Free NDEB AFK Exam Flashcards

The first digit identifies dentition and quadrant: 1-4 are permanent upper right, upper left, lower left, and lower right; 5-8 are the corresponding primary quadrants. The second digit counts from the midline: 1-8 for permanent teeth and 1-5 for primary teeth. For example, 36 is the permanent mandibular left first molar.

The lingual nerve (V3) carries general sensation such as touch, pain, and temperature. Chorda tympani (CN VII), travelling with the lingual nerve, carries taste and preganglionic parasympathetic fibres.

The relation of the root apex and cortical perforation to the mylohyoid attachment. Spread above the mylohyoid tends to enter the sublingual space; spread below it tends to enter the submandibular space.

Preganglionic fibres from CN IX leave as the tympanic nerve, pass through the tympanic plexus and lesser petrosal nerve, and synapse in the otic ganglion. Postganglionic fibres reach the parotid along the auriculotemporal nerve, a branch of V3.

The dentin-pulp complex retains odontoblasts and progenitor cells: surviving odontoblasts can form reactionary dentin, while odontoblast-like replacement cells can form reparative dentin after greater injury. Ameloblasts are lost after enamel formation, so mature enamel has no cells capable of producing new enamel.

Thermal, evaporative, osmotic, or tactile stimuli move fluid within open dentinal tubules. That movement activates mechanosensitive nerve endings near the pulp-dentin interface.

Its surface remains intact enough for mineral exchange. Reducing cariogenic challenge and increasing fluoride, calcium, and phosphate exposure can shift the balance toward remineralization; cavitation makes plaque control and arrest more difficult.

Carboxyl groups in the polyacid form ionic bonds with calcium in hydroxyapatite. This chemical interaction distinguishes glass ionomer from materials that rely only on micromechanical retention.

A low tissue pH shifts more weak-base anaesthetic into its ionized form. Less uncharged base crosses the nerve membrane, so onset is slower and blockade may be incomplete.

Antigen cross-links IgE bound to mast cells, triggering rapid mediator release such as histamine. Clinical effects can range from urticaria to bronchospasm and anaphylaxis.

A circumferential band of sound coronal tooth structure is encircled by the crown. It helps resist functional lever forces and reduces the risk of root or core fracture; a post alone does not create a ferrule.

It is the ratio of bonded to unbonded surfaces. A high C-factor leaves less free surface for flow during polymerization and can increase contraction stress at the bonded interface.

Saliva, blood, or uncontrolled moisture can alter the prepared surface and interfere with resin infiltration or polymerization. The result may be reduced bond strength, marginal leakage, and premature failure. Moisture handling must still follow the specific adhesive system because some protocols require dentin to remain appropriately moist rather than desiccated.

It resists rotational lifting of the extension base away from the residual ridge around the fulcrum line. It is positioned on a suitable tooth as far from the fulcrum line as practical and connected rigidly to the framework.

Retention resists movement away from the supporting tissues along the path of removal. Stability resists horizontal, rotational, and tipping movement during function.

Its bilateral distal-extension bases are supported by compressible mucosa as well as abutment teeth. The different displacement of those supporting structures creates rotation, so base extension, tissue support, and framework design all matter.

A direct structural and functional connection between living bone and the surface of a load-carrying implant, without an intervening fibrous connective-tissue layer at the interface.

Peri-implantitis includes progressive loss of supporting bone in addition to peri-implant inflammation. Mucositis is inflammation confined to the soft tissues without that progressive supporting-bone loss.

A predominantly white plaque of questionable risk after other known diseases or disorders that carry no increased cancer risk have been excluded. It is a clinical diagnosis of exclusion, not a histologic diagnosis, so risk assessment and biopsy may be required.

A red patch that cannot be explained by another condition has a high likelihood of severe epithelial dysplasia or carcinoma. Prompt specialist assessment and biopsy are indicated rather than observation alone.

Persistence without a clear healing cause, induration, fixation, irregular rolled borders, unexplained bleeding, sensory change, or cervical lymphadenopathy should prompt urgent investigation or referral.

A radiolucency near a root apex is not automatically endodontic. Pulp sensibility/vitality findings, symptoms, periodontal examination, and imaging together help distinguish apical inflammatory disease from non-endodontic lesions.

It surrounds the crown of an unerupted tooth and attaches near the cemento-enamel junction. This differs from a radicular cyst, which is inflammatory and usually associated with the apex of a non-vital tooth.

That appearance can occur in several jaw lesions. Location, relationship to teeth, expansion, patient factors, and cross-sectional imaging refine the differential, but definitive diagnosis requires histopathologic correlation.

Individual clinical need after history, examination, prior-image review, and disease-risk assessment. Radiographs should support diagnosis or management; routine screening or a fixed schedule without patient-specific justification is inappropriate.

In an immunocompetent patient without systemic involvement or spreading infection, definitive dental treatment and appropriate analgesia are preferred. Antibiotics do not replace drainage, debridement, endodontic treatment, or extraction when those are indicated.

Use a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug alone or with acetaminophen, tailored to the patient. This targets inflammatory pain and is generally preferred over routine opioid use; assess contraindications and total acetaminophen exposure.

Circumoral numbness, metallic taste, tinnitus, agitation, confusion, or tremor may precede seizures and cardiovascular collapse, although severe toxicity can present abruptly. Stop local-anaesthetic administration, call for help, support airway, oxygenation, ventilation, and circulation, and follow a current LAST rescue checklist, including early 20% lipid emulsion when indicated.

Intramuscular epinephrine is first-line. Activate emergency medical services, position and support the patient, provide oxygen and basic life support as needed, and repeat treatment according to the current emergency protocol.

Place the patient supine, usually with legs elevated, and assess airway, breathing, circulation, and vital signs. Remove the trigger, provide oxygen if indicated, and reconsider the diagnosis if recovery is not prompt.

A conscious cooperative patient can receive fast-acting oral carbohydrate. Do not give anything by mouth to a patient with impaired consciousness or unsafe swallowing; activate emergency care and use glucagon or intravenous dextrose if trained and available.

Use careful aspiration and slow, incremental injection while observing the patient. A negative aspiration reduces but does not eliminate risk because needle position can change and aspiration can be falsely negative.

No. Replantation can damage the developing permanent successor and adds aspiration or infection risk. Assess the child for associated injury and arrange appropriate dental follow-up.

Immediate replantation at the accident site is preferred when safe and feasible. Handle the crown, avoid scraping the root, and if replantation is not possible, store the tooth in a suitable medium such as milk and obtain urgent dental care.

No. The decision depends on the tooth lost, timing, eruption stage of the successor, space analysis, occlusion, oral hygiene, caries risk, and ability to monitor or tolerate an appliance.

Reduced salivary flow impairs buffering, clearance, antimicrobial action, and remineralization. Management targets the cause when possible and intensifies hydration, salivary stimulation/substitution, fluoride exposure, diet control, and recall based on risk.

Stage describes current severity, complexity, and extent of disease. Grade estimates the rate of progression and incorporates evidence of progression, risk modifiers, and anticipated treatment response.

Probing depth is measured from the gingival margin to the pocket base. Clinical attachment level is measured relative to the cemento-enamel junction, so it reflects cumulative attachment loss even when recession or gingival enlargement changes the margin position.

Bleeding elicited by gentle probing usually reflects inflamed pocket epithelium and helps monitor inflammatory control. By itself it does not prove past attachment loss, current progression, or periodontitis; interpret it with attachment, bone, probing force, and risk findings.

It shows the response to biofilm control, instrumentation, and risk-factor modification. Residual inflammation, pocketing, anatomy, and patient-level risk then guide maintenance, further nonsurgical care, surgery, or referral.

Severe radiating pain with partial or complete loss of the socket clot and little suppuration is typical. Management is mainly local irrigation, a soothing dressing when indicated, and analgesia; antibiotics are reserved for evidence of infection, not pain alone.

Advise the patient not to blow the nose, to sneeze with the mouth open, and to avoid actions that create pressure across the defect. Assess the communication and arrange closure or specialist referral according to its features and symptoms.

Dyspnea, stridor, drooling, dysphagia, voice change, floor-of-mouth elevation, rapidly progressive bilateral swelling, or inability to handle secretions requires immediate airway-focused emergency assessment and escalation.

Begin with reversible conservative care: education, reassurance, habit and load modification, appropriate exercises or physiotherapy, and suitable analgesia. Avoid irreversible occlusal alteration unless a separate, well-supported indication exists.

Sensibility tests measure neural response, not blood flow, and can yield false results. Combine history, pain characteristics, comparison teeth, thermal/electric testing, percussion, palpation, periodontal findings, and imaging.

To confine cleaning, shaping, and obturation to the apical limit of the canal system near the apical constriction while avoiding significant over-instrumentation. Electronic apex-locator findings and radiographic information are used together.

It is antimicrobial and dissolves organic tissue, making it valuable for canal debridement. Extrusion beyond the apex can cause severe tissue injury, so irrigation requires controlled delivery without binding the needle or forcing solution apically.

The best available clinically relevant evidence, the dentist's clinical expertise, and the patient's condition, needs, values, and preferences. Evidence informs rather than replaces individualized judgment and shared decision-making.

Critical items penetrate soft tissue or bone; semicritical items contact mucosa or non-intact skin. In Canadian dental practice, critical and semicritical items should be single-use or, after cleaning, sterilized with an approved process. Noncritical items contact intact skin and generally require cleaning plus the level of disinfection specified by the regulator and manufacturer's instructions.

Valid consent requires capacity, understandable disclosure of the proposed care, material risks, benefits and reasonable alternatives—including no treatment—plus voluntary agreement and an opportunity for questions. The discussion and decision should be documented.