΚ) and Code of Civil Procedure (ΚΠολΔ), especially recent procedural amendments.

2Practice breaking down multi-issue factual scenarios systematically into jurisdictional, substantive, and procedural claims.

3Review the Code of Lawyers (Law 4194/2013) thoroughly, particularly provisions on professional secrecy, conflicts of interest, disciplinary sanctions, and fee agreements.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the format of the Greek Bar Examination?

Under Article 19 of Law 4194/2013 the examination is written and is held on the same day and hour at all Courts of Appeal (Εφετεία) in Greece. Candidates receive practical problem scenarios with multiple questions across five legal fields, and Article 19 § 3 expressly allows them to consult statutory texts that carry no commentary or notes.

What is the passing standard for the Greek Bar Examination?

Under Article 21 of Law 4194/2013, candidates are graded on a scale of 0 to 10 by three examiners per subject. Success requires a cumulative overall grade average of at least 6.00 out of 10, with no individual subject mark of 3.00 or lower, and no more than one subject mark of 4.00.

Who is eligible to participate in the examination?

Candidates must hold a recognized law degree (Πτυχίο Νομικής) and have completed 18 months of registered traineeship (άσκηση) as certified by their local Bar Association prior to the examination date.

In what language is the official Greek Bar Exam administered?

The official examination is administered exclusively in Greek. This 100-question practice test is an English-language MCQ study adaptation designed for conceptual mastery, statutory knowledge review, and procedural recall.