Using the WHO diagnostic classification, a T-score of -2.7 at the lumbar spine in a postmenopausal woman is classified as:
Bone Concepts
Question · Easy
A T-score compares a patient's bone mineral density to which reference population?
For which patient should a Z-score, rather than a T-score, be used for the BMD diagnostic statement?
Question · Medium
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A Z-score of -2.0 or lower in a child or premenopausal woman is best described as:
Bone mineral density measured by DXA is most commonly reported in which units?
Which type of bone has a higher surface-to-volume ratio and a faster metabolic turnover, making it more responsive to early bone loss?
In the bone remodeling cycle, which cells are primarily responsible for bone resorption?
An atypical femur fracture (AFF) is most associated with long-term use of which class of medication?
Postmenopausal (Type 1) primary osteoporosis is driven mainly by the decline of which hormone?
Which of the following is a cause of SECONDARY osteoporosis rather than primary osteoporosis?
FRAX estimates a patient's:
When the FRAX tool is used with a measured BMD value, which single skeletal site is entered?
Which medication class works primarily by stimulating new bone formation (anabolic action)?
Which of the following is a well-established, NON-modifiable risk factor for osteoporosis?
In the United States, the Bone Mass Measurement Act primarily addresses:
A standard deviation change of 1.0 in BMD typically corresponds to approximately what change in fracture risk?
Question · Hard
Peak bone mass in the human skeleton is generally attained by approximately what age?
Which mineral forms the main inorganic component that gives bone its hardness and is measured by DXA?
The term 'osteopenia' as defined by the WHO corresponds to which T-score range?
Which of the following best describes the goal of osteoporosis PREVENTION rather than treatment?
Two vitamins/minerals most essential for bone mineralization that are commonly recommended together for osteoporosis prevention are:
A patient's spine T-score is -2.6 and total hip T-score is -1.8. Based on the WHO criteria applied to the lowest valid site, the diagnostic category is:
Which statement about cortical bone is correct?
A fragility (low-trauma) fracture is best defined as a fracture occurring from:
A 30-year-old premenopausal woman has a spine Z-score of -1.2. The most appropriate interpretive statement is:
DXA distinguishes bone from soft tissue by measuring the attenuation of X-rays at:
Radiation Safety And Science
Which of the following is the best example of applying the ALARA principle during DXA scanning?
The three classic methods used to reduce occupational radiation exposure are:
How does the effective radiation dose from a typical central DXA scan compare to a standard chest X-ray?
Increasing the kVp (kilovoltage peak) of an X-ray beam primarily affects:
For a routine DXA scan in a non-pregnant adult, lead aprons over the patient are generally:
A patient scheduled for DXA states she may be pregnant. The most appropriate action is to:
The SI unit used to express effective radiation dose (which accounts for biological harm) is the:
As a technologist, the single most effective way to reduce your own occupational dose during fan-beam DXA is to:
Compared with an older pencil-beam DXA, a fan-beam DXA system generally produces:
The natural background radiation a person receives in a single day is often used to put DXA dose in context because central DXA dose is:
Which technology measures TRUE volumetric bone mineral density (in g/cm3) and can separate trabecular from cortical bone?
Technology And Equipment
A key advantage of quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of the heel over DXA is that it:
Why must a patient be monitored on the SAME DXA scanner (or a cross-calibrated one) for serial follow-up scans?
Daily quality control on a DXA system is most commonly performed by scanning a:
On a daily phantom QC chart, a sudden, sustained step to a new BMD level that then stays there is termed a:
A DXA phantom QC value that slowly increases by a small amount each week over two months represents a:
In densitometry, the difference between accuracy and precision is best stated as:
A patient is being switched from an old DXA unit to a new one of a different make. Before serial monitoring can continue, the facility should:
Routine backup and archiving of DXA scan data is important primarily because:
Which device type uses a moving single X-ray beam and detector pair to build the image point by point?
If a daily QC phantom result falls outside the acceptable range, the technologist should:
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