100+ Free ABOHNS Complex Pediatric Otolaryngology Practice Questions

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A newborn in the NICU has episodic cyanosis relieved by crying. Flexible fiberoptic examination cannot pass a 6-French catheter through either nasal cavity. Which is the diagnosis and which syndrome should be considered?

Bilateral choanal atresia; evaluate for CHARGE syndrome (CHD7 mutation)

Laryngomalacia; isolated finding

Subglottic stenosis; acquired

Tracheoesophageal fistula; isolated esophageal issue

to track

2026 Statistics

Key Facts: ABOHNS Complex Pediatric Otolaryngology Exam

October 8, 2026

2026 CPO Exam Date

ABOHNS Upcoming Exam Dates 2025-2026

$3,125

Exam Fee (2025)

2025 CPO Exam application launch

100%

2025 Pass Rate

CPO Exam administered November 3, 2025

2030

Practice Pathway Closes

After 2030 CPO Exam (entry by Oct 1, 2026)

7 years

Eligibility Window

After ACGME fellowship completion

ACGME

Fellowship Required

Training Pathway — pediatric otolaryngology fellowship

The ABOHNS CPO Exam is the subcertification exam for pediatric otolaryngology fellowship graduates — content covers pediatric airway reconstruction (subglottic stenosis with Myer-Cotton, LTR/CTR, slide tracheoplasty), neonatal airway (laryngomalacia, choanal atresia/CHARGE, Pierre Robin, CHAOS with EXIT), pediatric OSA (oAHI >1, adenotonsillectomy, DISE, Inspire for Down syndrome ≥13), cochlear implantation ≥9 months, congenital neck masses (Sistrunk, branchial anomalies), and pediatric oncology (RMS, JNA, HL). 2026 CPO Exam: October 8, 2026 at Pearson VUE. Fee: $3,125 (2025). 2025 pass rate: 100%. Applications due May 4, 2026.

Sample ABOHNS Complex Pediatric Otolaryngology Practice Questions

Try these sample questions to test your ABOHNS Complex Pediatric Otolaryngology exam readiness. Each question includes a detailed explanation. Start the interactive quiz above for the full 100+ question experience with AI tutoring.

1A newborn in the NICU has episodic cyanosis relieved by crying. Flexible fiberoptic examination cannot pass a 6-French catheter through either nasal cavity. Which is the diagnosis and which syndrome should be considered?

A.Bilateral choanal atresia; evaluate for CHARGE syndrome (CHD7 mutation)

B.Laryngomalacia; isolated finding

C.Subglottic stenosis; acquired

D.Tracheoesophageal fistula; isolated esophageal issue

Explanation: Neonates are obligate nasal breathers until ~6 weeks. Bilateral choanal atresia presents at birth with cyanosis relieved by crying (mouth breathing). Failure to pass a catheter confirms suspicion; CT demonstrates bony or mixed membranous-bony atresia plate. CHARGE syndrome (Coloboma, Heart defects, Atresia of choanae, Retardation of growth, Genital hypoplasia, Ear abnormalities, CHD7 mutation) is frequently associated. Bilateral atresia requires early transnasal endoscopic repair; unilateral can be repaired later. All infants with choanal atresia need cardiac, ENT, and genetic evaluation.

2A 3-month-old presents with inspiratory stridor worse when supine and during feeding, present since 2 weeks of life but without cyanosis or failure to thrive. Flexible laryngoscopy shows short aryepiglottic folds, omega-shaped epiglottis, and supraglottic collapse on inspiration. Diagnosis?

A.Laryngomalacia — most common cause of congenital stridor; usually resolves by 12-18 months

B.Vocal cord paralysis

C.Subglottic stenosis

D.Laryngeal cyst

Explanation: Laryngomalacia is the most common cause of congenital stridor. Classic findings: inspiratory stridor worse supine/feeding, short aryepiglottic folds, omega-shaped epiglottis, collapse of supraglottic structures on inspiration. Onset 2-6 weeks, peak around 6 months, usually resolving by 12-18 months. ~90% self-limiting. Surgical intervention (supraglottoplasty — division of short AE folds ± excision of redundant supra-arytenoid mucosa) is reserved for severe cases with apnea, failure to thrive, or cor pulmonale. Synchronous airway lesions in ~15% — always perform full airway evaluation if surgery is needed.

3An ex-premature infant previously intubated for 3 weeks presents with biphasic stridor. Airway endoscopy confirms subglottic stenosis with 60% luminal narrowing. Per the Myer-Cotton grading system, this is:

A.Grade II (51-70%)

B.Grade I (≤50%)

C.Grade III (71-99%)

D.Grade IV (no detectable lumen)

Explanation: Myer-Cotton grading for subglottic stenosis: I ≤50%, II 51-70%, III 71-99%, IV 100% (no lumen). Acquired SGS in neonates results from prolonged intubation (risk factors: duration, ETT size, GERD). Management: Grade I-II with symptoms → balloon dilation or endoscopic management; Grade III-IV often require laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR) with anterior ± posterior cricoid cartilage grafts, or cricotracheal resection (CTR) for severe lesions.

4A 4-year-old with severe Myer-Cotton Grade III subglottic stenosis presents for definitive airway reconstruction. Which surgical option is most appropriate for complete circumferential severe SGS?

A.Cricotracheal resection (CTR) — en bloc resection of the stenotic cricoid segment with primary thyrotracheal anastomosis

B.Tracheostomy without reconstruction

C.Balloon dilation alone

D.Observation

Explanation: Cricotracheal resection (CTR) is considered the gold standard for severe (Grade III-IV) circumferential subglottic stenosis. It involves en bloc removal of the stenotic cricoid and primary anastomosis of the normal trachea to the cricoid remnant or thyroid cartilage. Better outcomes than LTR for severe/long segment stenosis. Risks: vocal fold injury, restenosis, anastomotic dehiscence, and RLN injury. Laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR) with anterior ± posterior costal cartilage grafts is appropriate for less severe SGS. Staged (with temporary T-tube/tracheostomy) vs single-stage approach depends on severity.

5A 2-year-old with complete tracheal rings and pulmonary artery sling has long-segment tracheal stenosis (>30% of trachea). Which procedure is preferred for this anomaly?

A.Slide tracheoplasty — reduces tracheal length but doubles the diameter; preserves airway continuity and provides mature airway without foreign material

B.Total tracheal resection with end-to-end anastomosis only

C.Tracheal transplantation

D.Indefinite tracheostomy

Explanation: Complete tracheal rings (a subset of congenital tracheal stenosis) are often associated with pulmonary artery sling. Slide tracheoplasty is the standard of care — a longitudinal cut through the anterior and posterior tracheal walls with sliding of the proximal and distal segments to effectively double the airway diameter while halving the length. Advantages: preserves native tissue (vs cartilage grafts or homografts), matures quickly, has the best long-term patency. Pulmonary artery sling repair is performed concurrently. Outcomes at experienced centers are excellent.

6A 6-year-old child presents with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) — papillomatous lesions of the true vocal folds causing dysphonia and stridor. Which HPV types are most commonly implicated?

A.HPV-6 and HPV-11 (HPV-11 associated with more aggressive disease)

B.HPV-16 and HPV-18

C.HPV-31 only

D.HPV-45 only

Explanation: Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is caused primarily by HPV-6 and HPV-11 (HPV-11 is associated with earlier onset, more aggressive course with higher risk of pulmonary spread and malignant transformation). Management: serial conservative debulking (microdebrider or pulsed-KTP laser) to preserve voice while maintaining airway. Adjuvants: cidofovir (intralesional), bevacizumab (systemic/intralesional, FDA approved 2021 for adult RRP by IV). Avoid tracheostomy (stomal seeding). The HPV vaccine (9vHPV) prevents juvenile RRP when given to mothers — also effective for adult RRP.

7A 6-year-old with sleep-disordered breathing symptoms has 4+ tonsillar hypertrophy with an AHI of 12 on polysomnography. Per AAP/AAO-HNS pediatric OSA guidelines, what AHI threshold is considered abnormal in children?

A.oAHI >1 event/hour (any obstructive apnea or hypopnea is typically abnormal in pediatrics)

B.oAHI >5 events/hour

C.oAHI >15 events/hour

D.oAHI >30 events/hour

Explanation: Pediatric OSA thresholds differ from adults — obstructive AHI >1 event/hour is abnormal. Mild OSA: 1-5; moderate: 5-10; severe: >10. Adult thresholds are ≥5 mild, ≥15 moderate, ≥30 severe. First-line treatment for pediatric OSA with adenotonsillar hypertrophy is adenotonsillectomy. Residual OSA after T&A is common in obese children, Down syndrome, craniofacial anomalies (up to 70% residual); post-operative PSG is recommended in high-risk groups. Residual OSA may require CPAP, weight loss, or DISE-directed surgery (hypopharyngeal airway procedures like hypoglossal nerve stimulation for select older children).

8A child with Down syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea continues to have residual OSA after adenotonsillectomy. The family is struggling with CPAP compliance. What is the next step?

A.Drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) to identify persistent obstruction sites, with consideration of supraglottoplasty, lingual tonsillectomy, and/or hypoglossal nerve stimulation (Inspire approved for pediatric Down syndrome ≥13 yr with AHI 10-50)

B.Ignore OSA if CPAP fails

C.Tracheostomy in all cases

D.Discontinue any intervention

Explanation: Children with Down syndrome have a high rate of residual OSA after T&A (up to 70%). Management of residual pediatric OSA: drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) to identify specific collapse sites; targeted interventions — supraglottoplasty for omega epiglottis/AE fold collapse, lingual tonsillectomy for tongue base, expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty, midline posterior glossectomy, rapid maxillary expansion. Hypoglossal nerve stimulation (Inspire) is FDA-approved for pediatric patients with Down syndrome aged ≥13 years, BMI <35, and AHI 10-50. Tracheostomy is a last-resort for severe, refractory disease.

9A newborn with a large cervical mass causing respiratory compromise and difficult intubation. Prenatal US had shown polyhydramnios. Which intrapartum management strategy is appropriate?

A.EXIT (ex-utero intrapartum treatment) procedure — maintain placental circulation while securing the fetal airway before umbilical cord clamping

B.Postnatal emergency airway only, no planning

C.Elective C-section at term with no pre-planning

D.Routine vaginal delivery

Explanation: EXIT (ex-utero intrapartum treatment) procedure is used for fetuses with anticipated airway compromise (cervical teratoma, cervical lymphangioma, CHAOS — congenital high airway obstruction syndrome from laryngeal atresia, oropharyngeal teratoma, epignathus). Key principle: maintain uteroplacental gas exchange during a modified C-section while fetal airway is secured (laryngoscopy, intubation, tracheostomy, or mass resection) before umbilical cord is clamped. Multidisciplinary team essential (maternal-fetal medicine, neonatology, pediatric surgery, otolaryngology, anesthesia). EXIT-to-airway may extend 30+ minutes on placental support.

10A 3-year-old has bilateral profound congenital SNHL and is being evaluated for cochlear implantation. Current FDA and AAO-HNS practice allows pediatric CI at what age threshold?

A.As young as 9 months with bilateral severe-to-profound SNHL and limited benefit from appropriately fit hearing aids

B.Only after age 2 years

C.Only after age 12 years

D.Must be 5 or older

Explanation: Pediatric CI FDA approvals: Cochlear Nucleus approved down to 9 months (2020), MED-EL down to 9 months (2023). Early implantation (before 12-18 months) is associated with significantly better spoken language outcomes than later implantation. Candidacy: bilateral severe-to-profound SNHL (≥70-80 dB) with limited benefit from well-fitted hearing aids. Imaging required: CT temporal bone + MRI (cochlear nerve assessment). Cochlear nerve aplasia is a contraindication — consider auditory brainstem implant (ABI). Unilateral implantation followed by sequential bilateral, or simultaneous bilateral, is standard.

About the ABOHNS Complex Pediatric Otolaryngology Exam

The ABOHNS Complex Pediatric Otolaryngology (CPO) Subspecialty Certification Examination validates expertise in the medical and surgical care of children with complex otolaryngologic disorders and/or common otolaryngologic disorders in children with complex comorbidities. CPO subspecialists often work in tertiary pediatric facilities within interdisciplinary teams (NICU, cleft/craniofacial, tumor boards). The 2026 CPO Exam is scheduled for October 8, 2026. Training Pathway eligibility updated in 2026 — candidates may take the exam after ACGME fellowship and passing the ABOHNS Written Exam (primary certification still required for full subcertification). The Practice Pathway closes after the 2030 CPO Exam.

Questions

100 scored questions

Time Limit

Computer-based written exam (~1-day administration at Pearson VUE)

Passing Score

Criterion-referenced scaled passing standard set by ABOHNS

Exam Fee

$3,125 (2025); late fee $1,875 applies after deadline (American Board of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (ABOHNS))

ABOHNS Complex Pediatric Otolaryngology Exam Content Outline

~18%

Neonatal Airway / Congenital Airway

Choanal atresia (CHARGE/CHD7 — bilateral is neonatal emergency), laryngomalacia (most common cause of congenital stridor — supraglottoplasty if severe), Pierre Robin sequence with mandibular distraction osteogenesis, CHAOS with EXIT procedure and tracheostomy, tracheomalacia (aortopexy/tracheopexy), congenital laryngeal webs with 22q11 association, bronchogenic cysts.

~18%

Airway Reconstruction

Subglottic stenosis (Myer-Cotton grading I-IV), laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR — anterior ± posterior cricoid cartilage grafts, single-stage vs staged), cricotracheal resection (CTR) for severe SGS, slide tracheoplasty for complete tracheal rings and pulmonary artery sling, supraglottoplasty technique (AE fold division + supra-arytenoid mucosa excision), bilateral vocal fold paralysis management, posterior laryngeal cleft (Benjamin-Inglis).

~12%

Pediatric OSA & Sleep

Pediatric OSA thresholds (oAHI >1 abnormal, mild 1-5, moderate 5-10, severe >10), adenotonsillectomy per AAO-HNSF 2019 CPG as first-line, residual OSA in high-risk children (Down syndrome, obesity, craniofacial — up to 70%), drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) with VOTE classification, multi-level sleep surgery (supraglottoplasty, lingual tonsillectomy, posterior midline glossectomy), hypoglossal nerve stimulation (Inspire) FDA-approved for Down syndrome ≥13 years with AHI 10-50 and BMI <35, post-obstructive pulmonary edema after T&A.

~12%

Pediatric Otitis / Otology / Hearing

AAO-HNSF 2022 tympanostomy tube CPG (Paradise criteria ≥3/6mo or ≥4/12mo recurrent AOM with MEE; chronic bilateral OME ≥3mo with hearing concern), acute coalescent mastoiditis, subperiosteal abscess, intracranial complications (meningitis, lateral sinus thrombosis, Bezold), cholesteatoma (congenital vs acquired, tympanomastoidectomy), pediatric facial palsy differential (Bell, Lyme, AOM, cholesteatoma), congenital SNHL genetics (GJB2 most common, Pendred/SLC26A4 with EVA, Usher with RP, Alport, MT-RNR1), congenital CMV with valganciclovir.

~10%

Pediatric Cochlear Implantation

Pediatric CI candidacy ≥9 months (FDA 2020 Cochlear, 2023 MED-EL), ideal implantation 12-18 months for language outcomes, Down syndrome CI with increased inner ear malformation risk, cochlear nerve aplasia with ABI (expanded to pediatric non-NF2), ANSD with OTOF mutations (excellent CI outcomes), single-sided deafness CI (FDA 2019), simultaneous bilateral CI, EAS/hybrid, pneumococcal vaccination for meningitis risk, MRI compatibility, device mapping (T/C levels, ECAP, device failures).

~8%

Pediatric Tonsillectomy / Pharynx

AAO-HNSF 2019 tonsillectomy CPG (Paradise criteria for recurrent tonsillitis: ≥7/year, ≥5/y×2yr, or ≥3/y×3yr with documented episodes), PFAPA syndrome (tonsillectomy highly effective and often curative), post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage (3-5%, primary vs secondary), adenoidectomy indications, peritonsillar abscess, retropharyngeal abscess (<5yr), Ludwig angina with airway priority, epiglottitis (reduced by Hib vaccine), croup vs bacterial tracheitis (Staph aureus), lingual tonsillectomy for residual OSA.

~8%

Congenital Neck Masses / Head & Neck

Thyroglossal duct cyst (most common midline, Sistrunk procedure), second branchial cleft anomaly (most common branchial), pyriform sinus fistula (3rd/4th branchial — endoscopic cauterization), first branchial cleft anomaly (Work classification, facial nerve involvement), dermoid cyst, nasal dermoid with intracranial extension (MRI essential), lingual thyroid (evaluate function before excision), ranula (sublingual gland excision), vascular anomalies — infantile hemangioma with propranolol first-line, PHACES syndrome, beard-distribution with subglottic hemangioma, lymphatic malformation (sclerotherapy, sirolimus for PIK3CA).

~6%

Pediatric Oncology / Rare Tumors

Rhabdomyosarcoma (embryonal better prognosis, alveolar worse with PAX-FOXO1, parameningeal sites, VAC chemotherapy, multimodal management), JNA (adolescent males, biopsy contraindicated, preoperative embolization + endoscopic resection, Radkowski staging), Hodgkin lymphoma (Reed-Sternberg, ABVD), NTM lymphadenitis (surgical excision > antibiotics), cat-scratch disease (Bartonella henselae), pilomatrixoma.

~8%

Pediatric Sinus / Cleft / Ear Anomalies

Pediatric CRS (adenoidectomy first-line surgical, FESS for refractory/CF/PCD), cystic fibrosis with CFTR modulators (elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor), primary ciliary dyskinesia (Kartagener syndrome with situs inversus), orbital complications (Chandler I-V, subperiosteal abscess endoscopic drainage), cleft lip/palate timing (rule of 10s — lip at 3mo, palate 9-18mo), VPI management (Furlow Z-plasty, sphincter pharyngoplasty, pharyngeal flap), 22q11 carotid medialization before pharyngeal surgery, microtia + aural atresia with Jahrsdoerfer scoring (≥7 favorable), BAHA softband for bilateral atresia infants.

How to Pass the ABOHNS Complex Pediatric Otolaryngology Exam

What You Need to Know

Passing score: Criterion-referenced scaled passing standard set by ABOHNS
Exam length: 100 questions
Time limit: Computer-based written exam (~1-day administration at Pearson VUE)
Exam fee: $3,125 (2025); late fee $1,875 applies after deadline

Keys to Passing

Complete 500+ practice questions
Score 80%+ consistently before scheduling
Focus on highest-weighted sections
Use our AI tutor for tough concepts

ABOHNS Complex Pediatric Otolaryngology Study Tips from Top Performers

1Master pediatric airway reconstruction — Myer-Cotton subglottic stenosis grading (I ≤50%, II 51-70%, III 71-99%, IV no lumen), and know which procedure fits: Grade I-II with symptoms — balloon dilation/endoscopic; Grade III-IV — LTR with anterior ± posterior cricoid cartilage grafts OR cricotracheal resection (CTR) for severe circumferential disease

2Know pediatric OSA is defined by oAHI >1 (different from adults), first-line surgical is adenotonsillectomy per AAO-HNSF 2019 CPG; residual OSA in Down syndrome/obesity/craniofacial can reach 70% — DISE with VOTE classification directs multi-level surgery; Inspire (hypoglossal nerve stimulation) is FDA-approved for Down syndrome age ≥13 with AHI 10-50 and BMI <35, but contraindicated in complete concentric palatal collapse

3Recognize choanal atresia as a bilateral neonatal emergency (cyanosis relieved by crying — neonates are obligate nasal breathers) requiring early transnasal endoscopic repair; unilateral can be repaired electively at age 2-5; CHARGE syndrome (CHD7 gene) should always be evaluated — Coloboma, Heart defects, Atresia choanae, Retardation, Genital hypoplasia, Ear anomalies

4Oral propranolol (2-3 mg/kg/day) is first-line for infantile hemangiomas (replaced systemic steroids) — includes subglottic hemangiomas in infants with beard-distribution facial hemangiomas (present in 60-70%); distinguish IH (absent at birth, appears weeks) from vascular malformations (present at birth); PHACES screening for large segmental facial hemangiomas

5Know pediatric CI candidacy — FDA-approved down to 9 months with bilateral severe-to-profound SNHL and limited HA benefit; ideal implantation 12-18 months for optimal language outcomes; cochlear nerve aplasia requires ABI instead of CI; ANSD with OTOF mutations has excellent CI outcomes

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the ABOHNS Complex Pediatric Otolaryngology (CPO) Exam?

The ABOHNS CPO Subspecialty Exam is a computer-based multiple-choice exam administered by the American Board of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at Pearson VUE. It validates subspecialty expertise in the care of children with complex otolaryngologic disorders — pediatric airway reconstruction, neonatal airway, pediatric OSA, cochlear implantation, congenital anomalies, and pediatric head and neck oncology. Candidates typically complete an ACGME-accredited 1-2 year pediatric otolaryngology fellowship.

When is the 2026 CPO Exam and how do I apply?

The 2026 CPO Exam is scheduled for October 8, 2026 at Pearson VUE test centers. Key dates: Applications open March 2026, due May 4, 2026. Exam authorization letters arrive mid-July 2026. Pearson VUE site selection deadline is October 1, 2026. The application portal is accessed via Physician Log-in on the ABOHNS website.

What are the 2026 eligibility updates for the CPO Exam?

Starting 2026, Training Pathway candidates may take the CPO Exam after completing an ACGME-accredited pediatric otolaryngology fellowship and passing the ABOHNS Written Exam (no longer must wait for full primary certification). Candidates completing fellowship on June 30, 2026 would be eligible for the October 8, 2026 exam if they already passed the Written Exam. Full CPO subcertification still requires ABOHNS primary certification plus passing the subspecialty exam. The eligibility window is 7 years from fellowship completion.

What are the Training Pathway and Practice Pathway for CPO?

Training Pathway: ACGME-accredited pediatric otolaryngology fellowship with ABOHNS primary certification — typical pathway for fellowship graduates. Practice Pathway (closes after 2030 CPO Exam): for practicing otolaryngologists with (1) ABOHNS primary certification; (2) 4 consecutive years of CPO clinical practice at a facility with NICU Level III; (3) 100 qualifying cases; (4) ≥12 multidisciplinary activities per year (cleft/palate clinic, VPI clinic, craniofacial clinic, NICU rounds, tumor boards). Candidates must enter into Practice Pathway criteria by October 1, 2026 to qualify for the Fall 2030 exam.

What is the pass rate for the CPO Exam?

The 2025 CPO Exam (administered November 3, 2025) had a 100% pass rate. Historical pass rates have been high. ABOHNS uses criterion-referenced scaled passing standards (modified Angoff) — candidates are measured against content-expert-defined competence.

What is the exam fee and application deadline?

The 2025 CPO Exam fee was $3,125 (non-refundable application and exam fee). Late fee of $1,875 applies for applications received after the deadline. For the 2026 CPO Exam, applications are due May 4, 2026; applications received or completed after this deadline will not be accepted and will require application for a subsequent administration.

What are the highest-yield topics on the CPO Exam?

Highest-yield topics: Myer-Cotton subglottic stenosis grading (I-IV) with appropriate management; laryngomalacia and supraglottoplasty indications; choanal atresia with CHARGE syndrome (CHD7); pediatric OSA thresholds (oAHI >1) with AAO-HNSF 2019 tonsillectomy CPG (Paradise criteria); AAO-HNSF 2022 tympanostomy tube CPG; cochlear implantation pediatric candidacy ≥9 months; ANSD with OTOF mutations (excellent CI outcomes); cochlear nerve aplasia requiring ABI; infantile hemangioma treated with propranolol (including subglottic hemangiomas in beard-distribution); thyroglossal duct cyst (Sistrunk); branchial anomalies; rhabdomyosarcoma multimodal therapy; JNA in adolescent males; Down syndrome CI and OSA (Inspire ≥13 years).

How should I study for the CPO Exam?

Use a 6-12 month structured plan during or after pediatric otolaryngology fellowship. Focus on: (1) AAO-HNSF pediatric CPGs — tonsillectomy 2019 (Paradise criteria), tympanostomy tubes 2022; (2) pediatric airway reconstruction (Myer-Cotton, LTR vs CTR); (3) neonatal airway (laryngomalacia, choanal atresia/CHARGE, Pierre Robin); (4) pediatric OSA with DISE and multi-level surgery + Inspire criteria; (5) cochlear implantation pediatric candidacy and outcomes; (6) congenital neck masses (thyroglossal duct cyst, branchial anomalies); (7) pediatric oncology (rhabdomyosarcoma, JNA, Hodgkin lymphoma); (8) vascular anomalies (infantile hemangioma with propranolol); (9) cleft/VPI management.