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2026 Statistics

Key Facts: Judicial Appraiser (司法鉴定人) Exam

2 Years

Validity period of consortium competency examination scores for registration

Five-Province Judicial Authentication Joint Examination Agreement

60 Points

Passing score threshold per subject (both General Law and Specialty required)

Provincial Justice Departments Joint Examination Notice

30 Days

Statutory working-day time limit to complete appraisal from agreement date

General Rules for Judicial Authentication Procedures (MOJ Order No. 132)

≥ 2 Experts

Minimum number of qualified judicial appraisers required to perform each appraisal

General Rules for Judicial Authentication Procedures (MOJ Order No. 132)

5 Years

Standard validity duration of the Judicial Authenticator Practicing Certificate

Measures on Registration of Judicial Appraisers (MOJ Order No. 96)

4 Categories

Statutory forensic categories governed under unified judicial administrative registration

NPCSC Decision on Judicial Authentication Administration

The China Judicial Authentication Professional Competency Assessment (司法鉴定人执业能力考核 / 联考) is the unified regional joint examination run by provincial justice departments (including the 5-province consortium of Jiangxi, Hubei, Chongqing, Guizhou, and Yunnan, and the Yangtze River Delta consortium) as the mandatory admission gate for judicial expert registration under MOJ Order No. 96. Candidates sit two 60-minute objective papers: General Law (100 items) and Professional Competency (100 items per declared specialty, up to 3), requiring a 60-point passing score on each. Candidate sitting fees are not published in official notices. This 100-question OpenExamPrep study bank is an English-language MCQ adaptation covering the statutory common foundation and core forensic disciplines.

Sample Judicial Appraiser (司法鉴定人) Practice Questions

Try these sample questions to test your Judicial Appraiser (司法鉴定人) exam readiness. Each question includes a detailed explanation. Start the interactive quiz above for the full 100+ question experience with AI tutoring.

1Under Article 2 of the NPCSC Decision on Judicial Authentication Administration (全国人大常委会关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定) as extended by later Ministry of Justice directives, which four categories are today subject to unified registration management by the judicial administrative department?

A.Forensic medicine (法医类), physical evidence (物证类), audio-visual and digital data (声像资料), and environmental damage (环境损害)

B.Medical malpractice, construction engineering, patent evaluation, and trademark arbitration

C.Financial auditing, real estate valuation, corporate asset assessment, and tax appraisal

D.Traffic accident liability, maritime salvage, intellectual property pricing, and insurance claims

Explanation: Article 2 itself lists three categories by name — forensic medicine (法医类), physical evidence (物证类) and audio-visual data (声像资料) — plus a catch-all item (四) covering other appraisal matters designated by the State Council judicial administrative department together with the SPC and SPP. Environmental damage appraisal was brought in through that catch-all, so the four registered categories tested by the 2026 joint examination are forensic medicine, physical evidence, audio-visual data and environmental damage.

2According to Article 7 of the NPCSC Decision on Judicial Authentication Administration, which entities are strictly prohibited from establishing appraisal institutions?

A.Public medical universities and forensic medicine research institutes

B.People's courts and judicial administrative organs (人民法院和司法行政机关)

C.Independent scientific research academies and tertiary hospitals

D.Provincial forensic science professional associations

Explanation: Article 7 provides that appraisal institutions set up by investigating organs for investigative work may not accept commissions from society, and that people's courts and judicial administrative departments may not establish appraisal institutions at all (人民法院和司法行政部门不得设立鉴定机构). This keeps adjudication and registration administration separate from third-party forensic appraisal. Article 3, by contrast, allocates registration duties between the Ministry of Justice and the provincial departments.

3What fundamental system of personal professional accountability is established by Article 10 of the NPCSC Decision on Judicial Authentication Administration?

A.The Judicial Committee Joint Responsibility Doctrine, transferring forensic liability to the presiding judges of the trial division

B.The Institutional Immunity System, shielding individual examiners from cross-examination while assigning all liability to the institution

C.The Appraiser Responsibility System (鉴定人负责制度), requiring individual appraisers to conduct appraisal independently and bear personal legal responsibility

D.The Corporate Executive Sole Liability Model, holding only the legal representative of the appraisal institution accountable

Explanation: Article 10 of the NPCSC Decision provides that judicial authentication practices the Appraiser Responsibility System (鉴定人负责制度). Appraisers must independently conduct appraisal, remain personally responsible for their appraisal opinion, and sign or seal the appraisal report.

4Under Article 10 of the NPCSC Decision, when multiple appraisers participate in an appraisal and differ in their technical conclusions, how must dissenting views be handled in the official report?

A.The dissenting appraiser must resign from the institution before the report is released

B.The majority vote automatically overwrites the minority opinion, which must be destroyed to preserve institutional consensus

C.The appraisal must be automatically voided and transferred to an appellate court for decision

D.Dissenting opinions and their underlying technical reasoning must be explicitly noted and recorded in the appraisal document

Explanation: Article 10 of the NPCSC Decision explicitly mandates that in appraisals involving multiple experts, where there are differing opinions regarding the conclusions, the differing opinions must be noted (对鉴定意见有不同意见的，应当注明).

5An appraiser is duly notified by the court to testify about a contested appraisal opinion but refuses to appear without legitimate reason. Combining the procedure laws with Article 13 of the NPCSC Decision, what are the statutory consequences?

A.The appraisal opinion cannot serve as the basis for finding the facts, and the provincial judicial administrative department imposes suspension of practice for 3 months to 1 year (revocation of registration where circumstances are serious)

B.The appraisal opinion remains valid but the appraiser's fee is reduced by 20% in the court's final cost allocation

C.The appraiser is placed under 15 days of judicial detention and the case is dismissed without prejudice

D.The trial court must automatically adopt the opposing party's factual assertions as an unappealable admission

Explanation: Two separate consequences apply. The evidentiary one comes from the procedure laws — Civil Procedure Law Article 81 and Criminal Procedure Law Article 192 both provide that where an appraiser refuses to appear after court notification, the opinion cannot serve as the basis for finding the facts (and in civil cases the paying party may reclaim the fee). Article 11 of the NPCSC Decision states only the duty to appear; the administrative sanction comes from Article 13, paragraph 2, item (3), which prescribes suspension of practice for 3 months to 1 year, escalating to revocation of registration where circumstances are serious.

6Which conduct is one of the grounds enumerated in Article 13, paragraph 2 of the NPCSC Decision that triggers suspension of practice and, where circumstances are serious, revocation of registration (撤销登记)?

A.Failing to complete annual continuing education training hours within the designated calendar year

B.Causing major losses to a party's lawful rights and interests through gross irresponsibility (因严重不负责任给当事人合法权益造成重大损失)

C.Relocating office premises within the same municipality without prior 30-day public notice

D.Charging appraisal fees strictly matching the median tier of the provincial fee schedule

Explanation: Article 13, paragraph 2 lists four grounds: (1) causing major losses to a party's lawful rights and interests through gross irresponsibility; (2) providing false certification documents or otherwise using fraud to obtain registration; (3) refusing to testify after lawful court notification; and (4) other circumstances set by law or administrative regulation. The base sanction is suspension from judicial appraisal work for 3 months to 1 year, escalating to revocation of registration where circumstances are serious. Note that item (2) targets fraud in obtaining registration — deliberately issuing a false appraisal is dealt with separately under Article 13, paragraph 3 and MOJ Order No. 96 Article 30, item (5).

7Which article of the NPCSC Decision states the standing bar preventing a person who has had their appraiser registration revoked, been criminally punished for an intentional or occupational negligence crime, or been dismissed from public office from doing judicial appraisal work — and what does it say?

A.Article 7, which bars them from practising in their home province but permits registration in other consortium provinces

B.Article 13, which allows re-application for registration after a mandatory 5-year cooling-off period

C.The final paragraph of Article 4, which states flatly that such persons may not engage in judicial appraisal business (不得从事司法鉴定业务)

D.Article 12, which permits continued practice provided they issue only advisory consultation reports rather than court opinions

Explanation: The bar sits in the closing paragraph of Article 4, immediately after the three eligibility routes: persons who have received criminal punishment for an intentional crime or an occupational negligence crime, who have been dismissed from public office, or whose appraiser registration has been revoked may not engage in judicial appraisal business. No time limit is attached, so the disqualification is open-ended. MOJ Order No. 96 Article 13 restates the same grounds as bars on applying for registration.

8Under Article 12 of the Measures on the Registration of Judicial Appraisers (MOJ Order No. 96), what are the standard educational and professional credentials required for an applicant seeking registration?

A.Holding a secondary technical school certificate (中专) with at least 2 years of general courtroom clerk experience

B.Holding an associate degree (大专) in any discipline with at least 1 year of legal administrative experience

C.Holding a master's degree in law without any requirement for technical work experience in the declared specialty

D.Holding a relevant senior professional technical title, OR holding a relevant professional qualification / university bachelor's degree with at least 5 years of relevant experience

Explanation: Article 12 of MOJ Order No. 96 specifies that an applicant must possess a relevant senior professional technical title (高级专业技术职称), or possess relevant professional qualifications or a bachelor's degree in a relevant specialty with at least 5 years of related professional work experience.

9Under Article 12 of MOJ Order No. 96, what experience requirement applies to applicants seeking registration in experience-based or craft-skill-based appraisal categories (经验鉴定型或者技能鉴定型)?

A.Having engaged in relevant professional work for at least 10 years and possessing strong specialized technical skills

B.Having engaged in relevant professional work for at least 3 years under a licensed master craftsman

C.Holding a national doctoral degree in material science with no minimum work experience

D.Passing the National Unified Legal Professional Qualification Examination (法考)

Explanation: Article 12, Item 3 of MOJ Order No. 96 explicitly requires that applicants for experience-based or craft-skill-based appraisal categories must possess at least 10 years of relevant professional work experience and demonstrated strong professional technical skills.

10Which of the following conditions constitutes an absolute statutory bar preventing an individual from applying for judicial appraiser registration under Article 13 of MOJ Order No. 96?

A.Having changed employing appraisal institutions twice within the preceding 3 years

B.Having received criminal punishment for an intentional crime or an occupational negligence crime (因故意犯罪或者职务过失犯罪受过刑事处罚)

C.Holding concurrent non-remunerated academic membership in a university medical faculty

D.Reaching 55 years of age while maintaining physical health suited to forensic laboratory work

Explanation: Article 13 of MOJ Order No. 96 bars registration for individuals who have received criminal punishment for intentional crimes or occupational negligence crimes, who were dismissed from public office, or whose judicial appraiser registration was previously revoked.

About the Judicial Appraiser (司法鉴定人) Exam

The Judicial Authentication Professional Competency Assessment (司法鉴定人执业能力考核 / 司法鉴定人执业能力联考) is the statutory pre-registration examination administered by provincial justice departments and regional consortia in China under the NPCSC Decision on Judicial Authentication Administration and Ministry of Justice Order No. 96. It serves as the primary entrance gate for individuals seeking registration as judicial authenticators (司法鉴定人) or existing practitioners adding practice categories across the four major statutory forensic disciplines: Forensic Medicine (法医类), Physical / Trace Evidence (物证类), Audio-Visual & Digital Data (声像资料), and Environmental Damage (环境损害). Delivered via computerized testing across standardized centers, the examination evaluates general legal foundations, procedural rules (MOJ Order No. 132), evidence codes, criminal liabilities, and category-specific technical standards. Officially conducted in Chinese, this OpenExamPrep question bank provides an English-language MCQ study adaptation.

Assessment

Administered as a closed-book, paperless computer-based test (机考) across regional consortia (such as the Five-Province Consortium: Jiangxi, Hubei, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan; and the Yangtze River Delta Consortium: Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui). The exam consists of two mandatory papers: (1) General Law and Regulatory Foundation (法律法规公共基础知识（通识）) testing NPCSC decisions, Civil Code, procedure laws, Criminal Law, MOJ administrative regulations, and professional ethics; and (2) Professional Competency (专业能力考核) testing cross-cutting scientific principles and standards across the applicant's declared forensic category (Forensic Medicine, Physical Evidence, Audio-Visual/Digital, or Environmental Damage). Delivery is not uniform nationwide: Guangdong runs its own 2026 assessment through the provincial justice department on a three-part model of document review, computer-based examination and expert interview (书面评审 + 上机考试 + 专家面试), so candidates must check the notice issued by the province they are registering in.

Time Limit

2 hours (60 minutes for General Law + 60 minutes per specialty area; capped at 3 hours total)

Passing Score

60 out of 100 per subject (both subjects must be passed)

Exam Fee

not-published (Provincial Justice Departments / Bureaus (江西、湖北、重庆、贵州、云南等省市司法厅/局))

Judicial Appraiser (司法鉴定人) Exam Content Outline

25%

Judicial Authentication Legal Framework & Institutional System (司法鉴定管理体制与法规)

NPCSC Decision on Judicial Authentication Administration, MOJ Orders No. 95 & 96, qualification prerequisites, registration disqualifications, exit mechanisms (司规〔2021〕5号), and regional consortium mutual recognition framework

25%

Judicial Authentication Procedures & Standards (司法鉴定程序通则与文书规范)

General Rules for Judicial Authentication Procedures (MOJ Order No. 132), unified acceptance and mandatory refusal, recusal rules, 30 working-day time limits, chain of custody, supplementary appraisal, re-appraisal, document format standards (司发通〔2016〕112号), and complaint handling (Order No. 123)

20%

Litigation Evidence Rules & Substantive Legal Liabilities (诉讼证据规则与法律责任)

Civil, criminal, and administrative procedure laws, SPC Provisions on Civil Evidence (2019 revision), SPC Entrusted Appraisal Review Provisions (法〔2020〕202号), expert court testimony obligations, expert assistant cross-examination, crime of perjury (Criminal Law Art. 305), and false certification documents (Art. 229)

30%

Forensic Specialty Foundations & Scientific Methods (专业领域基础与检验方法)

Cross-cutting foundations across the four statutory categories: Forensic Medicine (pathology, clinical injury standards, psychiatry, STR genetics, toxicology), Physical Evidence (questioned documents, tool marks, fingerprints, traffic accidents, microtrace), Audio-Visual & Digital Data (authenticity, imaging, write-blocking, hash verification), and Environmental Damage (pollutant characterization, soil/water damage, ecological valuation)

How to Pass the Judicial Appraiser (司法鉴定人) Exam

What You Need to Know

Passing score: 60 out of 100 per subject (both subjects must be passed)
Assessment: Administered as a closed-book, paperless computer-based test (机考) across regional consortia (such as the Five-Province Consortium: Jiangxi, Hubei, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan; and the Yangtze River Delta Consortium: Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui). The exam consists of two mandatory papers: (1) General Law and Regulatory Foundation (法律法规公共基础知识（通识）) testing NPCSC decisions, Civil Code, procedure laws, Criminal Law, MOJ administrative regulations, and professional ethics; and (2) Professional Competency (专业能力考核) testing cross-cutting scientific principles and standards across the applicant's declared forensic category (Forensic Medicine, Physical Evidence, Audio-Visual/Digital, or Environmental Damage). Delivery is not uniform nationwide: Guangdong runs its own 2026 assessment through the provincial justice department on a three-part model of document review, computer-based examination and expert interview (书面评审 + 上机考试 + 专家面试), so candidates must check the notice issued by the province they are registering in.
Time limit: 2 hours (60 minutes for General Law + 60 minutes per specialty area; capped at 3 hours total)
Exam fee: not-published

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Judicial Appraiser (司法鉴定人) Study Tips from Top Performers

1Master the NPCSC Decision on Judicial Authentication Administration (2005, amended 2015): the Appraiser Responsibility System and the duty to note dissenting opinions (Art. 10), the duty to testify (Art. 11), the standing bar on registration for revoked or criminally punished persons in the last paragraph of Art. 4, and the penalty ladder in Art. 13 — suspension of 3 months to 1 year, escalating to revocation where circumstances are serious.

2Memorise the timelines in MOJ Order No. 132: the acceptance decision within 7 working days of receiving the entrustment, with acceptance timing negotiable for complex, difficult or special matters (Art. 13); completion within 30 working days of the entrustment letter taking effect, extendable by generally not more than a further 30 working days with the institution head's approval (Art. 28); and the excluded periods — time spent supplementing or re-collecting materials (Art. 28) and delay caused by absent statutory witnesses (Art. 25).

3Understand the statutory disqualifications under MOJ Order No. 96 Article 13: criminal punishment for an intentional or occupational negligence crime, dismissal from public office, prior revocation of appraiser registration, working at an institution still serving a suspension penalty, and lack of full civil capacity.

4Learn the four mandatory grounds for court-ordered re-appraisal under SPC Civil Evidence Provisions Article 40: unqualified appraiser/institution, seriously illegal procedure, lack of factual basis, and other invalidating causes, including the mandatory fee refund rule.

5Distinguish the Criminal Law liabilities: Article 305 perjury (intentionally false appraisal on a material circumstance in criminal proceedings, with intent to frame or conceal) against Article 229, paragraph 1 (intermediary-organisation personnel intentionally issuing false certification documents in serious circumstances) against Article 229, paragraph 3 (gross irresponsibility producing seriously inaccurate documents and serious consequences).

6Review cross-cutting technical standards in forensic medicine (GB 19522-2024 alcohol thresholds: 20 mg/100 mL for drinking driving, 80 mg/100 mL for drunk driving; the five injury grades 重伤一级/重伤二级/轻伤一级/轻伤二级/轻微伤; STR parentage CPI ≥ 10,000 and RCP ≥ 99.99%) and digital evidence (write-blocking, bit-stream imaging, MD5/SHA-256 hashing).

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the China Judicial Authentication Professional Competency Assessment (司法鉴定人执业能力考核)?

It is the statutory entrance examination administered by provincial justice departments and regional consortia in China under the NPCSC Decision on Judicial Authentication Administration and MOJ Order No. 96. It evaluates applicants seeking initial registration as judicial authenticators (司法鉴定人) or existing appraisers adding practice categories across forensic medicine, physical evidence, audio-visual/digital data, and environmental damage.

How is the 2026 Five-Province Consortium examination structured?

The Five-Province Consortium (Jiangxi, Hubei, Chongqing, Guizhou, and Yunnan) conducts a paperless, closed-book computer-based examination (无纸化机考) comprising two papers: (1) General Law and Regulatory Foundation (100 objective items, 60 minutes) and (2) Professional Competency (100 objective items per declared specialty, 60 minutes). Both papers are scored out of 100 points with a 60-point passing score; failing either paper fails the entire assessment. Scores remain valid for registration for 2 years across all five jurisdictions.

What are the statutory grounds for court-ordered re-appraisal (重新鉴定) in Chinese civil litigation?

Under Article 40 of the SPC Provisions on Civil Evidence (2019 revision), the people's court must grant an application for re-appraisal if: (1) the appraisal institution or appraiser lacks the requisite qualifications; (2) the appraisal procedure is seriously illegal; (3) the appraisal opinion clearly lacks factual basis; or (4) the opinion cannot serve as evidence under other legal circumstances. When re-appraisal is ordered under items 1 through 3, the original appraisal fee must be refunded.

What legal liabilities apply to judicial authenticators who issue false opinions?

Liability runs on three tracks. Criminally, Article 305 of the Criminal Law treats an intentionally false appraisal on a material circumstance in criminal proceedings, made to frame another or conceal evidence, as perjury, punishable by up to 3 years and by 3 to 7 years where circumstances are serious. Article 229, paragraph 1 punishes intermediary-organisation personnel who intentionally issue false certification documents in serious circumstances with up to 5 years, rising to 5 to 10 years in the aggravated situations listed; paragraph 3 covers gross irresponsibility producing seriously inaccurate documents and serious consequences, with up to 3 years. Administratively, Article 13 of the NPCSC Decision provides for suspension of 3 months to 1 year and revocation of registration where circumstances are serious, and the final paragraph of Article 4 then bars a person whose registration has been revoked from doing judicial appraisal work at all. Civilly, the institution bears tort liability and may seek indemnity from an appraiser who acted intentionally or with gross negligence under MOJ Order No. 96 Article 31.

How does the English-language practice bank relate to the real Chinese examination?

The official assessment is conducted exclusively in Chinese (zh) on computer terminals at designated provincial testing centres, and every item is objective — true/false, single-answer, multi-answer, indefinite-answer and objectively scored case items. OpenExamPrep provides this 100-question bank as an English-language multiple-choice study adaptation, not an official translation and not a format simulation: our four-option single-answer house style differs from the official mix of item types, and the assessment is not administered in English. It is designed to help candidates, international legal scholars and comparative law researchers master the substantive Chinese legal principles, procedural statutes and forensic standards the real assessment tests. Regional delivery also varies — Guangdong adds a document review and an expert interview alongside its computer-based paper — so always work from the notice issued by your own province.