ANAC Private Pilot Helicopter Theoretical Exam (PPH, Argentina)

Under RAAC 61.520, which statement correctly describes the minimum total helicopter flight time for a Private Pilot Helicopter applicant?

• A25 hours
• B40 hours, reduced to 35 only when the complete recognized course is conducted by a Type I…
• C50 hours
• D60 hours

Under RAAC 61.520, how is prior airplane-pilot experience credited toward the total helicopter hours for a PPH applicant?

• AAny PPA license automatically reduces the helicopter minimum to 30 hours
• BFive hours of credit at 100 or more airplane hours, or 10 hours at 500 or more airplane h…
• CTwenty hours of credit for any airplane experience
• DAll airplane hours count one-for-one toward the helicopter minimum

Under RAAC 61.520, what are the minimum dual-instruction and solo-flight components for PPH certification?

• A15 hours dual instruction and 5 hours solo flight
• B20 hours dual instruction and 10 hours solo flight
• C25 hours dual instruction and 15 hours solo flight
• D30 hours dual instruction and 10 hours solo flight

Under RAAC 61.520, what distance and landing requirements apply to the qualifying PPH cross-country flight?

• AAt least 50 NM total distance with a landing at 1 other aerodrome
• BAt least 100 NM total distance with full-stop landings at 2 different aerodromes or helip…
• CAt least 150 NM total distance with full-stop landings at 3 different aerodromes
• DAt least 200 NM total distance with at least 1 intermediate fueling stop

Which assessment sequence must a PPH applicant complete under RAAC 61.505 and ANAC's TCEXAM process?

• AOnly a flight-school attendance certificate; no examinations are required
• BA theoretical-knowledge examination followed by a flight-proficiency test that includes a…
• COnly an online English-language multiple-choice examination
• DOnly a medical examination and ten solo landings

Under RAAC Parte 67 (Normas Médicas Aeronáuticas), what class of Aeronautical Medical Certificate (Certificado Médico Aeronáutico — CMA) is required to exercise the privileges of a Private Pilot Helicopter (PPH) license?

• ACMA Clase 1
• BCMA Clase 2
• CCMA Clase 3
• DCMA Clase 4

What score does ANAC require to pass its 100-question TCEXAM theoretical examination for PPH?

• A60%
• B70%
• C75% overall and in each applicable knowledge area
• D90%

For a direct helicopter VFR flight with no alternate leg in the calculation, what does RAAC 91 Appendix H require in addition to fuel to reach the destination?

• AOnly 15 minutes at any power setting
• BTwenty minutes at best-range speed plus 10% of the planned flight time, together with con…
• CThirty minutes at maximum continuous power, with no contingency allowance
• DForty-five minutes at normal cruise and no other planning allowance

When the helicopter VFR fuel plan uses a required alternate, which reserve structure does RAAC 91 Appendix H specify?

• ADestination only, with no fuel for the alternate
• BDestination, then the farthest applicable alternate, then 20 minutes at best-range speed,…
• CDestination plus a fixed 45-minute reserve, regardless of alternate distance
• DThe nearest alternate only, with no final reserve

Under RAAC Parte 91.155, what are the basic VFR weather minimums for helicopters operating in uncontrolled airspace (Class G) at or below 3,000 ft AMSL or 1,000 ft AGL?

• AFlight visibility of at least 5 km and 1,500 meters horizontal cloud clearance
• BFlight visibility of at least 1,000 meters (1 km), remaining clear of clouds, at an airsp…
• CFlight visibility of at least 3 km and 500 ft vertical cloud separation
• DFlight visibility of at least 8 km with no cloud ceiling restrictions

According to the Argentine Aeronautical Code (Código Aeronáutico — Ley 17.285, Artículo 79), what is the legal authority and responsibility of the Pilot-in-Command (Comandante de la aeronave)?

• AThe Pilot-in-Command shares legal operational responsibility equally with the air traffic…
• BThe Pilot-in-Command has final authority over the operation and safety of the aircraft an…
• CThe aircraft owner is solely responsible for all operational deviations and flight safety…
• DThe Pilot-in-Command is only responsible for navigation, while the flight dispatcher hand…

Under the Argentine Aircraft Registry rules and Código Aeronáutico Ley 17.285, what national registration prefix marks distinguish Argentine civil private aircraft from official state aircraft?

• ALV- for Argentine civil aircraft, and LQ- for Argentine state/official aircraft
• BCX- for civil aircraft, and CC- for state aircraft
• CPP- for civil aircraft, and PT- for state aircraft
• DZP- for civil aircraft, and CP- for state aircraft

Under RAAC 61.530, which operation is outside the ordinary privileges of a Private Pilot Helicopter license?

• AActing as Pilot-in-Command on a non-commercial cross-country flight with friends
• BActing as Pilot-in-Command of an aircraft carrying passengers or cargo for commercial com…
• CSharing direct operating flight costs (fuel, oil, airport fees) equally with passengers o…
• DFlying solo in VFR meteorological conditions within Argentine territory

Under RAAC Parte 91.119 (Alturas mínimas de vuelo), what special exception applies to helicopter operations regarding minimum safe flight altitudes over congested areas?

• AHelicopters must maintain at least 2,000 ft above the highest obstacle within 5 km at all…
• BHelicopters may operate below airplane minimums provided the flight is conducted without…
• CHelicopters are completely exempt from all altitude rules and may hover over crowds at an…
• DHelicopters cannot fly over cities under any circumstances without a presidential decree

Under RAAC 61.140, what general recent-experience rule applies to a private helicopter pilot acting as PIC?

• ALogged at least 1 flight hour in any aircraft within the preceding 30 days
• BCompleted at least 3 takeoffs and 3 landings with traffic circuits as sole manipulator wi…
• CCompleted a flight review with an instructor within the preceding 30 days
• DLogged at least 10 flight hours within the preceding 6 calendar months

Under RAAC Parte 91 and general right-of-way rules, when two helicopters are converging at approximately the same altitude on intersecting headings, which aircraft has the right-of-way?

• AThe larger or heavier helicopter always has right-of-way
• BThe helicopter that has the other on its left has the right-of-way (the aircraft on the r…
• CThe faster helicopter has the right-of-way
• DBoth helicopters must turn immediately to the left

In Argentina, which official government agency is responsible for conducting independent safety and technical investigations of civil aviation accidents and serious incidents?

• AFuerza Aérea Argentina (FAA)
• BJunta de Seguridad en el Transporte (JST — formerly JIAAC)
• CPolicía de Seguridad Aeroportuaria (PSA)
• DEmpresa Argentina de Navegación Aérea (EANA)

Under AIP Argentina and RAAC Parte 91, what is the maximum indicated airspeed permitted for VFR flights operating below 10,000 ft AMSL (FL 100) unless otherwise authorized by ATC?

• A150 knots IAS
• B200 knots IAS
• C250 knots IAS
• D300 knots IAS

In helicopter rotary-wing aerodynamics, what is the precise definition of the Angle of Attack (Ángulo de Ataque — AoA) of a main rotor blade?

• AThe angle between the blade chord line and the longitudinal axis of the helicopter fusela…
• BThe acute angle between the blade chord line and the resultant relative wind
• CThe angle between the rotor hub reference plane and the horizon
• DThe angle between the blade spanline and the drive mast

How does Blade Pitch Angle (Ángulo de Paso) differ mechanically and aerodynamically from Angle of Attack (AoA) on a helicopter rotor blade?

• ABlade pitch angle is the geometric angle between the blade chord line and the rotor hub r…
• BBlade pitch angle changes only during autorotation, while AoA is controlled exclusively b…
• CBlade pitch angle and AoA are identical and always maintain the exact same numerical valu…
• DBlade pitch angle is measured from the horizon, while AoA is measured from the tip-path p…

What is Induced Flow (Flujo Inducido / Downwash) in a hovering helicopter, and how does an increase in induced flow affect the blade Angle of Attack?

• AIt is upward airflow through the rotor disc that increases blade angle of attack
• BIt is the downward velocity of air drawn vertically through the rotor disc by rotor blade…
• CIt is the horizontal airflow caused exclusively by tail rotor anti-torque thrust
• DIt is the centrifugal air movement along the blade span from root to tip that eliminates…

In helicopter flight, how is the Total Rotor Thrust (Empuje Total del Rotor / Vector de Sustentación) vector oriented relative to the Tip Path Plane (Plano de Trayectoria de la Punta de Pala)?

• AParallel to the fuselage cabin floor
• BPerpendicular (at a 90-degree angle) to the Tip Path Plane
• CAlways aligned strictly vertically with the Earth's gravity vector regardless of cyclic i…
• DParallel to the rotor blade chord line at the blade tips

What is the primary physical cause of Dissymmetry of Lift (Disimetría de Sustentación) when a helicopter transitions from a hover into forward flight?

• AThe advancing blade experiences a higher relative airspeed (rotational speed + forward ai…
• BEngine torque increases on the left side of the transmission while decreasing on the right
• CThe tail rotor steals power exclusively from the advancing blade side of the main rotor d…
• DThe retreating blade spins at a slower rotational RPM than the advancing blade

How do modern helicopter rotor systems automatically eliminate Dissymmetry of Lift in forward flight without requiring continuous pilot cyclic correction across every blade rotation?

• ABy increasing engine RPM on the retreating side
• BThrough Blade Flapping (Aleteo) and cyclic pitch variation: advancing blades flap up (dec…
• CBy using a mechanical clutch that stops the retreating blade from generating lift
• DBy tilting the entire fuselage 45 degrees into the advancing blade direction

Why should a helicopter pilot avoid assuming that every rotor system responds exactly 90 degrees after a cyclic pitch input?

• ABecause rotor blades cannot flap in response to cyclic pitch
• BBecause the rotor response occurs later in the direction of rotation, but the actual phas…
• CBecause cyclic pitch changes only tail-rotor thrust
• DBecause every rotor responds immediately at the exact point of pitch change

What is the Coriolis Effect (Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum) as applied to helicopter rotor blades, and how is it mechanically accommodated in fully articulated rotor systems?

• AWhen a blade flaps upward, its center of mass moves closer to the mast, causing it to acc…
• BWhen a blade flaps downward, its mass disappears, requiring hydraulic weight balance
• CIt causes the tail rotor to reverse rotation at high speeds
• DIt locks the swashplate during steep turns to prevent roll

Why does a helicopter require significantly less engine power to hover in Ground Effect (HIGE / Vuelo estacionario con efecto suelo) compared to hovering Out of Ground Effect (HOGE / fuera de efecto suelo)?

• AThe ground surface reduces atmospheric pressure, allowing the engine to produce double ho…
• BThe proximity of the ground restricts the downward velocity of induced flow and reduces r…
• CThe skids generate magnetic repulsion with the ground surface
• DThe tail rotor does not need to spin when hovering in ground effect

At approximately what rotor altitude above the ground surface does Ground Effect (Efecto Suelo) typically diminish and cease to provide significant aerodynamic power benefits?

• AAbove approximately 10 to 15 centimeters (4 to 6 inches)
• BAbove approximately one rotor disc diameter height above the ground surface
• CAbove approximately five rotor disc diameters height
• DGround effect persists up to 5,000 feet AGL

What is Translational Lift (Sustentación Traslacional) in helicopter flight?

• AThe additional lift generated when the helicopter enters a vertical dive
• BThe improved rotor efficiency and increased lift resulting from any horizontal motion of…
• CThe vertical thrust generated exclusively by the tail rotor during hovering turns
• DThe loss of lift experienced when hovering with a direct crosswind

What is Effective Translational Lift (ETL / Sustentación Traslacional Efectiva), and in what approximate range do many light helicopters encounter it while accelerating from a hover?

• ABetween 2 and 5 knots
• BBetween 16 and 24 knots
• CBetween 50 and 65 knots
• DBetween 90 and 110 knots

What causes transverse-flow effect as a helicopter accelerates from a hover, and how should the pilot handle the resulting tendency?

• AUnequal induced flow between the forward and aft parts of the disc creates a roll tendenc…
• BIncreased downwash in the front half causes an immediate tail strike
• CSymmetrical airflow eliminates all rolling moments requiring neutral controls
• DA left roll tendency requiring right pedal only

Why are helicopter rotor blades designed with negative geometric aerodynamic twist (Torsión de la pala — higher pitch angle at the root, lower pitch angle at the tip)?

• ATo increase high-speed tip stalling during hovering
• BTo equalize lift generation along the entire blade span, since the blade tip travels at a…
• CTo allow the blade tips to rotate in the opposite direction of the root
• DTo prevent the tail rotor from making noise

What is Rotor Blade Coning (Conicidad del Rotor), and what two opposing physical forces determine the coning angle of the rotor disc in flight?

• AThe bending of blades downward caused by atmospheric pressure and tail rotor thrust
• BThe upward flexing of rotor blades resulting from the balance between aerodynamic lift (a…
• CThe twisting of the mast caused by engine torque and friction
• DThe expansion of blade chord due to aerodynamic heating

Which combination of flight conditions will result in an excessively high Rotor Coning Angle, potentially stressing blade roots and reducing effective rotor disc diameter?

• ALow gross weight, high rotor RPM, sea-level cold air, and 1-G steady flight
• BHigh gross weight, low rotor RPM, high density altitude, and high G-loading (steep turns/…
• CEngine idle on the ground with rotor brake applied
• DHigh forward airspeed at minimum pitch in a steep descent

During a steady vertical autorotation, the rotor blade span is divided into three distinct aerodynamic zones. What are these three zones from blade root to blade tip?

• ASupersonic region, transonic region, and subsonic region
• BStall region (root), Driving or Autorotative region (mid-span), and Driven or Propeller r…
• CCompressor region, combustion region, and turbine region
• DGround effect region, wake vortex region, and translational region

In the Driving (Autorotative) Region of a helicopter rotor blade during autorotation, what specific vector relationship allows this region to keep the rotor spinning without engine power?

• AThe total aerodynamic force vector is tilted forward of the rotor axis of rotation, creat…
• BThe lift vector points straight downward toward the ground
• CThe relative wind blows from the blade tip to the blade root
• DThe engine starter motor continuously turns the transmission at 50% power

What is the primary aerodynamic and mechanical function of the Collective Pitch Control (Palanca de Paso Colectivo) in a helicopter?

• AIt tilts the rotor disc horizontally to steer the helicopter left or right
• BIt changes the pitch angle of all main rotor blades simultaneously and equally by the sam…
• CIt controls only the fuel flow to the tail rotor
• DIt locks the landing gear wheels during touchdown

What is the primary mechanical and aerodynamic function of the Cyclic Pitch Control (Palanca de Paso Cíclico) in a helicopter?

• AIt alters blade pitch differentially throughout each revolution, tilting the swashplate a…
• BIt increases the RPM of the piston engine without changing blade angles
• CIt operates the cabin air conditioning and defogger vents
• DIt changes the tail rotor pitch to control aircraft yaw

What is the primary function of the Anti-Torque Pedals (Pedales Anti-torque) in a conventional single-rotor helicopter?

• ATo increase main rotor collective pitch during takeoff
• BTo alter tail rotor blade pitch to counteract main rotor engine torque reaction and contr…
• CTo operate wheel brakes during in-flight cruising
• DTo tilt the main rotor mast laterally for roll control

How does the Swashplate Assembly (Plato Oscilante / Plato Cíclico) translate stationary flight control inputs from the cockpit into dynamic pitch changes on rapidly spinning rotor blades?

• AUsing radio frequencies sent wirelessly to the blade tips
• BUsing a stationary lower swashplate that tilts and slides vertically on the mast, and a r…
• CBy physically bending the main rotor drive mast in flight
• DThrough a hydraulic jet mounted inside each rotor hub

What is the operational distinction between a Mechanical Throttle Correlator and an Electronic Engine Governor in piston-engine helicopters like the Robinson R22/R44?

• AA correlator mechanically opens/closes the throttle as the collective is raised/lowered t…
• BA correlator is used only for shutdown, while a governor operates only during starting
• CA correlator controls fuel mixture, while a governor controls magnetos
• DThere is no difference; they are two names for the same mechanical cable

What mechanical hinges and bearings characterize a Fully Articulated Rotor System (Rotor Completamente Articulado), typically found on three-or-more-bladed helicopters?

• AA single central teetering bolt with no other hinges
• BSeparate Flapping Hinges (vertical movement), Drag/Lead-Lag Hinges with dampers (in-plane…
• CRigidly welded titanium blades that cannot move in any direction
• DA fixed propeller hub with variable speed gearing

What mechanical characteristics define a Semi-Rigid (Teetering / Balancín) Rotor System, such as those found on Robinson R22/R44 and Bell 206 helicopters?

• AFour blades with independent drag hinges and lead-lag dampers
• BTwo rotor blades rigidly attached to a common hub that tilts/teeters as a unit about a ce…
• CFlexible composite yokes that eliminate all flapping motion
• DA rotor system where blades do not rotate and lift is generated by jet thrust

In a Rigid (Hingeless / Rígido) Rotor System (such as the Bo-105 or EC135), how are blade flapping and lead-lag forces accommodated without mechanical hinges?

• AThe rotor system does not experience flapping or lead-lag forces
• BThrough the structural flexibility of composite materials and flexible blade root yokes t…
• CBy allowing the entire fuselage to flex and absorb rotor loads
• DBy using rubber bands attached to the landing skids

For a helicopter with a counter-clockwise rotating main rotor (viewed from above), which direction does the fuselage tend to yaw due to engine torque, and which anti-torque pedal must be pressed when increasing collective power?

• AFuselage yaws left; right pedal is required
• BFuselage yaws right; left pedal is required to increase tail rotor thrust
• CFuselage yaws up; aft cyclic is required
• DFuselage does not yaw because rotor torque is zero

What are the primary operational and safety advantages of a Fenestron (shrouded fan-in-tail / rotor de cola carenado) compared to a conventional open tail rotor?

• AIt eliminates the need for anti-torque pedals completely
• BEnhanced ground safety for personnel, lower vulnerability to foreign object damage (FOD)…
• CIt allows the helicopter to fly supersonic
• DIt acts as a secondary engine that generates forward thrust equal to the main engine

How does a NOTAR (No Tail Rotor) anti-torque system counteract main rotor torque and provide directional yaw control?

• ABy using an internal low-pressure fan that blows air through longitudinal tail boom slots…
• BBy using small rockets mounted on the skid tips
• CBy tilting the engine exhaust pipe to the left
• DBy spinning the main rotor in alternating directions every 10 seconds