Maldives Bar Exam (Maldives)

A business owner in Malé operates an apparel boutique. A rival retailer opens a shop across the street and sells similar garments at lower prices, resulting in a 40% decline in the first retailer's monthly profits. The first retailer consults an attorney seeking to sue the rival in tort for the financial losses incurred. What advice should the attorney provide?

• AThe retailer has no valid cause of action because the rival caused damnum sine injuria (d…
• BThe retailer can sue for intentional interference with economic relations because the riv…
• CThe retailer can recover damages under injuria sine damno because opening a competing sho…
• DThe retailer is entitled to an interim injunction because any commercial activity causing…

An architect in Hulhumalé draws blueprints for a private residence. Due to a careless calculation error in the foundation load specifications, the concrete ground floor buckles two months after construction, cracking walls and causing structural instability. The homeowner sues the architect in negligence. What standard of care will the court apply to determine whether the architect breached their duty of care?

• AThe standard of the highest possible professional skill available among leading internati…
• BThe standard of the ordinary reasonably competent architect exercising ordinary professio…
• CA subjective standard based purely on what this specific architect believed was adequate…
• DA strict liability standard requiring absolute guarantee of structural perfection regardl…

A patient underwent an elective orthopedic procedure at an island hospital. The operating surgeon failed to administer a standard prophylactic antibiotic regimen required by national surgical protocols. The patient subsequently developed a severe surgical site infection requiring extended hospitalization. Medical experts testify that 95% of patients given prophylactic antibiotics avoid this infection. What test will the court use to establish factual causation?

• AThe proximate causation test based solely on the surgeon's administrative employment cont…
• BThe res ipsa loquitur test, automatically presuming causation and liability without exami…
• CThe 'but-for' test, asking whether the patient would have suffered the infection but for…
• DThe substantial certainty test applied exclusively in strict liability industrial acciden…

A delivery van driver employed by a logistics firm negligently collides with a pedestrian at an intersection in Malé. The pedestrian is hospitalized with a broken ankle. While in the hospital, a rare and unforeseeable structural gas explosion collapses the ceiling of the orthopedic ward, causing the pedestrian to suffer severe burn injuries. The pedestrian sues the van driver for both the ankle fracture and the burn injuries. Is the driver liable for the burn injuries?

• ANo, because delivery drivers are completely exempt from liability once an injured party e…
• BYes, because 'but for' the driver's negligent driving, the pedestrian would never have be…
• CYes, under the thin skull rule, because a tortfeasor must take their victim as they find…
• DNo, because the hospital ward explosion was an independent novus actus interveniens that…

A cargo vessel unloads steel drums containing industrial solvents at a harbor in Thilafushi. Due to the stevedoring company's negligence, a small quantity of solvent spills onto the wooden wharf. While cleaning operations are underway, a welder working on an adjacent barge 50 meters away drops molten slag, which lands on cotton waste soaked in the solvent, igniting a massive fire that destroys a warehouse. The court finds that while fouling of the wharf was foreseeable, combustion of the solvent on water was not reasonably foreseeable to a reasonable person. Under the Wagon Mound rule applied in the Maldives, can the warehouse owner recover for fire damage?

• ANo, because the kind or type of harm (fire damage) was not reasonably foreseeable at the…
• BYes, because under the direct consequence rule of Re Polemis, all direct physical results…
• CYes, because industrial chemical spills are subject to absolute strict liability regardle…
• DNo, because cargo handlers owe a duty of care only to vessel owners and never to adjacent…

A motorcyclist rides along Boduthakurufaanu Magu in Malé without fastening his protective helmet. A car driver pulls out from a side road without stopping at a stop sign, striking the motorcycle. The motorcyclist sustains severe head trauma. Medical evidence proves that had the motorcyclist worn and fastened a helmet, his head injury would have been minor. How will the court treat the motorcyclist's failure to wear a helmet?

• AAs a complete defence of volenti non fit injuria, entirely barring the motorcyclist from…
• BAs contributory negligence, which reduces the claimant's recoverable damages in proportio…
• CAs an ex turpi causa non oritur actio defence, because riding without a helmet is a regul…
• DAs legally irrelevant, because the car driver committed the sole primary breach of duty b…

An employee of a government health centre on an outer island negligently dispenses the wrong medication to a patient during normal clinic hours, causing acute organ toxicity. The patient files a civil action for damages naming both the individual health worker and the Ministry of Health. On what basis can the Ministry of Health be held liable for the worker's conduct?

• AStrict liability under the Penal Code, which automatically penalizes administrative depar…
• BContributory negligence, because the Ministry failed to warn the patient to inspect medic…
• CVicarious liability, because the tort was committed by an employee acting within the cour…
• DIndependent contractor liability, because health workers are considered independent comme…

A speedboat ferry company employs captains to transport passengers between Malé and Velana International Airport. The company handbook explicitly forbids captains from taking detours or using company vessels for personal errands. While on duty, a captain takes an unsanctioned 15-minute detour to deliver personal groceries to a friend's safari boat, and negligently collides with a fishing vessel during this detour. Can the ferry company be held vicariously liable?

• ANo, because vicarious liability only applies to accidents occurring on land vehicles and…
• BYes, because employers are strictly liable for any collision involving their registered w…
• CYes, because an employer cannot escape liability through internal handbook rules that hav…
• DNo, if the captain was on a 'frolic of his own' and had entirely departed from the course…

A published newspaper article in Malé falsely states that a prominent local real estate auditor had been stripped of his accounting license following an investigation into embezzled client funds. The auditor had never been investigated, disciplined, or stripped of any license. The auditor sues the publisher for defamation. What must the auditor establish regarding the defamatory statement?

• AThat the statement was published to a third party, referred to the auditor, and tended to…
• BThat the statement caused actual physical illness or psychological hospitalization confir…
• CThat the newspaper intended with malicious spite to cause the auditor's firm to declare b…
• DThat at least 500 subscribers read the article and cancelled their business contracts wit…

During an official session of the People's Majlis, a Member of Parliament delivers a speech accusing a private government contractor of delivering defective school furniture. The contractor asserts that the statement is completely untrue and sues the Member of Parliament for defamation in the Civil Court. What defence shields the Member of Parliament from civil liability?

• AQualified privilege, which protects the speaker only if they prove they verified every st…
• BAbsolute privilege, which protects statements made by members within parliamentary procee…
• CVolenti non fit injuria, because government contractors voluntarily assume the risk of pu…
• DThe defence of triviality, because parliamentary speeches are treated as political hyperb…

Security guards at a retail supermarket in Hulhumalé suspect a shopper of shoplifting. Without statutory authority or calling the police, they lock the shopper in an interrogation backroom for two hours. Although the room is equipped with a comfortable sofa and water, the only exit door is locked from the outside. A subsequent search reveals the shopper had not taken anything. Can the shopper bring a claim in tort?

• ANo, because private property owners possess an absolute right to detain any customer susp…
• BNo, because the shopper suffered no physical injury and was provided comfortable accommod…
• CYes, for false imprisonment, because there was a complete and unlawful restraint of the s…
• DYes, but only under breach of statutory duty under the Consumer Protection Act, as false…

A fish processing plant on an inhabited island installs an industrial diesel generator near the boundary wall of a neighboring residential compound. The generator produces deafening vibrations and noxious diesel exhaust continuously for 20 hours a day, causing severe sleep deprivation and headaches to the neighboring family. Which tort action is most appropriate for the neighbors to bring?

• AAssault, because the vibration constitutes an immediate apprehension of battery under the…
• BTrespass to chattels, because the diesel particles physically contact the paint on their…
• CConversion, because the noise deprives the neighbors of their absolute title to their fre…
• DPrivate nuisance, seeking both damages and an injunction to restrain the substantial and…

A hotel resort operator leases an uninhabited island under the Maldives Tourism Act. A charter yacht anchors inside the resort's authorized lagoon perimeter without permission. The yacht passengers land on the island's private beach and organize a party despite warning signs indicating private leased property. Can the resort operator succeed in a tort claim against the passengers?

• AYes, for trespass to land, because entering another's land without lawful authority or co…
• BNo, because under maritime law, all beach lands up to the high-water mark are public comm…
• CYes, but only if the resort proves that the party caused at least MVR 50,000 in physical…
• DNo, because only the Ministry of Tourism can bring property claims regarding leased resor…

A commercial bank provides a written credit reference to a trading company concerning the solvency of a prospective client. The bank includes an explicit, prominent disclaimer stating: 'This confidential assessment is provided without legal responsibility on the part of the bank or its officers.' The trading company relies on the reference, extends credit of MVR 2,000,000, and loses the entire sum when the client defaults. Can the company recover from the bank under Hedley Byrne v Heller?

• AYes, because credit reference letters are commercial instruments where disclaimers of lia…
• BNo, because the express, clear disclaimer effectively prevented a legal duty of care from…
• CYes, because negligence in handling financial statements is governed by strict statutory…
• DNo, because pure economic loss can never be recovered under any circumstances in Maldivia…

A commercial guest house in Maafushi hires an independent electrical contractor to wire a laundry annex. The contractor carelessly fails to ground the distribution board, leading to an electrical fire that damages the building. Can the building owner hold the guest house management vicariously liable for the contractor's negligence?

• AYes, because hiring an electrical contractor is inherently an ultrahazardous activity gov…
• BYes, because employers are universally liable for all torts committed by any person perfo…
• CGenerally no, because an employer is not vicariously liable for the torts of an independe…
• DNo, because building owners are strictly prohibited from recovering damages from anyone o…

A plaintiff in a personal injury action in the Civil Court of the Maldives proves that the defendant's negligent driving caused permanent disability to his arm, ending his career as a boat captain. In assessing damages, how does the court categorize past loss of earnings up to trial versus projected future impairment of earning capacity?

• AFuture lost earnings are special damages, while past losses are non-compensable under Mal…
• BBoth past and future earnings are classified as exemplary damages intended solely to pena…
• CBoth categories are treated as nominal damages because exact future monetary amounts cann…
• DPast lost earnings are special damages requiring specific pleading and proof, whereas fut…

Under Section 24 of the Maldives Penal Code (Act No. 9/2014), what are the four culpable mental states (mens rea) recognized in Maldivian criminal law?

• APurpose (intention), Knowledge, Recklessness, and Negligence.
• BMalice aforethought, Premeditation, Specific intent, and General intent.
• CVoluntary desire, Involuntary reflex, Gross negligence, and Strict intent.
• DDirect intention, Indirect intention, Transferred malice, and Accidental omission.

A defendant is walking on an island street at night when an assailant brandishing an iron pipe attacks him, shouting that he is going to kill him. Believing his life is in imminent peril, the defendant grabs a wooden plank from the ground, strikes the assailant once on the shoulder to disarm him, and escapes to safety. The assailant suffers a bruised collarbone. What defence protects the defendant under the Penal Code?

• AConsent, because engaging in street altercations implies voluntary mutual assumption of p…
• BUse of defensive force (self-defence), because the force used was necessary and proportio…
• CSuperior orders, because any citizen has an administrative mandate to disarm violent offe…
• DInsanity, because extreme fear temporarily deprives the defendant of cognitive rational j…

Two individuals plan to break into a warehouse in Malé to steal electronics. One individual purchases lock-picking tools and conducts daytime surveillance on the warehouse security cameras. However, before they can approach the building on the scheduled night, police arrest both individuals based on an informant's tip. With what inchoate offence can they be charged under the Penal Code?

• ACriminal solicitation only, because a conspiracy cannot exist without entering the target…
• BCompleted burglary, because purchasing tools is legally equivalent to breaking and enteri…
• CConspiracy, because they entered into an agreement to commit a crime with intent that it…
• DNo crime, because preparatory acts can never be prosecuted prior to crossing the physical…

A man intends to kill his business partner. He pours poison into a beverage he knows his partner drinks every afternoon. However, before the partner drinks it, a cleaner accidentally spills the cup, and nobody is harmed. Under the Maldives Penal Code, what offense has the man committed?

• ACriminal reckless endangerment only, because murder charges strictly require the death of…
• BInvoluntary manslaughter, because he failed to supervise the hazardous beverage.
• CNo offense, because no injury occurred and the chain of events was frustrated by third-pa…
• DAttempted murder, because acting with purpose to kill, he engaged in conduct that constit…

Under Chapter 110 of the Maldives Penal Code (Act No. 9/2014), how is murder distinguished from voluntary manslaughter in cases of intentional killing?

• AVoluntary manslaughter applies when an intentional killing is committed under the influen…
• BMurder requires the use of a firearm, whereas all killings involving blunt instruments ar…
• CManslaughter applies only when the victim gave verbal consent to be killed during an alte…
• DMurder applies only to premeditated killings planned at least 48 hours in advance under M…

A cashier at an island utility office takes MVR 150,000 from the company safe over a six-month period, altering ledger receipts to conceal the shortfall. Under Chapter 210 of the Maldives Penal Code, which specific offense has been committed?

• ARobbery, because the money was taken from a locked institutional vault without corporate…
• BTheft, because the cashier unlawfully took or exercised unauthorized control over the mov…
• CExtortion, because the ledger falsification threatened the utility company's fiscal reput…
• DCriminal trespass, because entering the safe area exceeded the cashier's employment dutie…

A person assessed as drug-dependent is arrested for possession of diamorphine (heroin) under the Drugs Act (Act No. 17/2011). For the version of the law examinable under the BE2026 reading-list cutoff, what classification applies if the net weight exceeds 4 grams?

• AA presumption of innocence that bars the prosecution from introducing chemical laboratory…
• BIt is treated only as personal consumption and can never be prosecuted as trafficking.
• CThe possession is treated as drug trafficking under the statutory quantity rule.
• DA presumption of export that automatically transfers jurisdiction to the High Court as a…

Under the Prevention of Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Act (Act No. 10/2014), what constituent acts establish the offense of money laundering under Section 5?

• ADeclaring financial donations received from legitimate domestic registered non-government…
• BFailing to deposit business cash in a commercial bank account within 24 hours of receipt.
• CExchanging Maldivian Rufiyaa for foreign currency at licensed island money-changing count…
• DConverting, transferring, concealing, disguising, or acquiring property knowing or having…

Police officers in Malé arrest a suspect without a warrant on suspicion of armed robbery at 10:00 AM on a Sunday. Under Article 48(d) of the 2008 Constitution of the Maldives, within what time period must the police bring the arrestee before a judge to determine the legality of detention?

• AWithin 24 hours of arrest, excluding the time reasonably necessary for the journey to cou…
• BWithin 48 hours, provided the Prosecutor General files a written extension request.
• CWithin 72 hours, excluding weekends and official government public holidays.
• DAt any time within 7 calendar days before filing formal charges.

A criminal suspect in police custody initially waives his right to legal counsel in writing. Forty minutes into the police interrogation, the suspect states: 'I changed my mind; I want my lawyer present before I answer any more questions.' The investigating officer insists that because the waiver was signed, questioning must continue, and extracts an admission. Is the admission admissible at trial under the Criminal Procedure Code (Act No. 12/2016)?

• AYes, because a written waiver of legal assistance is irrevocable for the duration of that…
• BNo, because a suspect can invoke the right to legal counsel at any stage of an interrogat…
• CYes, provided the admission is countersigned by two independent police officers not invol…
• DNo, but only if the suspect is under the age of 18 or classified as a vulnerable adult.

Police investigators want to search a private residential apartment in Malé for suspected stolen luxury watches. There is no immediate danger of destruction of evidence, armed violence, or fleeing suspects. Under the Criminal Procedure Code (Act No. 12/2016), what must the police obtain before entering and searching the home?

• AVerbal authorization from the Commissioner of Police transmitted via radio dispatch.
• BA written administrative directive signed by the Minister of Homeland Security.
• CA search warrant issued by a court on legally sufficient grounds.
• DAn informal permission note from the Island Council or City Council mayor.

During a pre-trial remand hearing in the Criminal Court, what primary factors should a judge evaluate when deciding whether to remand a defendant in custody rather than release them?

• AWhether the prison has an available luxury cell matching the defendant's social status.
• BThe defendant's political affiliation, religious orthodoxy, and personal wealth.
• CWhether the victim demands detention, and whether the defendant has paid an upfront admin…
• DWhether there is evidence linking the defendant to the crime, and whether release creates…

In a criminal prosecution for bribery before the Criminal Court, an audio recording of a telephone conversation between the defendant and a government minister is offered into evidence. The defence objects that the prosecution has not established the chain of custody. Under Supreme Court Practice Direction No. SCPD-06/2022, what is the purpose of establishing a chain of custody?

• ATo prove that the physical or digital evidence was securely handled, uncontaminated, and…
• BTo verify that the defence attorney was present during the extraction of the audio record…
• CTo confirm that the recording was broadcast on national state television prior to trial.
• DTo establish that the recording device was manufactured in the Maldives.

Under the Evidence Act (Act No. 11/2022), when is hearsay evidence generally admissible in criminal proceedings in the Maldives?

• AIn all circumstances whenever the prosecutor certifies that the evidence is helpful to th…
• BOnly if it falls within specific statutory exceptions, such as dying declarations, busine…
• CNever, because the Evidence Act of 2022 established an absolute, non-derogable exclusion…
• DOnly when corroborated by at least five eyewitnesses testifying under oath.

A defendant on trial for theft exercises his constitutional right to remain silent under Article 48(a) of the Constitution and refuses to testify or answer questions at trial. The prosecutor asks the judge to draw an adverse inference of guilt from the defendant's silence. How should the court rule?

• AThe court must immediately convict the defendant, as silence constitutes a judicial confe…
• BThe court should draw an adverse inference, because innocent defendants always testify in…
• CThe court must refuse the request, because no adverse inference of guilt may be drawn fro…
• DThe court should order the defendant held in contempt of court until he agrees to answer…

Under Chapter 1000 of the Maldives Penal Code (Act No. 9/2014) and the Sentencing Guidelines (Guideline 2021-02), how does a judge determine the final sentence for a convicted offender?

• ABy applying mandatory capital punishment to all offenses involving financial theft exceed…
• BBy randomly selecting an imprisonment term between 1 month and 25 years without reference…
• CBy following the recommendation of the arresting police officer without independent judic…
• DBy identifying the statutory base sentence for the offense level, and then adjusting the…

Article 8 of the 2008 Constitution of the Republic of Maldives states the principle of constitutional supremacy. What is the legal consequence if the People's Majlis enacts an ordinary statute that directly conflicts with a provision of the Constitution?

• AThe statute automatically amends the Constitution without requiring a constitutional refe…
• BThe statute is void and of no legal effect to the extent of the inconsistency.
• CThe statute remains valid and enforceable until the President leaves office.
• DThe Supreme Court must be dissolved and reconstituted by the Executive.

The People's Majlis passes a bill to reform maritime shipping. The bill is submitted to the President for assent. The President takes no action, neither granting assent nor returning the bill to the Majlis with recommendations, for 25 days. Under Article 91 of the 2008 Constitution, what is the status of the bill?

• AThe bill must be re-debated and passed again by a two-thirds majority of the Majlis.
• BThe bill is deemed vetoed (pocket veto) and dies automatically.
• CThe bill is deemed to have received presidential assent and becomes law, and must be publ…
• DThe bill is referred to the Supreme Court for an advisory opinion before it can become la…

The President of the Maldives issues a presidential decree imposing a new 5% environmental surcharge on all domestic utility bills. No statute passed by the People's Majlis authorizes this charge. Under Article 96(a) of the Constitution, is the presidential decree lawful?

• ANo, because taxes can only be introduced by the Judicial Service Commission.
• BYes, because the executive power of the President includes inherently unlimited taxation…
• CYes, provided the revenue collected is deposited into a dedicated sovereign green fund.
• DNo, because no tax, duty, or public charge may be levied except pursuant to a law enacted…

Under Article 16 of the 2008 Constitution of the Maldives, what conditions must be satisfied before any fundamental right or freedom guaranteed in Chapter II may be restricted?

• AThe restriction must be enacted by an Act of the People's Majlis, to the extent demonstra…
• BThe restriction can be imposed by any cabinet minister through an administrative circular…
• CThe restriction requires a presidential decree approved by the National Security Council…
• DFundamental rights under Chapter II can never be restricted under any circumstances, even…

A group of citizens in Malé wishes to hold a peaceful demonstration to protest a municipal zoning plan. Under Article 32 of the Constitution and the Freedom of Peaceful Assembly Act (Law No. 1/2013), what is the general constitutional rule regarding peaceful assembly?

• ACitizens must obtain a commercial assembly license and post a cash bond of MVR 100,000 pr…
• BCitizens have the right to gather and assemble peacefully without prior government permis…
• CPeaceful gatherings are strictly prohibited in public outdoor spaces across all populated…
• DAssemblies are permitted only if organized directly by a registered political party with…

An investigative journalist requests copies of public procurement contracts for school construction from the Ministry of Education under the Right to Information Act (Law No. 1/2014). The Ministry refuses, claiming that all internal government files are confidential by default. Under Law No. 1/2014, is the Ministry's position correct?

• AYes, because only members of the People's Majlis have standing to request government docu…
• BYes, because all government procurement records are state secrets exempt from disclosure…
• CNo, because the Act establishes a statutory presumption of open public access, and inform…
• DNo, but only if the journalist pays a statutory filing fee of MVR 25,000 to the Informati…

Under Article 223 of the Constitution and the Prosecutor General's Act (Law No. 9/2008), what is the constitutional role and authority of the Prosecutor General regarding criminal prosecutions?

• AThe Prosecutor General can only initiate criminal charges with the unanimous concurrence…
• BThe Prosecutor General is a subordinate officer of the Commissioner of Police and must pr…
• CThe Prosecutor General is bound to execute all written prosecution instructions issued by…
• DThe Prosecutor General operates independently and has sole discretion to institute, take…

The Judicial Service Commission (JSC) investigates allegations of gross misconduct against a Superior Court judge under the Constitution and the Judicial Service Commission Act (Law No. 10/2008). If the JSC finds the judge guilty of gross misconduct, what procedure is required to remove the judge from office?

• AThe JSC must submit a resolution to the People's Majlis, which must approve the removal b…
• BThe JSC can unilaterally dismiss the judge by issuing an administrative gazette notice.
• CThe President has sole constitutional discretion to dismiss the judge upon receiving an e…
• DThe judge is automatically removed without any vote once the JSC issues its investigative…

A private business applies for an environmental operating permit from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA rejects the application without providing any reasons, without informing the applicant of the allegations against it, and without giving the applicant any opportunity to present its case. What ground of judicial review is most directly engaged?

• AIllegality under the territorial sovereignty doctrine.
• BProcedural impropriety (breach of natural justice / failure to observe procedural fairnes…
• CSovereign immunity of state regulatory bodies.
• DLaches and acquiescence on the part of the applicant.

The Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure published a formal gazetted scheme promising that all citizens who submitted valid housing applications by a specified date would be awarded land plots under settled eligibility criteria. An applicant fulfilled all criteria. Before allocations were finalized, the Ministry arbitrarily cancelled this applicant's file while granting plots to identical applicants, citing undocumented discretionary prerogative. Can the applicant challenge this decision?

• AYes, but only if the applicant proves criminal bribery against the Minister under the Ant…
• BNo, because administrative bodies have absolute discretion to revoke published policies a…
• CNo, because the doctrine of legitimate expectation applies only to criminal plea bargains…
• DYes, based on breach of legitimate expectation and abuse of discretion, because the Minis…

Under the Decentralization Act (Law No. 7/2010), what is the legal relationship between local councils (Island, Atoll, and City Councils) and the central government?

• ALocal councils are decentralized corporate bodies with legal personality, mandated to del…
• BLocal councils are informal social committees with no legal powers or capacity to hold pr…
• CLocal councils are directly commanded by the High Court and function as subsidiary judici…
• DLocal councils have sovereign legislative authority superior to Acts passed by the People…

The President of the Maldives declares a State of Emergency pursuant to Article 253 of the Constitution. Under Article 255, which of the following constitutional provisions can NEVER be restricted during a State of Emergency?

• AThe right to freedom of assembly and freedom of expression.
• BThe right to life, freedom of expression, the right to a fair hearing, and freedom from t…
• CThe power of the People's Majlis to pass ordinary statutes.
• DThe authority of the police to make warrantless searches.

Under the Constitution of the Maldives, what is the composition and tenure of the Supreme Court bench as established under the Judicature Act (Law No. 22/2010 as amended)?

• AThe bench is composed of the Minister of Homeland Security, the Speaker of the Majlis, an…
• BThe Supreme Court bench consists of three judges appointed for a non-renewable fixed term…
• CThe Supreme Court bench consists of the Chief Justice and six additional judges (seven ju…
• DThe Supreme Court bench consists of fifteen judges elected annually by popular national b…

Under Article 10 of the Constitution of the Maldives, Islam is declared the basis of all law. What constraint does Article 10(b) impose on the legislative authority of the People's Majlis?

• AThe Majlis must obtain the approval of the Islamic Development Bank before passing commer…
• BAll legislation must be written in Arabic and submitted to the Grand Mufti of Egypt for p…
• CStatutes enacted by the Majlis are strictly limited to religious prayer rituals.
• DNo law shall be enacted that is contrary to any tenet of Islam.

A government body considers approving a land-reclamation project without assessing pollution risks or whether the development is environmentally sustainable. Which constitutional duty is most directly engaged?

• AArticle 22 requires the State to protect and preserve the natural environment, biodiversi…
• BArticle 22 requires approval whenever a private developer offers the highest monetary bid…
• CThe Constitution assigns all environmental decisions exclusively to the Maldives Monetary…
• DEnvironmental protection is only a voluntary policy preference and creates no constitutio…

The Civil Service Commission (CSC) summarily dismisses a tenured civil servant without an investigative hearing, citing unproven rumors of poor workplace attendance. Under the Civil Service Act (Law No. 5/2007) and Article 42 of the Constitution, what remedy is available to the civil servant?

• APetition the Maldives Police Service to arrest the commissioners under criminal assault c…
• BFile an application with the Employment Tribunal challenging the dismissal as substantive…
• CAppeal directly to the United Nations International Court of Justice in The Hague.
• DApply to the Island Council to issue an administrative pardon reversing the dismissal.